1 1.1 T C P / I P T C P / I P 60 9 ( I n t e r n e t ) WA N 100 T C P / I P T C P / I P [ Lynch 1993] 1.2 Telnet FTP e-mail T C P / I P TCP UDP T C P / I P 1-1 1) 1-1 TCP/IP 2) T C P / I P I I C M P I n t e r n e t I G M P I n t e r n e t 3 ) T C P / I P T C P U D P T C P U D P 4 ) T C P / I P IP ICMP IGMP
2 TCP/IP 1 Telnet FTP SMTP SNMP L A N F T P 1-2 FTP FTP FTP TCP IP 1-2 FTP F T P F T P Te l n e t T C P I P 1-2 U N I X 1-2 1-2 F T P T C P I P T C P / I T C P / I P T C P I P I n t e r n e t (Internet Protocol Suite) F T P Te l n e t
1 3 8 0 90 ( i n t e r n e t ) F D D I I P IP Router ( R o u t e r ) g a t e w a y T C P / I P TCP/IP IBM SNA 1-3 1-3 End system Intermediate system En d - t o - e n d Ho p - b y - h o p FTP FTP FTP TCP IP I P 1-3 T C P / I P I P T C P I P T C
4 TCP/IP 1 ( m u l t i h o m e d ), T C P / I P F T P Te l n e t 1-3 20 L A N TCP /IP [Perlman 1992] 12 1.3 TCP/IP T C P / I P 1-4 1-4 TCP/IP
1 5 T C P U D P I T C P I P 17 2 2 T C P T C 26 Te l n e t R l o g i n 27 F T P 28 S M T P U D P T C P U D P 11 U D P 14 D N S : 15 T F T P 16 BO OT P U D P S N M P U D P 25 I P T C P U D T C P U D P I P 1-4 I P 3 I P 9 10 I P I C M P I P I P 6 I C M P I C M I P P i n g Tr a c e r o u t e 7 8 I C M P I G M P I n t e r n e t U D P 12 U D P 13 I G M P A R P R A R P I P 4 5 1.4 I n t e r n e t I P I P 32 bit I n t e r n e t 1 2 3 I P 1-5 A B C 7 14 21 24 16 8 D E 28 27 () 1-5
6 TCP/IP 1 32 Dotted decimal notation B 140. 252. 13. 33 1-6 1-6 IP I P I I P I P Internet Network Information C e n t r e I n t e r N I C I n t e r N I C I n t e r n e t ( I P D N S ) N I C n i c. d d n. m i l 1993 4 1 I n t e r N I C N I C I n t e r n e t I n t e r N I C r s. i n t e r n i c. n e t I n t e r N I C r s. i n t e r n i c. n e t d s. i n t e r n i c. n e t i s. i n t e r n i c. n e t I n t e r N I C 1. 8 I P 12 13 3. 4 I P 3-9 I P 0 1 1.5 I P T C P / I P D N S I P 14 D N S I P I P I P 4 Te l n e t I P 1.6 T C P 1-7 T C P I P T C P T C T C P s e g m e n ti P I (IP datagram) (Fr a m e )
1 7 1-7 46 1 500 4. 5 2. 8 I n t e r n e t T C P / I P o c t e t T C P / I P D E C - 10 8 bit 8 byte 1-7 I P p a c k e t I P I P f r a g m e n t 11. 5 IP A p p l TCP TCP IP TCP IP IP TCP 46~1500 1-7 U D P T C P U D I P U D UDP datagram U D P 8 1. 3 1-4 T C P U D P I C M P I G M P I P I I P I 8 b i t 1 I C M P 2 I G M P 6 T C P 17 U D P T C P U D P T C P U D P 16 b i t T C P U D P I P A R P R A R P
8 TCP/IP 1 16 bit 1.7 D e m u l t i p l e x i n g 1-8 T C P U D P I P 1-8 I C M P I G M P 1-4 I I P I ICMP IGMP IP A R P R A R P I P 2-4 A R P I T C P I 1.8
1 9 I1. I2. I3. I4. I 1 I 2 C1. C2. C3. C 1 T C P U D P 11. 12 U D P 18. 11 T C 1.9 T C P U D P 16 bit T C P / I P F T T C P 21 Te l n e t T C P 23 T F T P ( ) U D P 69 T C P / I P 1 1 023 I n t e r n e t Internet Assigned Numbers Authority, IANA 1 992 1 2 55 256 1 023 U n i x U n i x U n i IANA 1 1023 I n t e r n e t U n i x Te l n e t R l o g i n Te l n e t 23 T C P / I P R l o g i n U n i x Unix 80 513 T C P / I P 1024 5 000 5000
10 TCP/IP 1 I n t e r n e t ) Solaris 2.2 T C P U D P 32768 E.4 U n i x /e t c / s e r v i c e s Te l n e t TCP 23 UDP 53 TCP U n i x 1 1 023 R l o g i n 2 6. 2 1.10 T C P / I P I n t e r n e t 1) Internet I S O C Internet Society I n t e r n e t I n t e r n e t 2) Internet I A B Internet Architecture Board 15 I n t e r n e t I A B I S O C 3) Internet I E T F Internet Engineering Task Force 9 I E T F I n t e r n e t IETF Internet IESG Engineering Steering Group 4) Internet IR I F Internet Research Task Force I RT F I E T F I A B [Crocker 1993] I n t e r n e t 1.11 RFC I n t e r n e t R F C Request for Comment R F C R F 1 200 RFC 1122 R F C R F C F T P I n t e r n e t R F C
1 11 To: rfc-info@isi.edu Subject: getting rfcs help: ways_to_get_rfcs R F C R F R F C 1 ) R F C Assigned Numbers RFC I n t e r n e t R F C 1340 [Reynolds Postel 1992] I n t e r n e t R F C RFC 1340 2) I n t e r n e t RFC 1600[Postel 1994] R F C I n t e r n e t R F C R F C 3 ) R F C 11 22 1123[Braden 1989a, 1989b] RFC 1122 RFC 1123 R F C R F C [Borman 1993b] R F C RFC 1127[Braden 1989c] R F C 4) R F C RFC 1009[Braden and Postel 1987] [Almquist 1993] R F C 1.12 Te l n e t 1-9 T C P U D P T C P U D P R F C e c h o 7 7 8 6 2 d i s c a r d 9 9 8 6 3 d a y t i m e 1 3 1 3 8 6 7 c h a r g e n 19 19 864 T C P U D P t i m e 37 37 868 32 bit U T C 1900 1 1 1-9
12 TCP/IP 1 T C P / I P Te l n e t F T P S M T P N C P N C P A R PA N E T T C P N C P T C P U D P NCP 1.13 1-3 1. 4 1. 9 I n t e r n e t I P I n t e r N I C I A N Ai n t e r n e t i n t e r n e t I n t e r n e T C P / I P 100 I n t e r n e t i n t e r n e t i n t e r n e t I n t e r n e t 1.14 T C P / I P TCP 4.x BSD Berkeley Software D i s t r i b u t i o n 1-10 B S D BSD 1.0 (1989) Net/1 T C P / I P B S D AIX 3.2 Net/3 1-10 BSD TCP/IP I n t e r n e t 21. 7 12. 4 2 4. 3 1.15 TCP/IP TCP SLIP BSD 2.0 Te l n e t F T P (1991) Net/2 SunOS 4.x S V R 4 T C P / I P A P Is o c k e t T L I
1 13 Transport Layer Interface Berkeley socket AT & T X T I X / O p e n X / O p e n X T I T L I T C P / I P A P I s o c k e t s o c k e t T L I [ S t e v e n s 1 9 9 0 ] 1.16 1-11 ( ) 1-11 IP 140.252 I P B 140. 252. t u c. n o a o. e d u n o a o National Optical Astronomy Observatories t u c Tu c s o n : s v r 4. t u c. n o a o. e d u I P 140. 252. 13. 34 T C P / I P n o a o. e d u 1-11 3. 4 4. 6 s u n n e t b S L I P 2. 4 S L I P 1.17 TCP/IP
14 TCP/IP 1 T C P / I P T C P / I P I T C P U D P I P I n t e r n e t 1 1 0 0 I P I I P 1.1 A B C 1.2 F T P 27. 3 n i c. m e r i t. e d u n s f n e t / s t a t i s t i c s / h i s t o r y. n e t c o u n t N S F N E T 1. 1 3. 10 1.3 R F C [Braden 1989a] T C P / I P 1.4 R F C quote of the day R F C 1.5 T C P / I P I P I n t e r n e t 1.6 RFC 1000 R F C 1.7 I n t e r n e t i s o c @ i s o c. o r g +1 703 648 9888 1.8 F T P i s. i n t e r n i c. n e t a b o u t - i n t e r n i c / i n f o r m a t i o n - a b o u t - t h e - i n t e r n i c
2 2.1 1-4 T C P / I P 1 I I P 2 A R P A R P A R P 3 R A R P R A R P R A R P T C P / I P F D D I R S 2 32 S L I P P P P l o o p b a c k S L I P M T U M T U 2.2 IEEE 802 Digital Equipment Corp. I n t e l C o r p. X e r o x 1982 T C P / I P C S M A / C D Carrier Sense, Multiple Access with Collision Detection 10 Mb/s 48 bit I E E E 802 802. 3 C S M A / C D 802. 4 802. 5 802. 2 802 L L C. 2 802. 3 [Stallings 1987] IEEE 802 T C P / I P I P RFC 894[Hornig 1984] IEEE 802 I P RFC 1042[Postel and Reynolds 1988] R F C I n t e r n e t 10 Mb/s 1) RFC 894 2) RFC 894 RFC 1042 IEEE 802 3) RFC 1042 RFC 894 RFC 894 2-1 48 bit 6 802. 3 16 bit 48 bit A R P R A R P 4 5 32 bit I P 48 bit 2 80
16 TCP/IP 1 38~1492 0800 0806 38~1492 / 8035 / 0800 46~1500 46~1500 46~1500 0806 / 8035 / C R C 8 02 Sub-network Access P r o t o c o l S N A P 802 802 3 802.2 LLC 5 802.2 SNAP Destination Service Access Point, D S A P Source Service Access Point, SSAP 0 x a a Ct r l 3 3 o rg code 0 2 RFC 1340 [Reynolds and Postel 1992] C R C F C S 2-1 IEEE 802.2/802.3 RFC 1042 RFC 894 802. 3 802. 38 46 p a d
2 17 2.3 RFC 893[Leffler and Karels 1984] trailer encapsulation B S D DEC VA X I P I P T C P C R C T C P 512 A R P RFC 893 [ L e ffler et al. 1989] 11. 8 2.4 SLIP S L I P Serial Line IP I P RFC 1055[Romkey 1988] S L I P R S - 232 I n t e r n e t S L I P 1) IP E N D 0 x c 0 E N D E N D 2) I P E N D 0 x d b 0 x d c 0 x d b S L I P E S C A S C I I E S C 0 x 1 b 3) I P S L I P E S C 0 x d b 0 x d d 2-2 E N D E S C I P I P 4 IP 2-2 SLIP S L I P 1) I P I P 2) S L I P
18 TCP/IP 1 3 ) S L I P C R C S L I C R C 3 17 I P T C P 11 U D P S L I P S L I P 1984 Rick Adams 4. 2 B S D S L I P 2.5 SLIP 19200 b/s Te l n e t R l o g i n T C P S L I P T C P 1 20 I P 20 T C P 40 19. 2 R l o g i n C S L I P S L I P RFC 1144[Jacobson 1990a] C S L I P 40 3 5 C S L I P 16 T C P S L I P C S L I P SLIP CSLIP 2.6 PPP P P P S L I P P P P 1) I P P P P 8 2) L C P Link Control Protocol 3) N C P Network Control Protocol R F C I P O S I D E C n e t A p p l e Ta l k IP NCP C S L I P N C P T C P RFC 1548[Simpson 1993] RFC 1332[McGregor 1992 ] I P P P P I S O H D L C 2-3 P P P 0 x 7 e 0 x ff 0 x 03
2 19 1500 IP 2-3 PPP 0 x 0021 I P 0 x c 021 0 x 802 C R C F C S 0 x 7 e P P P (bit stuff i n g ) [ Ta n e n b a u m 1989 ] 0 x 7 d P P P 6 1) 0 x 7 e 0 x 7 d 0 x 5 e 2) 0 x 7 d 0 x 7 d 0 x 5 d 3 ) 0 x 20 A S C I I 0 x 01 0 x 7 d 0 x 21 6 1 0 32 3 S L I P P P P 2 1 P P P S L I 2-2 P P P 3 1 2 C R C I P Van Jacobson C S L I P I P T C P P P P S L I P (1) PPP I P (2) (3) I P I P (4) C S L I P T C P I P (5) 3 P P P S L I P S L I P P P PPP PPP SLIP
20 TCP/IP 1 2.7 Loopback Interface T C P / I P A 127 I P 127. 0. 0. 1 l o c a l h o s t I P I P 2-4 I P IP IP IP I P IP IP IP ARP 2-4 IP 1) 127. 0. 0. 1 I P 2) 12 3 ) I P I P I P 2-4 I P I P B S D
2 21 I P 2-4 4. 4 B S D u s e l o o p b a c k 1 0 2.8 MTU 2-1 802. 3 1500 1 492 MTU M T U s (IBM) s (IEEE 802.5) I P M T U I P f r a g m e n t a t i o n M T U 11. 5 I P 2-5 MTU 2-5 M T U RFC 1191[Mogul and Deering 1990] S L I P P P P M T U 2. 10 3. 9 n e t s t a t M T U 2.9 MTU M T U M T U M T U M T M T U M T U A B B A M T U RFC 1191[Mogul and Deering 1990] M T U M T U I C M P I P 11. 6 I C M P 11. 7 t r a c e r o u t e M T U 11. 8 24. 2 M T U U D P T C P 2.10 9600 b/s 8 bit 960 B/s / 1024 1066 ms
22 TCP/IP 1 S L I P F T 1024 533 ms S L I P Te l n e t R l o g i n F T P 533 ms 100 200 ms [Jacobson 1990a] S L I P M T U 256 266 ms 133 64 1 28 C S L I P 5 261 256 98. 1 % 1. 9 % M T U 256 2-5 M T U M T U 2 96 25 T C P I P 40 M T U I P T C P I P I P I C S L I P S L I P P P P 9600 b/s 1 5 12.5 ms 100~200 ms 40 5 1 85 ms 12.5 ms 2.11 I n t e r n e t I E E E 802. 2 / 802. 3 S L I P P P P S L I P P P P 127. 0. 0. 1 I P I P I P
2 23 M T U M T M T U S L I P C S L I P T C P / I P T C P / I 2.1 n e t s t a t( 1 ) 3. 9 M T U
3 IP 3.1 I P T C P / I P T C P U D P I C M P I G M P I 1-4 T C P / I P I P X. 25 S N A u n r e l i a b l e I P I I P I C M P T C P c o n n e c t i o n l e s s I P I P A B B A I P I P i f c o n f i g n e t s t a t I P RFC 791[Postel 1981a] I P 3.2 IP I P 3-1 I P 20 4 4 8 16 8 8 3 16 ( ) 13 1620 32 IP 32 IP ( ) 3-1 IP
3 IP 25 3-1 0 bit 31 4 32 bit 0 7 8 15 bit 16 23 bit 24~31 bit big endian T C P / I P little endian 4 I P I P v 4 3. 10 I P 32 bit 4 60 8 I P 5 TO S 3 bit 4 bit TO S 1 bit 0 4 bit TO S 4 bit 1 bit 4 0 RFC 1340 [Reynolds and Postel 1992] RFC 1349 [Almquist 1992] R F C TO S 3-2 TO S t c p d u m p 16 UDP TCP IGP 3-2 Te l n e t R l o g i n F T P S N M P Usenet news, NNTP T C P / I P TO S 4.3BSD Reno O S P F I S - I S 2. 10 S L I P
26 TCP/IP 1 TO S S L I P T C P T C P TOS I P I P 16 I 65535 2-5 M T U 6 5535 M T U I P 11. 5 65535 I P 576 T C P T C P U D R I P T F T B O O T P D N S S N M P 512 576 N F S 8192 I P I P 46 2-1 I P I P 46 I P 1 11. 5 RFC 791 [Postel 1981a] IP I P T C P U D P I P I P 1 IP T T L t i m e - t o - l i v e T T L 32 6 4 1 0 I C M P 8 Tr a c e r o u t e 1 1-8 I P I P I P I C M I G M P U D P T C P I P 0 16 bit 16 bit I P 16 bit
3 IP 27 1 1 I P I C M P I G M P U D P T C P T C P U D P I P RFC 1071[Braden, Borman and Patridge 1988] I n t e r n e t T T L 1 I P R F C 1141[Mallory and Kullberg 1990] BSD I P I I P 1. 4 32 bit RFC 1108[Kent 1991] I P 7. 3 I P 7. 4 I P 8. 5 32 bit 0 I P 32 bit 3.3 IP I P I P 9 I P U n i x 9. 4 I P T C P U D P I C M P I G M P I P I P I P I P I P I P
28 TCP/IP 1 1 I P 2 I P 0 1-5 0 next-hop router I P I I P 9. 2 I P h o p - b y - h o p I P I P I P I P 1) I P 2) 3) d e f a u l t I C M P I P 9 I P I n t e r n e t 100 b s d i I P s u n
3 IP 29 3-3 I P I 140. 252. 13. 33 140. 252. 13. 0 140. 252. 13. 32 = 140.252,13,0 s u n 2-1 I P s u n I P 140. 252. 13. 33 48 bit s u n 48 bit 140.252.13 A R P 3-3 bsdi sun b s d i I P f t p. u u. n e t I P 192. 48. 96. 9 3-4 b s d i s u n b s d i s u n I P 192. 48. 96. 9 s u n 3-3 I P s u n = 140.252.104.2 ( ) IP = 140.252.1.4 IP=192.48.96.9 140.252.1 = 140.252.1.4 ( ) IP IP=192.48.96.9 = 140.252.13.33 ( ) = 140.252.1.183 ( ) 140.252.13 IP IP=192.48.96.9 = 140.252.13.33 3-4 b s d i f t p. u u. n e t (192.48.96.9)
30 TCP/IP 1 s u n I P s u n s u n n e t b 140. 252. 1. 183 S L I P 2-2 S L I P n e t b s u n n e t b g a t e w a y 1 40. 252. 1. 4 140. 252. 1 n e t b A R P 140. 252. 1. 4 48 bit g a t e w a y I P 140. 252. 104. 2 8-4 Tr a c e r o u t e g a t e w a y 1) 2) I P 8. 5 I P I P 3) S L I P A R 9 I C M P I P 3.4 RFC 950 [Mogul and Postel 1985] I P A B 2 24 2 2 16 2 I P 1-5 0 1 2 I n t e r N I C I P B 1 40. 252 16 bit 8 bit 8 bit 3-5 254 B 16 8 8 =140.252 3-5 B
3 IP 31 B 16 bit 8 bit 8 b i t I P A B B C A A I P B 140. 252 30 400 I n t e r n e t 3-6 Rn n 140. 252. 3 50 140. 252. 1 100 3 0 C 30 B I n t e r n e t B 140. 252 I n t e r n e t I P 140. 252 I P 140. 252. 104. 1 140. 252 30 C 30 10. 8 C 3-6 I n t e r n e t g a t e w a y 140. 252. 57. 1 g a t e w a y 57 k p n o k p n o R 55 R 55 R 57 3-6 noao.edu 140.252
32 TCP/IP 1 3.5 I P I P 5 I P I P 32 bit 1 0 3-7 B n o a o. e d u 3-5 8 bit B 10 bit 6 bit 16 8 8 B 16 10 8 B 3-7 B I P I P I 1 2 3 I P A B C I P 140. 252. 1. 1 B 255. 255. 255. 0 8 b i t 8 bit I P 140. 252. 4. 5 B 140. 252 1 4 I P 3-8 I P 140. 252. 1. 22 B 140. 252 1 I P 192. 43. 235. 6 C B 16 8 8 B B 3-8 B
3 IP 33 I P I P 3.6 IP 7 I P 3-9 0 0-1 1 n e t i d s u b n e t i d h o s t i d 0 1 IP 0 0 O K 0 O K 127 O K O K 2. 7 1 1 O K n e t i d 1 O K n e t i d n e t i d s u b n e t i d 1 O K n e t i d s u b n e t i d n e t i d 1 1 O K n e t i d 3-9 IP 0 B O O T P I P 1 2. 2 3.7 3-10 140.252.1 SLIP 140.252.13.32 140.252.13 3-10 3-10 s u n S L I P
34 TCP/IP 1 4. 6 A R P 13 S L I P I 8 bit 11 b i t 8 bit 5 bit 140. 252 8 bit 11 bit RFC 1009[Braden and Postel 1987] RFC[Almquist 1993] 10 R I P R I P 2 O S P F RIP I P 3-11 11 8 bit 13 3 bit 001 010 S L I P 140. 252 140. 252. 13 s u n I P 140. 252. 1. 29 3-11 s u n 13 11 bit 16 11 5 B =140.252 ID ID 8 =13 3-11 140. 252. 13 255. 255. 255. 224 0 x ffffff e 0 5 bit 27 bit 3-10 I P 3-12 IP 1 3-12 IP 1 s u n b s d i 3-10 140. 252. 13. 63 1 40. 252. 13. 32 3-11 5 1 1 6 8 4 2 1 3 1 12 subnet-directed broadcast address
3 IP 35 3.8 ifconfig I P T C P / I P i f c o n f i g( 8 ) S L I P i f c o n f i g S L I P 3-12 2. 7 A 2. 3 S L I P S L I P L I N K 0 s l i p C S L I P 2. 5 L I N K 1 C S L I P L I N K 2 I C M P 4. 6 S L I P ping 0 b s d i a S u n O S i f c o n f i g w e 0 S I M P L E X 4. 4 B S D B S D / 386 6. 3 s l i p S L I P b s d i I P slip % /sbin/ifconfig sl0 sl0: flags=1011<up,pointopoint,link0> inet 140.252.13.65 --> 140.252.13.66 netmask ffffffe0 s v r 4 S V R i f c o n f i g R U N N I N G svr4 % /usr/sbin/ifconfig emd0 emd0: flags=23<up,broadcast,notrailers> inet 140.252.13.34 netmask ffffffe0 broadcast 140.252.13.63
36 TCP/IP 1 i f c o n f i g T C P / I P 3.9 netstat n e t s t a t( 1 ) - i - n I P M T U 9 n e t s t a t 13 3.10 IP 1. 2 I P I n t e r n e t 1) B 1995 2) 32 bit I P I n t e r n e t 3) ( f l a t ) C B C I D R Classless Interdomain Routing I P I P 4 21 I n t e r n e t 10. 8 I P I P I P n g 1993 5 IEEE Network (vol.7, no.3) C I D R R F C 1454 [Dixon 1993] 1) SIP I n t e r n e t I P 64 4 2) PIP 3) TUBA TCP and UDP with Bigger Address OSI C L N P Connectionless Network Protocol I P O S I 20 C L N P S I P P I C L N P RFC 1347[Callon 1992] T U B A [Perlman 1992] 7 I P v 4 C L N P C L N
3 IP 37 4) TP/IX RFC 1475 [Ullmann 1993] S I P 64 bit T C P U D P 32 bit 64 bit 64 T C P 32 bit T C P U D P I P v 4 C I D R I P v 4 3.11 I P I I P I A B I n t e r n e t i f c o n f i g n e t s t a t I P M T U I n t e r n e t I P 3.1 127. 0. 0. 1 3.2 3-6 3.3 16 bit A 8 B 3.4 RFC 1219 [Tsuchiya 1991] 3.5 255. 255. 0. 255 A 3.6 3. 9 M T U 1536 3.7 T C P / I P I [Clark 1988]
4 ARP 4.1 T C P / I P I P 48 bit T C P / I P P C 48 bit I P I 32 bit I P 32 Internet RFC 826 [Plummer 1 9 8 2 ] A R P 4-1 A R P 48 R A R P A R P I P 4-1 ARP RARP R A R P X 5 4.2 % ftp bsdi 4-2 1) FTP g e t h o s t b y n a m e(3) bsdi 32 bit IP D N S 14 DNS /e t c / h o s t s 2) F T P T C P I P 3) T C P I I 18 4) I P I P I P I P 5) 32 bit I P 48 bit
4 ARP 39 I n t e r n e t A R P A R P 6) A R P A R P 4-2 A R P I b s d i I P IP IP IP IP ARP ( ) 4-2 ftp ARP 7) A R P I A R P A R P I P 8) A R P A R P I P 9) I P A R P 48 bit T C P / I P 32 bit I P I P A R P 32 bit I P A R P
40 TCP/IP 1 I P 4.3 ARP A R P A R I n t e r n e t 20 a r p(8) ARP a bsdi % arp -a sun (140.252.13.33) at 8:0:20:3:f6:42 svr4 (140.252.13.34) at 0:0:c0:c2:9b:26 48 bit 6 4. 8 a r p 4.4 ARP I P A R P 4-3 A R P I P IP IP 28 ARP / 4-3 ARP 1 A R P 0 x 0806 h a r d w a r e ( ) p r o t o c o l ( ) A R P A R P I P 1 0 x 0800 I P I P 2-1 1 I P A R P 6 4 A R P 1A R P 2R A R P 3 R A R P 4 5 R A R P A R A R P I P
4 ARP 41 A R P A R P A R P 2 4.5 ARP t c p d u m p Te l n e t T C P A R P A t c p d u m p 4.5.1 A R P t e l n e t ARP Ctrl Telnet s u n e t c p d u m p 48 bit 4-4 t c p d u m p A A - 3 t c p d u m p 4-4 TCP ARP t c p d u m p 18 1 b s d i 0 : 0 : c 0 : 6 f : 2 d : 40 ff : ff : ff : ff : ff : ff 4-2 1 a r p 0 x 0806 A R P a r p i p 60 A R P
42 TCP/IP 1 42 28 A R P 14 60 1-7 60 14 64 1-7 46 14 1500 M T U 2-5 M T U I P 3 4 5 I P T C P 60 1 arp who-has A R P I s v r 4 I P b s d i t c p d u m p I P 4. 7 n A R P I 2 A R P A R P b s d i 0 : 0 : c 0 : 6 f : 2 d : 4 0A R P t c p d u m p arp reply 3 T C P (s v r 4) 1 8 t c p d u m p 1 A R P A R P 2.2 ms 0.7 ms T C P A R P 3 ms t c p d u m p s v r 4 T C P 4 A R P s v r 4 A R P b s d i A R P A R P I A R P I 4.5.2 ARP I n t e r n e t 3-10 36 6 2 63 36 Telnet 76 ARP t c p d u m p 4-5
4 ARP 43 4-5 ARP e A R P A R P 1 5. 5 2 24 3 21 T C P t c p d u m p 29. 5 t e l n e t d a t e Te l n e t 75 B S D T C P 75 18 T C P A R T C P T C P S Y N T C P A R A R P T C P t c p d u m p T C P 4.5.3 ARP A R P 4. 8 a r p 20 3 A R P 20 Host Requirements RFC 4.6 ARP A R P A R P A R P (Proxy ARP) A R P A R P 3-10 s u n 1 s u n 140. 252. 1 A R P s u n 140. 252. 1 4-6 Telebit NetBlazer n e t b s u n 140. 252. 1 g e m i n i I P 140. 252. 1. 29 s u n g e m i n i 140. 252 1 4-6 I P 140. 252. 1. 29 A R P n e t b I P 140. 252. 1 g e m i n i I P n e t b n e t b S L I P s u n
44 TCP/IP 1 140. 252. 1 s u n n e t b ARP 140.252.1.29 140.252.1 ARP Telebit NetBlazer s u n ARP ( ) 4-6 ARP g e m i n i a r p s u n 140. 252. 1 n e t b s u n I P A R gemini % arp -a netb (140.252.1.183) at 0:80:ad:3:6a:80 sun (140.252.1.29) at 0:80:ad:3:6a:80 140. 252. 1 4-6 n e t b S L I P I P S L I P I b s d i s l i p I P 3. 8 i f c o n f i g S L I P 140. 252. 1. 183 N e t B l a z e r S L I P I P I P I P I 140. 252. 1. 183 S L I P A R P s u n 140. 252. 13 1 40. 252 140.. 13 n e t b n e t b s u n 140.252.13 A R P A R P p r o m i s c u o u s A R P ARP (ARP hack) A R P A R P A R P T C P / I P 0 1
4 ARP 45 4.7 ARP A R P ARP (gratuitous ARP) A R P I P b s d i s u n t c p d u m p 4-7 4-7 ARP n t c p d u m p A R P b s d i 140. 252. 13. 35 0 : 0 : c 0 : 6 f : 2 d : 40 t c p d u m p 4-4 A R P 1) I P b s d i a : b : c : d : e : f I P 2) A R P A R P [Plummer 1982] I P A R P A R P A R P A R P A R P [ B h i d e E l n o z a h y M o rgan 1991] I P A R P ARP ARP SunOS 4.1.3 4. 4 B S D ARP SVR4 4.8 arp a A R P d A R P
46 TCP/IP 1 A R P s I P t e m p p u b - s A R P I P A R P A R P 4.9 T C P / I P A R P A R P a r p a r p A R P A R P A R A R P A R I P A R P 4.1 4-4 A R P bsdi rsh svr4 arp -a A R P ( s v r 4 a r p a 4.2 A R P 4.3 A R P 4. 2 7 A R P I 4.4 4. 5 Host Requirements RFC A R P A R P
5 RARP 5.1 I P X I P R A R P R A R I P R A R P A R P R A R P RFC 903 [Finlayson et al. 1984] 5.2 RARP R A R P A R P 4-3 R A R P 0 x 8035 R A R P 3 4 A R P R A R P R A R ( u n i c a s t ) 5.3 RARP s u n b s d i R A R P t c p d u m p 5-1 -e t c p d u m p 5-1 RARP R A R P 1 2 R A R P 2 a t s u n R A R P s u n I P 140. 252. 13. 33 3 s u n I P T F T R R Q 8 C F C 0 D 21. S U N 4 C T F T P 15 8 s u n I P 140. 252. 13. 33 I P R A R P S U N 4 C t c p d u m p 3 I P 65 U D P U D P t c p d u m p e 5-1
48 TCP/IP 1 2 4. 5 6 0 b s d i t c p d u m p r a r p d 4 2 B S D 14 28 R A R P t c p d u m p 60 t c p d u m p 60 R A R P I P T F T 16 X R A R P B O O T P T F T P R A R P 5-2 w h o t e l l 6. 55 42. 80 5. 34 6. 55 42. 79 5. 34 6. 55 1. 21 6. 55 8. 97 2. 42 8. 97 1 3. 80 4. 83 42. 80 5. 34 5-2 RARP 6-8 21 T C P 5.4 RARP R A R P R A R P A R P T C P / I P I
5 RARP 49 I P A R P 5.4.1 RARP R A R P I P U n i x / e t c / e t h e r s R A R P T C P / I P R A R P 0 x 8035 2-1 R A R P A B S D S u n S V R 4 R A R P 5.4.2 RARP R A R P R A R P 5-2 R A R P R A R P R A R P R A R P R A R P R A R A R P A R R A R P 5.5 R A R P I R A R P A R R A R P I P R A R P R A R I P 16 B O O T P I P R A R P R A R P T C P / I P R A R P 5.1 RARP A R P R A R P 0 x 0806 5.2 R A R P
6 ICMP Internet 6.1 I C M P I P I C M P I P T C P U D P I C M P IP I C M P I P 6-1 ICMP RFC 792 [Posterl 1981 b ] IP 20 ICMP I C M P 6-2 6-1 ICMP IP 4 15 I C M P I C M P I C M P 3. 2 I P I C M P 8 8 16 ( ) 6-2 ICMP I C M P 27 P i n g 9 I P I C M P 6.2 ICMP I C M P 6-3 I C M P I C M I C M P I C M P I C M P I I C M P I P 8 I C M P I
6 ICMP Internet 51 0 0 P i n g 7 3 0 9. 3 1 9. 3 2 3 6. 5 4 11. 6 5 8. 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 TO S 9. 3 12 TO S 9. 3 13 14 15 4 0 11. 11 5 9. 5 0 1 2 3 8 0 P i n g 7 9 0 9. 6 10 0 9. 6 11 0 0 Traceroute, 8 1 0 11. 5 12 0 I P 1 13 0 6. 4 14 0 6. 4 15 0 16 0 17 0 6. 3 18 0 6. 3 I P 8 T C P U D P T C P U D P 6. 5 I C M P 1) ICMP I C M P I C M 2) 3-9 D 1-5 I P 3) 4) I P 11. 5 5) 6-3 ICMP I C M P
52 TCP/IP 1 6.3 ICMP I C M P 3. 5 I C M P R A R I B O O T P 16 I C M P 6-4 (17 18) (0) 12 32 6-4 ICMP I C M P i c m p a d d r m a s k I C M P 140. 252. 13. 63 140. 252. 13. 32 3-1 sun % icmpaddrmask 140.252.13.63 received mask = ffffffe0, from 140.252.13.33 received mask = ffffffe0, from 140.252.13.35 b s d i received mask = ffff0000, from 140.252.13.34 s v r 4 s v r 4 s v r S V R 4 B svr4 % ifconfig emd0 emd0: flags=23<up,broadcast,notrailers> inet 140.252.13.34 netmask ffffffe0 broadcast 140.252.13.63 S V R 4 I C M P t c p d u m p b s d i 6-5 e 6-5 ICMP s u n I C M P
6 ICMP Internet 53 2-4 b s d i s v r 4 I P 0. 0. 0. 0 B S D / 386 R F C E I P sun % icmpaddrmask sun received mask= ff000000, from 140.252.13.33 sun % icmpaddrmask localhost received mask= ff000000, from 127.0.0.1 A 127. 0. 0. 1 2-4 I P 140. 252. 12. 33 I C M P 6.4 ICMP I C M P Coordinated Universal Time, UTC U T C I C M P U n i x r d a t e I C M P 6-6 (13 14) (0) 20 6-6 ICMP
54 TCP/IP 1 6.4.1 i c m p t i m e I C M P I C M P o r i g r e c v x m i t r t t d i f f e r e n c e 6-7 6-7 i c m p t i m e RT T RT T d i f f e r e n c e RT T b s d i s u n 7 ms 8 ms U T C 86 400 000 ( 24 6 0 6 0 1 000 ) 4 : 00 U T C 7 82 800 000 2 300 b s d i 0 0. 9. 4 10 m s B s v r 4 S V R 4 0 S V R 4 I C M P 140. 252. 1
6 ICMP Internet 55 s u n 3. 7 75 g a t e w a y C i s c o U T C 32 bit U T C s u n N T P stratum 1 N T P d i f f e r e n c e RT T s u n 38. 5 51.5 ms 6.4.2 1) 1. 1 2 A S C I I t e l n e t 32 b i t U T C 1 900 1 1 r d a t e T C P Telnet Telnet 2) N T P RFC 1305 [ M i l l s 1992 ] L A N WA N R F C 3) O S F D C E D T S
56 TCP/IP 1 [ R o s e n b e rg, Kenney and Fisher 1992] 4) U n i x t i m e d( 8 ) N T P D T S t i m e d 6.5 ICMP I C M P I C M P I C M P I C M P U D 11 U D P U D P U D P I C M P T F T P T F T 15 T F T P U D P 69 T F T P c o n n e c t 8888 25 c o n n e c t g e g e t U D P s v r 4 8888 t c p d u m p 6-8 6-8 TFTP ICMP U D P s v r 4 A R P 1 A R P 2 U D P 3 t c p d u m p A R P I P I C M P 4 T F T P I C M P 5 U D P
6 ICMP Internet 57 I C M P 20 U D 2924 8888 U D P 20 U D P 20 T F T P 2 9 t e m p. f o o 9 n e t a s c i i T F T P 15-1 - e I C M P 70 6-9 IP ICMP ICMP IP ICMP IPUDP 14 20 8 20 8 6-9 UDP ICMP I C M P I C M P 6-3 I P I P 8 I P 8 U D P 11-2 U D P 8888 I C M P I C M 2924 T F T P I P I P I C M P 8 U D P T C P 17-2, T C P 8 I C M P 6-10 (3) (0~15) 0 8 IP ( )+ IP 8 6-10 ICMP 6-3 16 I C M P 0 1 5 I C M 3 6-10 I C M P 32 bit 0 4 M T U 2. 9
58 TCP/IP 1 MTU 32 bit 16 bit 11.6 I C M P 8 I P 8 Solaris 2.2 i p _ i c m p _ r e t u r n _ d a t a _ b y t e s 64 E. t c p d u m p t c p d u m p 6-11 6-11 TFTP t c p d u m p 6-8 y U D P T C P I C M P T F T P B S D ( s o c k e t ) I C M P U D P c o n n e c t BSD TFTP c o n n e c t I C M P T F T P 5 5 25 T C P
6 ICMP Internet 59 T F T P R F C Solaris 2.2 AIX 3.2.2 0 5 1 5 3 5 21 I C M P U D 3.5 ms 7 P i n g 6.6 ICMP 4.4BSD I C M P I C M P 6-12 6-3 4. 4 B S D I C M P 0 0 3 0 1 2 3 4 D F 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 TO S 12 TO S 13 14 15 4 0 ( q u e n c h ) T C P U D 5 0 1 2 3 8 0 9 0 10 0 11 0 0 1 0 12 0 I P 1 13 0 14 0 15 0 16 0 17 0 18 0 6-12 4.4BSD ICMP
60 TCP/IP 1 I C M P I C M P I C M P U n i x T C P 6.7 I n t e r n e t 6-3 I C M P I C M P I C M P I C M P I C M I C M P I P 8 I C M P T C P U D P 8 t c p d u m p 6.1 6. 2 5 I C M P U D P 6.2 RFC [Braden 1989a] I C M P 6.3 RFC 1349 [Almquist 1992] I P 3-2 I C M P 6.4 n e t s t a t I C M P
7 Ping 7.1 p i n g P i n Mike Muuss I C M P I C M 6-3 I C M P P i n g Te l n e t F T P Te l n e t P i n g P i n P i n g I C M P P i n g I P [Stevens 1990] 11 P i n g P i n g Te l n e t F T P I n t e r n e t I P P i n g Te l n e t 25 7.2 Ping p i n g p i n g T C P / I P P i n g 6 I C M P I C M P 7-1 (0 8) ( ) 8 7-1 ICMP I C M P
62 TCP/IP 1 U n i x p i n g I C M P I D p i n g p i n g 0 1 p i n g I P p i n g s p i n g host is alive 20 no answer 7.2.1 LAN p i n g I C M P T T L T T I P B S D p i n g T T L 8 t r a c e r o u t e T T L 0 1 2 p i n g I C M P I C M P b s d i 0 ms B S D / 386 0. 9. 4 10 ms B S u n t c p d u m p I C M P 4 ms I P s v r 4 I P 14 D N S p i n g 1 I P D N S I P t c p d u m p 7-2 3.7 ms 1 1 A R P
7 Ping 63 7-2 LAN ping 4 A R P A R P ARP 1 RT T 3 ms A R P A R P s u n p i n g BSD/386 0.9.4 0 ms 10 m s BSD/386 1.0 p i n g 7.2.2 WAN I n t e r n e t
64 TCP/IP 1 1 2 3 4 6 1 0 11 1 2 1 3 52 % I n t e r n e t N + 1 N 7.2.3 SLIP S L I P 9600 b / s 2. 10 b s d i s l i p S L I P 1200 b/s P i n g I C M P 56 20 I P 8 I C M P I 84 t c p d u m p e 2. 4 E N D S L I P 1200 b/s 8 bit 1 bit 1 bit 120 8.33 ms 1433 8 6 8. 33 2 m s 2 S V R 4 s 1. 5 1 I C M P 1 1. 480 1
7 Ping 65 8 t r a c e r o u t e S L I P 7.2.4 SLIP S L I P s u n n e t b V. 32 9600 b/sv. 42 L A P - M V. 42 b i s s u n p i n g g e m i n i 1 RT T 10 ms 10 ms s u n B 1 RT T 280 300 ms 1 ~ 2 RT T 260 ms 9600 b/s RT T 7. 2 1. 5 p i n g 60 RT T V. 42 V. 42 b i s 277 ms V. 42 b i s 330 ms V. 42 V. b i s 300 ms RT T 7.3 IP p i n g I P R R p i n g
66 TCP/IP 1 R p i n g I P I P R R I P I C M P I P I I C M p i n g I P R R R I C M P R R I C M P I C M P I I C M P I P I 3-1 I P 4 bit I P 15 32 bit 60 I P 20 R R 3 37 60 2 0 3 I P 9 I P A R PA N E T 9 I P 8 Tr a c e r o u t e I P I P R R 7-3 30 4 4 4 4 7-3 IP c o d e I P R R 7 l e n R R 39 R R p i n g 39 9 I P I P p t r 1 I P 4 I P I p t r 8 1 2 1 6 36 9 I P p t r 40 I P RFC 791 [Postel 1981a] I P p i n g R R I C M P I P 7.3.1 R R p i n g s v r 4 p i n g s l i p ( b s d i ) s v r 4
7 Ping 67 7-4 I P R R 7-4 ping b s d i I P I I C M P s v r 4 I P v t c p d u m p s u n I P 7-5 7-5 t c p d u m p o p t l e n = 40 I P 40 I P 4 R R { 39 } 39 9 I P # R R p t r I P s u n 7-4 I C M P I P I C M P 3 I P t c p d u m p 7-5 E O L I P end of list E O L 0 39 R R I P 40 0 39 R R 0 E O L
68 TCP/IP 1 I P 1 N O Pno operation 7-5 S V R 4 T T L 32 B S D / 386 255 254 b s d i 1 I C M P T T L 255 T C P / I P B S D / 386 S V R 4 R R I C M P R R I C M P SunOS 4.1.3 RR Solaris 2.x 7.3.2 9 I C M P 140. 252. 1 p i n g a i x s u n S L I P s l i p b s d i s l i p R R 9 I P I C M P n e t b a i x I C M P a i x g a t e w a y n e t b I P 7-6 a i x 140. 252. 13 I P n e t b a i x g a t e w a y g a t e w a y 140. 252. 1 150 g a t e w a y g a t e w a y I C M P a i x 9. 5 I C M P Te l n e t a i x d a y t i m e I C M P
7 Ping 69 a i x p i n g n e t b a i x n e t b g a t e w a y 9. 5 I C M P ping ping 7-6 p i n g IP 7.4 IP I P I 7-7 7-3 40 4 4 4 4 7-7 IP 0 x 44 l e n p t r 36 4 0 5 9 1 3 4 bit O F F L 7-8 0 7-7 1 I P 4 3 4 I P 4 0 I P 7-8
70 TCP/IP 1 U T C I C M P I P 1 3 I P 8 t r a c e r o u t e 7.5 p i n g T C P / I P I C M T C P / U D PP i n g I C M P L A N WA N S L I P p i n g S L I P p i n g I I P 9 IP 7.1 7. 2 p i n g 7.2 b s d i s l i p S L I P 9600 b/s RT T 56 7.3 B S D p i n g I C M P 8 0 x c 0 2. 4 7.4 S L I P C S L I P 2. 5 7. 2 p i n g 7.5 2-4 p i n g p i n g
8 Traceroute 8.1 Van Jacobson Tr a c e r o u t e T C P / I P I P Tr a c e r o u t e I P Tr a c e r o u t e I P Steve Deering Van Jacobson C. Philip Wood, Tim Seaver Ken Adelman 8.2 Traceroute 7. 3 I P R R Tr a c e r o u t e I P 7. 3 P i n g I C M P R R I P Tr a c e r o u t e U D P I P I P 9 I A R PA N E T Tr a c e r o u t e I C M P I P T T L T T L 8 bit R F C 64 15 3 2 7 p i n g I C M P T T L 255 T T L 1 1 T T L 1 RFC 1009 [Braden and Postel 1987] 1 T T L RFC [Almquist 1993] T T L
72 TCP/IP 1 T T L T T L I P T T L 0 1 T T L 0 I C M P Tr a c e r o u t e I C M P I P I P Tr a c e r o u t e T T L 1 I P T T L 1 I C M P Tr a c e r o u t e T T L 2 T T L 1 I P I C M P Tr a c e r o u t e U D P U D 30 000 U D P 6. 5 I C M Tr a c e r o u t e I C M P Tr a c e r o u t e T T L T C P / I P Tr a c e r o u t e 8.3 Tr a c e r o u t e s v r 4 s l i p b s d i b s d i s l i p 9600 b/s S L I P 1 I P t r a c e r o u t e T T L 30 4 0 2 I P 8 U D P 12 1 1 T T L T T L I P T T 3 I C M P 5 3 T T L 1 3 I C M P 20 ms 10 ms 10 ms T T L 2 3
8 Traceroute 73 I C M P 120 ms T T L 2 t r a c e r o u t e t r a c e r o u t e T T L N + 1 T T L N 8-1 t c p d u m p 1 b s d i 20 ms 10 A R P t c p d u m p 8-1 svr4 slip traceroute tcpdump U D P 33435 1 U D P 12 t r a c e r o u t e 40 t c p d u m p T T L 1 I P [ttl 1] T T L 0 1 t c p d u m p T T L 1 T T L 0 b s d i T T L 0 I C M P I P s l i p I C M P I C M P 6. 2 6-3 I C M P c o d e 8-2 I C M P (0 1) ( 0) 8 IP ( ) IP 8 8-2 ICMP
74 TCP/IP 1 I C M P T T L 0 c o d e 0 I C M P 11. 5 c o d e 1 8-1 9 ~ 14 T T L 2 3 3 I C M P S L I P 7. 2 P i n g 1200 b / s U D P 42 12 8 U D P 20 I P 2 S L I P 2. 4 P i n g 6-9 I C M P I I P 8 t r a c e r o u t e U D P 20 + 8 + 20 + 8 + 2 58 960 b/s RT T 42 + 58/960 104 ms s v r 4 110 ms 8-1 42804 t r a c e r o u t e U D P U n i x 32768 t r a c e r o u t e I C M P U D P t r a c e r o u t e I P T T L t r a c e r o u t e I P I C M P t r a c e r o u t e U D P U D P 1 I C M P 3 4 I C M P I U D P I I P 7. 3 I P 2 A B t r a c e r o u t e B A t r a c e r o u t e s l i p s v r 4 t r a c e r o u t e b s d i I P 140. 252. 13. 66 S L I P 140. 252. 13. 35 t r a c e r o u t e I P b s d i 8-3 L A N t r a c e r o u t e I P i f 1 i f 3 I P i f 4 i f 2 i f 2 i f 3
8 Traceroute 75 1 3 1 2 2 8-3 t r a c e r o u t e t r a c e r o u t e I P t r a c e r o u t e I C M P I P I P 14. 5 D N S I P 8.4 t r a c e r o u t e 8-4 s u n NIC (Network Information Center) 8-4 s u n n i c. d n. m i l t r a c e r o u t e D D N N I C n i c. d d n. m i l r s. i n t e r n i c. n e t InterNIC t u c. n o a o. e d u t e l c o m. a r i z o n a. e d u NASA Science Internet n s n. n a s a. g o v T T L 6 7 JPL (Jet Propulsion Laboratory) T T L 11 s u r a. n e t Southeastern Universities Research Association Network T T L 12 G S I Government Systems, Inc., NIC T T L 6 2 RT T 5 90 RT T 234 2 62 I P I C M P T T L 3 1 RT T 204 T T L 2 1 233
76 TCP/IP 1 RT T 8-5 s u n 8-5 s u n. t u c. n o a o. e d u a w. c o m t r a c e r o u t e t e l c o m. a r i z o n a. e d u w e s t n e t. n e t ( T T L 6 7 ) Advanced Network & Services N S F N E T t 3. a n s. n e tt 3 45 Mb/s a l t e r. n e t a w. c o m 8.5 IP I P Tr a c e r o u t e (source routing) I P I C M P I P Tr a c e r o u t e Tr a c e r o u t e Van Jacobson Tr a c e r o u t e
8 Traceroute 77 1 988 8-6 39 4 4 4 4 8-6 IP 7-3 I P I P I I P 9 9 c o d e 0 x 83 0 x 89 l e n p t r 7. 3 L S R R S S R R I P 1 1 8-6 1 4 1 p t r 2 (outgoing interface) I P 3 4 8-7 S D R1 R2 R3 8-7 IP # 4 8 1 2 1 6 15 I P I P
78 TCP/IP 1 Host Requirements RFC T C P T C T C P T C P 8.5.1 t r a c e r o u t e t r a c e r o u t e - g 8 9 8-4 N I C n i c. d d n. m i l NASA Science Internet 8-8 e n s s 142. U T. w e s t n e t. n e t (192.31.39.21) N S F N E T 8-8 NSFNET n i c. d n. m i l t r a c e r o u t e 16 RT T 350 ms 8-4 13 RT T 322 ms 16 N S F N E T 8-5 3 I C M P n e t b b u t c h g a t e w a y. t u c. n o a o. e d u G a b b y e n s s 142. U T. w e s t. n e t We s t g a t e. Te l c o m. A r i z o n a. e d u u u - u a. A Z. w e s t n e t. n e t N S F N E T N I C 19 8. 5 e n s s 142. U T. w e s t n e t. n e t I P 14. 5 I P
8 Traceroute 79 I P I D N S T T L 8 RT T 5 8-4 n s n - F I X - p e. s u r a. n e t N S F N E T NASA Science Internet 8.5.2 t r a c e r o u t e t r a c e r o u t e G g 8-5 N S F N E T n e t b g a t e w a y b u t c h g a b b y. t u c. n o a o. e d u. t e l c o m. a r i z o n a. e d u g a t e w a y g a b b y b u t c h 8-9 8-9 traceroute T T L 3 RT T! S t r a c e r o u t e I C M P 6-3 t y p e 3 c o d e 5 T T L 3 RT T g a t e w a y g a b b y T T L 2 3 g a t e w a y T T L 2 g a t e w a y g a t e w a y T T L 1 T T L I C M P T T L 3 g a t e w a y T T L 2 I C M P 8-10 t c p d u m p s u n n e t b S L I P t c p d u m p v I D S S R R s u n U D P n e t b (w e s t g a t e) 8-7 G g a t e w a y g a b b y (w e s t g a t e) S S R R t r a c e r o u t e 15 16
80 TCP/IP 1 5 8-10 t r a c e r o u t e t c p d u m p 8.5.3 t r a c e r o u t e A B B A t r a c e r o u t e s u n b r u n o. c s. c o l o r a d o. e d u 8-11 T T L 1 ~ 11 T T L ~ 21 Internet 8-3 T T L 2 1 9 g a t e w a y. t u c. n o a o. e d u I P t r a c e r o u t e T T L 2 T T L 19 T T L 3 1 8 4 1 7
8 Traceroute 81 8-11 t r a c e r o u t e 8.6 T C P / I P t r a c e r o u t e T T L 1 U D P T T L 1 U D P I C M 2 I C M P L A N WA N t r a c e r o u t e I P 8.1 I P T T L 1 0 8.2 t r a c e r o u t e RT T RT p i n g 8.3 t r a c e r o u t e t r a c e r o u t e R 1 R 2 R 3 R 2 T T L 1 T T L 1 I P t r a c e r o u t e 8.4 T T L I C M P T T L
82 TCP/IP 1 8.5 8-8 s u n n e t b S L I P t c p d u m p v I C M P T T L n e t b b u t c h G a b b y e n s s 142. U T. w e s t n e t. n e t T T L 255 2 53 2 52 2 49 8.6 S u n O S S V R 4 l p i n g R t c p d u m p 8.7 p i n g t r a c e r o u t e 8.8 p i n g t r a c e r o u t e 8.9 t r a c e r o u t e U D P 33453 1 1. 9 1024 ~ 5000 t r a c e r o u t e S o l a r i s 2. 2 E. 4 8.10 RFC 1393 [Malkin 1993b]
9 IP 9.1 I P 9-1 I P 9-1 d a e m o n U n i x d a e m o n d a e m o n [Perlman 1992] 10 R I P Routing Information Protocol I P 9-1 I P 30 I C M P 9. 5 r o u t e n e t s t a t route netstat UDP TCP ICMP I P ( ) ( I P ) IP IP IP 9-1 IP
84 TCP/IP 1 9.2 I P I P 3. 3 I P 1) 2) 3) 0 I P I P 9.2.1 s v r 4 r n e t s t a t n I P n n e t s t a t / e t c / n e t w o r k s 1 140. 252. 13. 65 s l i p 140. 252. 13. 35 b s d i s l i p S L I P b s d b s d i f l a g U G H D 9. 5 M 9. 5 G G I P 3-3 I P 3-4 G I P 140. 252. 13. 65 140. 252. 13. 3
9 IP 85 G H G H n e t s t a t H 0 I P n e t s t a t R e f c n t Reference count T C P s v r 4 s l i p Te l n e t 1 Te l n e t 2 u s e p i n g 5 i n t e r f a c e 2 2. 7 l o 0 G H 127. 0. 0. 1 G I P 3 140. 252. 13. 33 s u n s v r 4 I n t e r n e t s u n S L I P U G s u n IP Host Requirements RFC IP Solaris 2.2 H 140. 252. 13. 32 0 5 3-11 G I P n e t s t a t 140. 252. 13. 32 140. 252. 13. 33 0 x ffffff e 0 3. 7 1) T C P / I P 2) 3) I n t e r n e t
86 TCP/IP 1 4) s l i p b s d i I P s v r 4 1) s u n 1 40. 252. 13. 33 s l i p l o c a l h o s t 140. 252. 13. 32 e m d 0 2) s l i p 1 40. 252. 13. 65 I P 140. 252. 13. 65 140. 252. 13. 65 e m d 0 3) I n t e r n e t a w. c o m 1 92. 207. 117. 2 140. 252. 13. 33 e m d 0 4) I P I ftp svr4 ftp 140.252.13.34 ftp localhost ftp 127.0.0.1 2 140. 252. 13. 3 I P 2-4 I P I I P I P I P 9.2.2 i f c o n f i g H r o u t e s v r 4 route add default sun 1 route add slip bsdi 1 3 d e f a u l t s l i p 4 ( m e t r i c ) r o u t e 0 G 0 G
9 IP 87 r o u t e 4. 4 B S D B S D / 386 / e t c / n e t s t a r t S V R 4 / e t c / i n e t / r c. i n e t Solaris 2.x / e t c / r c 2. d / S 69 i n e t SunOS 4.1.x / e t c / r c. l o c a l AIX 3.2.2 / e t c / r c. n e t / e t c / d e f a u l t r o u t e r 10 9. 6 9.2.3 s u n S L I P I n t e r n e t s v r 4 b s d i s l i p 3 ( G H ) S L I P i f c o n f i g sun % ifconfig sl0 sl0: flags=1051<u P, P O I N T O P O I N T, R U N N I N G > inet 140.252.1.29 --> 140.252.1.183 netmask ffffff00 ( n e t b), I P ( 140. 252. 1. 29 )(, n e t s t a t I P ) ( G H ) ( 140. 252. 1. 183 S L I P ), S L I P I P ( 140. 252. 1. 29 ) n e t s t a t 3 4 ( s l 0) S L I P. 9.2.4 I P
88 TCP/IP 1 I C M P 9.3 ICMP I P I C M I C M P 6-10 s u n S L I P S L I P s u n B S D 4.4 BSD s u n n e t s t a t S L I P S L I P S L I P S L I P s u n s u n I C M P s v r 4 p i n g S L I P b s d i t c p d u m p 9-2 9-2 p i n g ICMP s u n g e m i n i S L I P I n t e r n e t p i n g I n t e r n e t I P I n t e r n e t IP Internet 8-5 I P 6 N S F N E T 6 N S F N E T I n t e r n e t [Ford, Rekhter, and Braun 1993] top-level routing domain I n t e r n e t I n t e r n e
9 IP 89 5 N S F N E T Commercial Internet Exchange: C I XN A S A NASA Science Internet: NSIS p r i n t L i n k I P E B O N E 9.4 I P i p f o r w a r d i n g E B S D / 386 S V R 4 0 SunOS 4.1.x 1 0 1 1 Solaris 2.x 0 1 2 4. 2 B S D 9.5 ICMP I P I C M I P 9-3 I C M P 7-6 1) I P R 1 R 2) R1 R 2 R 2 R 1 L A N 3) R1 I C M P R 2 R 1 (1) IP (3) ICMP (2) IP R1 R2 9-3 ICMP
90 TCP/IP 1 9-3 R 1 R 2 I C M P T C P / I P R 1 R2 L A N 9.5.1 I C M P a i x, s o l a r i s g e m i n i g a t e w a y n e t b 150 10 g a t e w a y I n t e r n e t 140. 252. 1 S L I P A R P 4. 6 140. 252. 1 s u n 1 40. 252. 1. 29 n e t b A R P S L I P n e t b 140. 252. 13 I C M P s o l a r i s p i n g b s d i( 140. 252. 13. 35 ) A R P g a t e w a y p i n g 2 24. 0. 0. 0 I P 12 p i n g v I C M P p i n g g a t e w a y
9 IP 91 I C M P b s d i D I C M P G g a t e w a y (n e t b H b s d i s v r 4 I C M P s l i p b s d i, s v r 4 s l i p s u n I C M P I C M P 140. 252. 13 9.5.2 I C M P 9-4 (5) (0~3) IP 8 IP ( )+ IP 8 9-4 ICMP 9-5 I C M P I ( 1 ) I P I C M P I P ( 2 ) I P I P ( 3 ) I P I C M P 4 ~ 7 9-5 ICMP I C M P 9-1
92 TCP/IP 1 4. 4 B S D I C M P 1) 2) I C M P 3) 4) i p _ s e n d r e d i r e c t s E B S D SunOS 4.1.x Solaris 2.x AIX 3.2.2 SVR4 4. 4 B S D I C M P 1) 2) 3) 4) 1 3 9-5 9.6 ICMP I C M P RFC 1256 [Deering 1991] I C M P I C M P 9-6 I C M P 9-7 32 bit 2 (10) (0) ( 0 ) 8 9-6 ICMP
9 IP 93 (9) (0) (2) 8 [1] [1] [2] [2] 9-7 ICMP I P I P 32 bit I P 0 x 80000000 0 9.6.1 450 600 3 0 9.6.2 10 3 0 9.6.3 9-1
94 TCP/IP 1 I C M P Solaris 2.x i n. r d i s c RFC IP 9.7 I P T C P I P 5 bit I P I I P I P I C M r o u t e I C M P I C M P 9.1 I C M P 9.2 9. 4 s v r 4 s l i p 1 40. 252. 13. 65 9.3 4. 2 B S D 4. 3 B S D 140. 1 4. 2 B S D 0 ( 140. 1. 0. 0 ) 4. 3 B S D 1 140. 1. 255. 255 4. 2 B S D 4. 2 B S D 140. 1. 255. 255 I P 9.4 140. 1 A R P a r p I P 140. 1. 255. 255 1 9.5
10 10.1 r o u t e I C M P R I P (Routing Infromation Protocol) T C P / I P O S P F B G P I n t e r n e t B 10.2 routing daemon 9-1 9. 2 I P routing mechanism r o u t e routing policy I n t e r n e t I n t e r n e A S Autonomous System N S F N E T I n t e r n e t I G P Interior Gateway Protocol intradomain routing protocol
96 TCP/IP 1 I G P R I P I G P O S P F Open Shortest Path First R I P 1986 N S F N E T I G P H E L L O RFC [Almquist 1993] OSPF RIP IGP E G P Exterier Gateway Protocol E G P E G P E G P N S F N E T B G P Border Gateway ProtocolB G P E G 10.3 Unix U n i x r o u t e d T C P / I P R I P g a t e d I G P E G P [Fedor 1998] g a t e d 10-1 r o u t e d g a t e d r o u t e d g a t e d routed gated, 2 gated, 3 10-1 r o u t e d g a t e d RIP 1 1 0. 5 R I P 2 10. 6 O S P F 10. 7 B G P 10.4 RIP R I P R I P RFC 1058 [Hedrick 1988a] R F C 10.4.1 RIP UDP 10-2 11 UDP 1 0-3 I P R I IP UDP 1 2 3 4 RIP 5 6 20 8 10-2 UDP RIP
10 97 1 2 R I P 1 0. 5 2 20 address family I P 2I R I P 20 R I P 25 25 R I P 20 25 + 4 = 504 512 25 ( 0) (2) ( 0) 32 IP ( 0) ( 0) (1-16) ( 24 20 ) 10-3 10.4.2 R I P r o u t e d R I P U D P 520 U D P 520 1 0 16 16 16 30
98 TCP/IP 1 R I P 3 16 6 3 0 60 10.4.3 R I P ( h o p ) 1 10-4 4 R I P R2 N3 R 1 N 2 N 2 1 N 1 N 1 N 2 N 1 1 R 2 N 2 1 N 3 1 10-4 1 2 R 2 N 1 2 R 1 N 3 A S A S 15 R I P 15 A S 16 I P 10.4.4 R I P B 16 bit 0 R I P R I P R I P RFC 1058 [Hedrick 1988a] R I P 15 R I P 10.4.5 R1 N1 2 r i p q u e r y g a t e d
10 99 r i p q u e r y 10-3 5 p o l l 5 R I P c o m m a n d 1 0 16 1 0-5 s u n s u n r i p q u e r y n e t b sun % ripquery -n netb 504 bytes from netb (140.252.1.183): 504 140.252.1.0, metric 1 1 0-5 140.252.13.0, metric 1 1 0-5 244 bytes from netb (140.252.1.183): 244 n e t b 1 n e t b 140. 252. 1. 0 m e t r i c 1 n I P n e t b 140. 252. 13 n e t b 140. 252. 13 140. 252. 13 1 0-6 t c p d u m p - i s 10 S L I P 1 R I P 1 5 R I P 2 1 2 24 R I P 20 10-5 n e t b g a t e w a y 3 25 25 504 r i p q u e r y t c p d u m p - s 600 600 U D P R I P 10-6 r i p q u e r y t c p d u m p 4 12 12 20 + 4=244 r i p q u e r y n e t b g a t e w a y 140. 252. 13. 0 2
100 TCP/IP 1 sun % ripquery -n gateway 504 bytes from gateway (140.252.1.4): 140.252.1.0, metric 1 1 0-5 140.252.13.0, metric 2 1 0-5 10-5 140. 252. 1. 0 1 g a t e w a y n e t b 140. 252. 13. 0 2 10.4.6 R I P R I P 10-7 n o a o. e d u R n n I P 10-7 noao.edu 140.252 s o l a r i s Solaris 2.x s n o o p t c p d u m p 10-8 60 Rn P t r udp port 520 520 U D P R 6 R 4 R 2 R 7 R 8 R 3 6 R 2 140. 252. 6. 0 1 R 4 140. 252. 4. 0 1 g a t e w a y 15 s n o o p v R I P I U D P R I P R I P 10-9
10 101 10-8 s o l a r i s 60 RIP 140. 252. 1 10-7 10-8 R 10 4 10-7 3 s n o o p R I P R I P Address Metric RIP: 140.251.0.0 16 (not reachable) RIP: 140.252.9.0 1 RIP: 140.252.10.0 1 RIP: 140.252.11.0 1 B 140. 251 n o a o. e d u 10-9 g a t e w a y RIP 1 0-8 R 10 R I P s n o o p B R O A D C A S T I P 255. 255. 255. 255 1 2. 2
102 TCP/IP 1 140. 252. 1. 255 10.5 RIP 2 RFC 1388 [Malkin 1993a] R I P R I P - 2 10-3 0 R I P 0 R I P R I P - 2 1 0-10 R I P - 2 R I P - 2 (1-6) (2) (2) 32 IP 32 32 IP (1-16) ( 24 20 ) 10-10 RIP-2 (routing domain) U n i x R I P (routing tag) E G P B G P I P I P I P 0 R I P R I P - 2 R I P 20 0 x ffff 2 16 R I P - 2 12 R I P - 10.6 OSPF O S P F R I P R I RFC 1247 [Moy 1991 ] 2 O S P F 20 R I P O S P F R I P
10 103 [ P e r l m a n 1 9 9 2 ] 9. 3 O S P F R I P O S P F I P U D P T C P I P p r o t o c o l O S P F 3-1 O S P F R I P 1) OSPF I P 3-2 I P 2) I P 3) O S P F 4) OSPF I P 3. 7 1 I P 0. 0. 0. 0 0 5) I P I P 6) R I P - 2 10. 5 7) OSPF 12 O S P F O S P F O S P F R I P 10.7 BGP B G P B G P A R PA N E T E G P RFC1267 [Lougheed and Rekhter 1991] 3 B G P RFC 1268 [Rekhter and Gross 1991] I n t e r n e t B G P B G R F C 1993 4 B G P RFC 1467 [To p o l c i c 1993 ] 10. 8 C I D R B G P B G P A S I P I P I P I n t e r n e t B G P
104 TCP/IP 1 1) (stub AS) stub AS 2) (multihomed AS) 3) (transit AS) I n t e r n e t B G P E G P B G P B G P B G B G P R I P O S P F B G P T C P B G T C P B G P B G P R I B G 16 bit B G P k e e p a l i v e T C P 30 k e e p a l i v e T C P k e e p a l i v e 23 10.8 CIDR 3 B C B C B C C I D R I n t e r n e t s u p e r n e t t i n g RFC 1518 [Rekher and Li 1993] RFC 1519 [Fuller et al. 1993] [Ford, Rekhter, and Braun 1993 ] C I D R Internet Architecture Board s blessing [Huitema 1993] R F C 1467 [Topolcic 1993] I n t e r n e t C I D R C I D R I P ( s u m m a r i z a t i o n ) 16 C 16 1 I n t e r n e t 8 I n t e r n e t I n t e r n e 8 I P 8 I n t e r n e t 1) I P I P
10 105 2) 32 bit IP 32 bit 3) 32 bit 32 O S P F 1 0. 6 R I P - 2 1 0. 5 4 B G P 32 bit RFC 1466 [Gerich 1993] C 1 9 4. 0. 0. 0 195. 255. 255. 255 16 0 x c 2000000 0 x c 3 ffffff 65536 C 7 bit I P 0 x c 2000000 32 bit 0xfe000000 (254.0.0.0) 65536 C C 194 1 95 32 bit 7 bit C I D R 32 bit 194. 0. 16. 0 194.0.31.255 (16 C ) I P 1 9 4. 0. 1 6. 0 255.255.240.0 (0xfffff 000 ) 194. 0. 22. 1 C 255. 255. 240 2 54. 0. 0. 0 32 bit IP I A B C C I D R C I n t e r n e t C I D R I P I [Ford, Rekhter, and Braun 1993] 10 000 200 10.9 I G P E G P I G P R I O S P F I G P E G P B G P R I P 2 R I P O S P F B G P C I D R C I D R I n t e r n e t O S I I D R P O S I I P B G Intermediate System to Intermediate System I S - I S O S I I G P C L N P I P O S I I S - I S O S P F [Perlman 1992]
106 TCP/IP 1 10.1 10-9 k p n o g a t e w a y 10.2 R I P 30 25 25 10.3 OSPF R I P 10.4 O S P F 10.5 RFC1058 R I P 10-8 140. 252. 1 10.6 3. 4 10-7 8 140. 252. 1 100 100 30 8 10-8
11 UDP 11.1 U D P U D P I P IP T C P UDP I P UDP UDP U D P I P 20 8 11-1 11-1 UDP RFC 768 [Postel 1980] U D P U D P I P U D P T C 17 T C P U D I P M T U 2. 8 I 2. 9 M T U 11. 5 I P 11.2 UDP U D P 11-2 16 16 UDP 16 16 UDP 8 ( ) 11-2 UDP 1-8 T C P U D P I P I I P T C P U D P I P T C P T C P U D P U D P T C P U D P
108 TCP/IP 1 T C P U D P U D P U D U D P 8 0 U D P O K U D P I P 3-1 U D P I P 3-1 11.3 UDP U D P U D P U D P I P I I P U D P T C P U D T C P U D P 3. 2 I P 16 bit U D P 16 bit 0 U D P T C P 12 I P U D P I P I U D PU D P 11-3 32 IP 32 IP UDP 0 8 (17) 16 UDP 16 16 UDP 16 16 UDP UDP (0) 11-3 UDP U D P 0 1 6 5535 0
11 UDP 109 U D P I P I P U D P U D P U D P 80 U D P U D N F S Network File System U D P U D P S L I P Host Requirements RFC U D P 0 11.3.1 tcpdump U D P U D P t c p d u m p U D P 0 11-4 s o c k C 9 U D P 11-4 t c p d u m p UDP U D P 3 4 5 6 11-3 IP U D P U D TCP/IP 16 bit 16 14. 2 8 D N S D N S U D P UDP 11.3.2 [Mogul 1992 ] N F S
110 TCP/IP 1 40 11-5 I P I P A R P I 11-5 U D P T C P I C M I P T C P U D P T C P U D C R C U D P T C P 11.4 s o c k t c p d u m p U D P bsdi % sock -v -u -i -n4 svr4 discard connected on 140.252.13.35.1108 to 140.252.13.34.9 bsdi % sock -v -u -i -n4 -w0 svr4 discard connected on 140.252.13.35.1110 to 140.252.13.34.9 1 v e r b o s e - v e p h e m e r a l U D P - u T C P - i - n 4 4 102 s v r 4 1. 12 1024 2 - w 0 0 t c p d u m p 11-6 11-6 UDP t c p d u m p 1024 0 2 41 1 17 T C P 1 U D P 1108 110 1. 9 e p h e m e r a l 1024 5 000
11 UDP 111 11.5 IP 2. 8 I P I P M T U I P M T U I P I P T C P U D I P I P 3-1 I P 1 1 I P I C M P 6-3 I P I I P I P I P T C P U D U D P T C P T C P T C P I P [Kent and Mogul 1987] U D P I P T C P T C P s o c k 1500 2-1 1472 I P 20 U D P 8 1471, 1472, 1473 1 474 s o c k bsdi % sock -u -i -nl -w1471 svr4 discard bsdi % sock -u -i -nl -w1472 svr4 discard bsdi % sock -u -i -nl -w1473 svr4 discard bsdi % sock -u -i -nl -w1474 svr4 discard t c p d u m p 11-7
112 TCP/IP 1 11-7 UDP U D P 1 2 1473 I P 1501 3 4 1474 1502 5 6 I P t c p d u m p frag 26304 3 4 frag 26313 5 6 I P 3 @ 1480 I P 1480 U D P 8 1472 I P 20 150 1 2 4 1 2 6 2 I P 8 1480 8 @ 1 0 3 5 2 1480 4 6 I P 3 bit 4 6 1 U D P I P U D 1 3 1473 11-8 1 I P I P I P I I P IP IP 20 UDP 8 UDP (1473 ) IP 20 UDP 8 IP 1472 20 1 11-8 UDP
11 UDP 113 11.6 ICMP I C M P I D F M T U M T U 2. 9 I C M P 11-9 6-10 2 32 bit 16~31 bit M T U 0 (3) (4) ( 0) MTU 8 IP ( )+ IP 8 11-9 ICMP I C M P M T U 0 RFC [Almquist 1993] I C M P I C M P n e t b s u n S L I P M T U s u n n e t b M T U S L I P s u n S L I P 3. 9 n e t s t a t M T U 25 S N M P M T U s o l a r i s p i n g b s d i 11-10 ICMP tcpdump 11-10 n e t b s u n SLIP MTU s u n t c p d u m p S L I P p i n g 500 600
114 TCP/IP 1 b s d i t c p d u m p 11-11 11-11 600 IP s o l a r i s p i n g b s d i t c p d u m p D F I P Solaris 2.2 1 M T U 1 n e t b s u n D F n e t b SLIP MTU 2 D F 600 s u n S L I P M T U 5 52 D F s u n I C M P b s d i b s d i s o l a r i s s u n 11-12 ICMP ICMP ICMP ICMP 11-12 11-11 3 6 m t u = 0 s u n I C M P M T U 11-9 25. 9 S N M P n e t b S L I P M T U 1500 ICMP DF 11.7 Traceroute MTU M T U t r a c e r o u t e 8 M T U M T U I C M P
11 UDP 115 I C M P M T U M T U M T RFC 1191 [Mogul and Deering 1990] M T U M T U s u n s l i p M T U S L I P M T U 2 96 b s d i I C M P M T U M T U T T L 2 1 b s d i I C M P T T L 2 b s d i I C M P M T U M T U 8 M T U M T U t r a c e r o u t e 15 n e t b S L I P M T U 11-12 1500 1 8 2 M T U 1500 M T U 572 RFC 1191 I C M P 1500 I C M P M T U 1006 512 M T U M T
116 TCP/IP 1 11.8 UDP MTU U D P M T U M T U Solaris 2.x 650 s l i p s l i p M T U 2 96 S L I P 268 296 2 0 8 1 U D P b s d i I C M P 11-13 M T U tcpdump DF 1 650 UDP 11-13 UDP MTU 650 U D P U D P 5 solaris % sock -u -i -n10 -w650 -p5 slip discard 11-14 t c p d u m p b s d i I C M P M T U ICMP D F 1 1 b s d i 2 D F 1 3 I C M P 4 D F 0 5 I P D F 1 I I P U D P M T U b s d i I C M P M T U I P M T U 5 76 5 544 U D P 8 U D P 20 I P I P 572 2 6 10 U D P 20 I P 7 D F 1 b s d i I C M P I P I P M T U D F 1 19 20 7 19 I P 30 D F 1 M T U 30 R F C 1191 10 i p _ i r e _ p a t h m t u _ i n t e r v a l E. 4 Solaris 2.2
11 UDP 117 U D P U D P M T U i p _ p a t h _ m t u _ d i s c o v e r y M T U U D P 11-14 UDP MTU s o l a r i s I P 576 11-13 M T U 296 s o l a r i s b s d i 11-15 s l i p t c p d u m p 11-14 5 6 11-15 solaris slip s o l a r i s D F 0 M T U b s d i I C M P M T U 11-16 t c p d u m p 6 11-14 D F 1 M T U 3 11-15 b s d i 4
118 TCP/IP 1 11-16 UDP MTU 11.9 UDP ARP U D P U D P A R P s o c k 8192 U D P 6 11. 3 A R P A R P bsdi % arp -a bsdi % sock -u -i -nl -w8192 svr4 discard A R P A R P I P 5 t c p d u m p A R P A R P 11-17 t c p d u m p 11-17 8192 UDP A R P 6 A R P I 6 A R P A R P 7 9 5 A R P A R P Host Requirements RFC A R P ARP flooding
11 UDP 119 I P A R P 4.3 ms 6 ARP Host Requirements RFC ARP s v r 4 7 6 A R P A R P t c p d u m p 5 s v r 4 I C M P I C M 8-2 c o d e 1 I P 0 30 6 0 I C M P B e r k e l e y I C M P U D P 0 A R P 5 1 I C M P I C M P T C P U D P I P U D P A R P U D P I N F S U D P 8192 A R P N F S A R P I P 11.10 UDP I P 65535 I P 3-1 1 6 20 I P 8 U D P U D P 6 5 5 0 7 socket API UDP socket U D P 8192 U D P 8192 N F S T C P / I P I 65535 s o c k U D P SunOS 4.1.3
120 TCP/IP 1 I P 32767 B S D / 386 SunOS 4.1.3 S u n I P 32786 32758 Solaris 2.2 I P 65535 Solaris 2.2 AIX 3.2.2 IP 65535 3. 2 576 I P U D 512 1 0. 4 512 U D P D N S 14 T F T P 15 B O O T P 16 S N M P 25 I P U D P B e r k e l e y socket API 4.3BSD Reno S V R 4 socket API( Solaris 2.x) UDP TLI API T C P T C 11.11 ICMP U D P I C M P (source quench) 11-18 I C M P b s d i S L I P s u n S L I P b s d i s u n 100 1 024 s o l a r i s bsdi % sock -u -i -w1024 -n100 solaris discard 11-19 t c p d u m p 26
11 UDP 121 27 26 + 7 4 2 = 174 (4) (0) ( 0) 8 IP ( ) IP 8 11-18 ICMP 11-19 s u n ICMP 2. 10 9600 b/s 1024 1 s u n n e t b S L I P M T U 5 52 20 + 8 + 1024 11-19 s u n 1 100 S L I P RFC 1009 [Braden and Postel 1987] Router Requirements RFC [Almquist 1993] s o c k U D P B S D 21. 10 T C P Unix t i m e s o c k 0. 5 11-19 0. 71 100 100 U D P s o c k 100 26 74
122 TCP/IP 1 11.12 UDP U D P U D P [Stevens 1990] U D P 1 8. 11 T C P U D P 11.12.1 IP U D P I P I U D P U D P U D P I P U D P 11.12.2 IP I P Host Requirements R F C T F T P 12 15 T F T P U D P I P socket API I P _ R E C V D S TADDR socket B S D / 386 4. 4 B S D AIX 3.2.2 S V R 4 SunOS 4.x Solaris 2.x 11.12.3 UDP 1. 8 U D P U D P U D P U D P U D P
11 UDP 123 U D P U D P b s d i s o c k bsdi % sock -s -u -v -E -R256 -P30 6666 from 140.252.13.33, to 140.252.13.63: 1111111111 s u n from 140.252.13.34, to 140.252.13.35: 4444444444444 s v r 4 - s - u U D P - v I P - E I P U D P 256 R - r - P 30 U D P 30 30 s u n sun % sock -u -v 140.252.13.63 6666 connected on 140.252.13.33.1252 to 140.252.13.63.6666 1111111111 11 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 0 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 1 2 140. 252. 13. 63 s v r 4 2 svr4 % sock -u -v bsdi 6666 connected on 0.0.0.0.1042 to 140.252.13.35.6666 4444444444444 14 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 1 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 9 b s d i 2 s u n 1 s v r 4 4 4 11-20 t c p d u m p 6 s u n s v r 4 6 12 30 11-20 UDP t c p d u m p E I P U D P t c p d u m p I C M P U D P F I F O 11. 9 A R P
124 TCP/IP 1 L I F O 11.12.4 IP U D P U D P I P ( w i l d c a r d ) U D P 777 U D P sun % sock -u -s 7777 n e t s t a t sun % netstat -a -n -f inet Active Internet connections (including servers) Proto Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address Foreign Address (state) udp 0 0 *.7777 *.* - a - n I P D N S -f inet T C P U D P *. 7777 I P I P I P I P U D s o c k I P I P I P sun % sock -u -s 140.252.1.29 7777 S L I P ( 140. 252. 1. 29 ) n e t s t a t Proto Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address Foreign Address (state) udp 0 0 140.252.1.29.7777 *.* b s d i 140. 252. 13. 35 I C M P 11-21 11-21 UDP I P sockets API S O _ R E U S E A D D R s o c k e t s o c k -A s u n 8888 5 SLIP (IP )
11 UDP 125 A 5 n e t s t a t I P 140. 252. 1. 255 4 I P I P I P I 11.12.5 IP n e t s t a t I P *.* I P U D P U D I P U D s o c k - f I P sun % sock -u -s -f 140.252.13.35.4444 5555 I P 140. 252. 13. 35 b s d i 4444 5555 n e t s t a t I P Proto Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address Foreign Address (state) udp 0 0 140.252.13.33.5555 140.252.13.35.4444 I P I P I P s u n I P 1 4 0. 2 5 2. 1 3. 3 3 11-22 U D P l o c a l I P. l p o r t f o r e i g n I P. f p o r t l o c a l I P. l p o r t *.* l o c a l I P *. l p o r t *.* l p o r t 11-22 UDP IP l p o r t l o c a l I P I P U D P I P 11.12.6 R F C I P
126 TCP/IP 1 U D P I U D P I P SunOS 4.1.3 9999 I P sun % sock -u -s 9999 - A sun % sock -u -s 9999 can't bind local address: Address already in use sun % sock -u -s -A 9999 - A can't bind local address: Address already in use 12 I P U D P A P I - A S O _ R E U S E A D D R s o c k e t 4. 4 B S D s o c k e t S O _ R E U S E P O R T U D P I P I I P I P U D P 11.13 U D P RFC 768 [Postel 1980] I P U D I C M P M T U 2. 9 Tr a c e r o u t e U D P M T U U D P A R P A R P A R P I P I C M U D P I C M 11.1 11. 5 U D P 1473 IEEE 802 11.2 RFC 791[Postel 1981a] 8 11.3 8192 U D P 11.4 M T U 5 52 S L I P
11 UDP 127 I P 8 11.5 U D P 4 1 2 3 4 10 U D P 4 60 3 4 1 2 4 I P 11.6 11-15 11-14 5 6 11.7 g e m i n i 33 n e t s t a t 48 000 000 I P 129 30 000 000 T C P T C P 20 18 000 000 U D P U D P 11-4 11.8 I P I P 7. 3 7. 4 8. 5 RFC 791 11.9 1-8 U D P U D P
12 12.1 1 I P U D P T C P I 48 b i t ( u n i c a s t ) A R P R A R P (multicast) 12-1 t c p d u m p 1 12-1 01 : 00 : 00 : 00 : 00 : 00 ff : ff : ff : ff : ff : ff I P A R P I P I P I P I P T C P U D P U D P I P
12 129 I C M P T C P U D P U D P 50 20 2 U D P 30 U D P U D P 30 U D P 12.2 3-9 I P 12.2.1 255. 255. 255. 255 I P I P B S D 255. 255. 255. 255 r o u t e d 10. 3 r w h o d B S D r w h o U D P Host Requirements RFC 12.2.2 1 A n e t i d. 255. 255. 255 n e t i d A 12.2.3 1 I P 128. 1. 2. 255 B
130 TCP/IP 1 128. 1 255. 255. 255. 0 2 5 5. 2 5 5. 2 5 4. 0 12.2.4 1 255. 255. 255. 0 I P 128. 1. 255. 255 [Almquist 1993] [Almquist 1993] RFC 922 I P 128. 1. 2. 3 128. 1. 255. 255 255.255.255.0 1983 4. 2 B S D T C P / I P 0 IP IEN 212 [Gurwitz and Hinden 1982] 1 I P IENs R F C RFC 894 [Hornig 1984] 4.2BSD RFC 906 [Finlayson 1984] I n t e r n e t R F C RFC 906 1 1986 4. 3 B S D 1 90 SunOS 4.x 12.3 T C P / I P sun % ping 255.255.255.255 /usr/etc/ping: unknown host 255.255.255.255 p i n g I P i n e t _ a d d r( 3 ) 32 bit I P 1 255. 255. 255. 255 1 D N S 14 p i n g 6 I P 2 5 5. 2 5 5. 2 5 5. 2 5 5
12 131 6. 3 I P 140.252.13.63 i f c o n f i g 3. 8 p i n g ARP ARP I P 140. 252. 13. 63 6. 3 s u n p i n g A R P A R P p i n g A R P A R P 0 x ffffffff s u n A R P t c p d u m p p i n g s u n A R P 4. 5 A R P s u n A R P I A R P p i n g U n i x (raw socket) T F T P T F T 15 bsdi % t f t p tftp> connect 140.252.13.63 tftp> get temp.foo tftp: sendto: Permission denied tftp> q u i t I P A P I U D P
132 TCP/IP 1 U D P A P I S O _ B R O A D C A S T UDP E b s d i s l i p p i n g b s d i B S D p i n g D U P! a n g o g h. c x. b e r k e l e y. e d u 14 p i n g s u n I P I C M P n e t b 63 s u n s u n I P I P 12.4 I P 1) T C P T C P 2) 16 B O O T P
12 133 12.4.1 1 2-2 D I P D 28 ID 12-2 D IP 1-5 I P A B C 28 bit 1110 4 bit 2 2 4. 0. 0. 0 2 3 9. 2 5 5. 2 5 5. 2 5 5 (host group) I A N A T C P U D P R F C 224. 0. 0. 1 2 24. 0. 0. 2 224. 0. 1. 1 N T P 2 24. 0. 0. 9 R I P - 2 ( 1 0. 5 ) 2 24. 0. 1. 2 S G I d o g f i g h t 12.4.2 I A N A 24 bit 0 0 : 00 : 5 e 00 : 00 : 5 e : 00 : 00 : 00 0 0 : 00 : 5 e : ff : ff : ff I A N A 01 I P 01 : 00 : 5 e : 00 : 00 : 00 0 1 : 00 : 5 e : 7 f : ff : ff C S M A / C D I n t e r n e t I E E E Assigned Numbers RFC 23 b i t I P 23 b i t 23 b i t 12-3 5 bit 3 2 224. 128. 64. 32 e 0. 80. 40. 20 224. 0. 64. 32 e 0. 00. 40. 20 01 : 00 : 5 e : 00 : 40 : 20 I P 12-1
134 TCP/IP 1 5 bit D IP 23 48 12-3 D IP (multicast promiscuous) 48 bit D I P 48 bit I P I P U D P U D P I n t e r n e t I G M P 12.4.3 FDDI F D D I D I P 48 bit FDDI [Katz 1990] 12.5
12 135 D I P 23 bit 12.1 12.2 50 2 T C P / I P 30 12.3 U n i x 12.4 p i n g sun % ping 140.252.13.63 1473 PING 140.252.13.63: 1473 data bytes sendto: Message too long? 12.5 10. 6 8 R I P RIP 2
13 IGMP Internet 13.1 12. 4 I P D I P IP I n t e r n e t I G M P IP IGMP I G M P 20 8 RFC 1112 [Deering 1989] I C M P I G M P I P I G M P I P I G M 13-1 I G M P I I G M P I P 2 13.2 IGMP 1 3-2 8 I G M P 13-1 IGMP IP 4 IGMP (1) 4 IGMP (1-2) 8 32 (D IP ) 13-2 IGMP 1 I G M P I G M P 1 2 I C M P D I P 0 I G M P 13.3 IGMP 13.3.1
13 IGMP Internet 137 A P I S t a n f o r d U n i x IP socket API Solaris 2.x ip(7) 13.3.2 IGMP I G M P 1) I G M P I G M P 2) I G M P I G M P 3) I G M P I G M P I G M P 0 4) I G M P I G M P I G M P 1 3-3 I G M P IGMP TTL=1, IGMP = IP = IP = IP IGMP TTL=1, IGMP =0 IP =224.0.0.1 IP = IP 13-3 IGMP T T L 13.3.3 I G M P
138 TCP/IP 1 I P 0 ~ 10 1 3-3 I G M P I P 13.3.4 13-3 I G M P ( T T L ) 1 I P T T L T T L 0 T T L 1 T T L 6. 2 I C M P T T L 0 I C M P T T L Tr a c e r o u t e 8 T T L TTL T T L ( e x p a n d i n g ring search) T T L 1 T T L 2 3 2 24. 0. 0. 0 2 24. 0. 0. 255 1 T T L 13.3.5 13-3 I G M P I 224. 0. 0. 1 I G M P 13.4 I P s u n
13 IGMP Internet 139 n e t s t a t 3. 9 n e t s t a t - n i - n I P - i - a 2 l e 0 224. 0. 0. 1 01 : 00 : 5 e : 00 : 00 : 01 12. 4 S L I P s l 0 l o 0 I P 224. 0. 0. 0 9. 2 s u n 140. 252. 13. 33 224. 1. 2. 3 n e t s t a t n e t s t a t s l 0 l o 0
140 TCP/IP 1 1 3-4 t c p d u m p 13-4 1 t c p d u m p 1 2 I G M P 10 I P s u n I P T T L 1 T T L 0 1 t c p d u m p T T L T T L 1 I P s u n I G M P s u n 224. 9. 9. 9 13-5 13-5 t c p d u m p T T L 1 1 224. 0. 0. 4 2 24. 0. 0. 4 D V M R P
13 IGMP Internet 141 (Distance Vector Multicast Routing Protocol) D V M R P RFC 1075 [ Wa i t z m a n, Partridge, and Deering] I G M P 2 I P 224. 0. 0. 1 13-3 3 5 224. 9. 9. 9 4 2 5 6 7 s u n 2 2 4. 0. 0. 4 224. 0. 0. 4 8 2 9 1 0 11 2 13.5 ( I G M P ) [Deering and Cheriton 1990] 9. 13 [Perlman 1992] [Casner and Deering 1992] M B O N E I n t e r n e t I E T F 13.1 I G M P 13.2 [Casner and Deering 1992] U D P M B O N E U D P
14 DNS 14.1 D N S T C P / I P I I n t e r n e t I n t e r n e t D N S D N S r e s o l v e r U n i x g e t h o s t b y n a m e(3) g e t h o s t b y a d d r( 3 ) I P I P 4-2 T C P / I P T C P U D P I T C P / I P D N S T C P / I P U D P [Albitz and Liu 1992] U n i x RFC 1034 [Mockapetris 1987a] D N S RFC 1035 [Mockapetris 1987b] DNS D N S B I N D I n t e r n e t n a m e d [ D a n z i g O b r a c z k a Kumar 1992] DNS 14.2 DNS D N S U n i x 14-1 14-1 63 U n i x. F Q D N Full Qualified Domain N a m e s u n. t u c. n o a o. e d u. D N S
14 DNS 143 s u n. t u c. n o a o. e d u. 14-1 DNS 1) a r p a 14. 5 2) 7 3 3) 2 I S O 3166 1 4-2 7 D N S 3 2. u s RFC 1480 [Cooper and Postel 1993]. u s. g o v. m i l. a c. u k. c o. u k D N S 14-1 D N S N I C 14-2 3
144 TCP/IP 1 D N S ( z o n e ) n o a o. e d u U n i x D N S U n i x 14-1 Unix D N S I P I P 3 D N S 1993 4 8 I P I P I P I P F T P f t p. r s. i n t e r n i c. n e t nic.ddn.mil n e t i n f o / r o o t - s e r v e r s. t x t D N S I P 14. 7 14.3 DNS D N S 14-3
14 DNS 145 12 ( ) 14-3 DNS 12 4 16 bit 14-4 14-4 DNS QR 1 bit 0 1 o p c o d e 4 bit 0 1 2 A A 1 bit (authoritative answer) T C 1 bit ( t r u n c a t e d ) U D P 5 12 51 R D 1 bit recursion desired 0 R A 1 bit 1
146 TCP/IP 1 3 bit 0 r c o d e 4 bit 0 3 4 16 bit 4 ( q u e s t i o n ) 1 3 0 1 0 14.3.1 DNS 14-5 0 15 16 31 14-5 DNS 0 0 0 ~ 63 6 1 192 ~ 255 32 bit 1 4-6 g e m i n i. t u c. n o a o. e d u 14-6 g e m i n i. t u c. n o a o. e d u 20 14-7 ( s u p e r s e t ) IP 14-7 DNS
14 DNS 147 A I P P T R I P 14. 5 14. 6 1 I P 14.3.2 DNS D N S R R Resource Record 14-8 14-8 DNS 14-6 R R 1 I n t e r n e t 2 1 A 4 I P D N S t c p d u m p 14.4 s u n Te l n e t g e m i n i d a y t i m e 3 Telnet daytime Telnet s u n Te l n e t n o a o. e d u 1 40. 252. 1. 54 14-9
148 TCP/IP 1 daytime Te l n e t d a y t i m e T C P I P s u n 140. 252. 1 S L I P Telnet 2 S L I P t c p d u m p 14-9 DNS s u n / e t c / r e s o l v. c o n f sun % cat /etc/resolv.conf nameserver 140.252.1.54 domain tuc.noao.edu 1 n o a o. e d u I P 3. t u c. n o a o. e d u 1 4-1 0 14-10 g e m i n i. t u c. n o a o. e d u t c p d u m p I P r e s o l v e r I P 140. 252. 1. 29 I P 140. 252. 1. 54 1447 53 t c p d u m p I P 1 1 + 1 + R D 1 A? A I P g e m i n i. t u c. n o a o. e d u. U D P 37 12 14-3 21 14-6 4 D N S t c p d u m p 2 1 * A A n o a o. e d u 2 / 0 / 0 3 R R 2 RR R R 0 t c p d u m p A I P 1 4 0. 2 5 2. 1. 11
14 DNS 149 g e m i n i I P D N S h o s t I P sun % host gemini gemini.tuc.noao.edu A 140. 252. 1. 11 g e m i n i. t u c. n o a o. e d u A 140. 252. 3. 54 1 4-10 h o s t 140. 252. 1 I P B I N D g e m i n i t r a c e r o u t e 140. 252. 1 1 40. 252. 3 g e m i n i I P 1 40. 252. 3. 54 g e m i n i 25. 9 S N M P DNS n s l o o k u p DNS [Albitz and Liu 1992] 10 dig ( I n t e r n e t (Domain Internet Groper) ) D N S doc ( (Domain Obscenity Control) ) d i g F U D P 69 1) 2) g e m i n i. t u c. n o a o. e d u 0 6 3 11 16 bit 8 bit 14 bit D N S 1 4-11 14-10 2 D N S I P U D P D N S U D P I P 12 D N S t e l n e t 2 sun % telnet gemini daytime Trying 140.252.1.11... g e m i n i Connected to gemini.tuc.noao.edu. T e l n e t F Q D N
150 TCP/IP 1 IP UDP DNS IP 20 UDP DNS 8 12 ( 14-5) 25 #1(RR) ( 14-8) #2(RR) ( 14-8) 21 14-11 14-10 2 DNS (g e m i n i) F Q D N Te l n e t F Q D N Te l n e t g e t h o s t b y n a m e I P F Q D N Te l n e t T C P I P F Q D N Te l n e t I P I P Trying Connected to T C P D N S 14.5 D N S I P 14-1 a r p a i n - a d d r I n t e r n e t D N S n o a o. e d u I P i n - a d d r. a r p a n o a o. e d u 140. 252 B D N S i n - a d d r. a r p a I P 140 I P 252 D N S D N S I P 140. 252. 13. 33 s u n D N S 33. 13. 252. 140. i n - a d d r. a r p a 4 I P A B C I P i n - a d d r F Q D N F Q D N I P D N S a r p a. i n - a d d r. 140. 252. 13. 33 e d u. n o a o. t u c. s u n D N S I P i n - a d d r h o s t t c p d u m p D N S i n - a d d r I P g e t h o s t b y a d d r I P i n - a d d r. a r p a
14 DNS 151 14.5.1 h o s t t c p d u m p 14-9 s u n h o s t n o a o. e d u s v r 4 I P sun % host 140.252.13.34 Name: svr4.tuc.noao.edu Address: 140.252.13.34 I P h o s t 14-12 t c p d u m p 14-12 t c p d u m p 1 1 + P T R 4 4 12 D N S 28 4 R R 1 R R P T R 32 bit I P 3 4. 1 3. 2 5 2. 1 4 0. i n - a d d r. a r p a 14.5.2 I P U D T C I P U D P T C P I D N S 27. 3 I P F T R l o g i n 26 I P D N S I P I P. r h o s t s 26. 2 I P I P g e t h o s t b y a d d r SunOS 4.13 g e t h o s t b y a d d r / e t c / r e s o l v. c o n f n o a o. e d u s u n S L I P 14-13 g e t h o s t b y a d d r I P 140. 252. 1. 29 s u n t c p d u m p S L I P 1 2 3 2 I P s u n I P 4
152 TCP/IP 1 g e t h o s t b y a d d r 14-13 14.6 R RI P A P T R R R R 20 R R A P T R C N A M E A I P 32 bit I P i n - a d d r. a r p a (canonical name) ( a l i a s ) F T P g a t e d 10. 3 F T P g a t e d. c o r n e l l. e d u g a t e d g a t e d. c o r n e l l. e d u sun % host -t cname gated.cornell.edu gated.cornell.edu CNAM COMET.CIT.CORNELL.EDU H I N F O M X t C P U H I N F O sun % host -t hinfo sun sun.tuc.noao.edu HINFO Sun-4/25 Sun4.1.3 1 I n t e r n e t I n t e r n e t U U C P 2 M X 3 M X c s. u n i v e r s i t y. e d u 4 M X I n t e r n e t U U C P I n t e r n e t U U N E T M X u s e r @ h o s t f o o. c o m M X
14 DNS 153 sun % host -t mx foo.com foo.com MX r e l a y 1. U U. N E T foo.com MX relay2.uu.net M X u s e r @ f o o. c o m r e l a y 1. u u. n e t r e l a y 2. u u. n e t M X 16 bit M X M X T C P M X S L I P N S v 86400 T T L 24 24 6 60 3 I N I n t e r n e t M X 0 S L I P 10 n o a o. e d u R R 14.7 I n t e r n e t D N S U n i x 14-9 s u n n o a o. e d u S L I P s u n t c p d u m p S L I P D N S U D P 53 T C P 53 n a m e s e r v e r d o m a i n sun % cat /etc/resolv.conf domain tuc.noao.edu n a m e r s e r v e r
154 TCP/IP 1 h o s t sun % host ftp.uu.net f t p. u u. n e t A 192. 48. 96. 9 1 4-1 4 14-14 host ftp.uu.net t c p d u m p t c p d u m p - w U D P TCP 53 t c p d u m p I P t c p d u m p - r 14-14 t c p d u m p t c p d u m p ( i d e n t i f i e r ) 2 3 1 f t p. u u. n e t I P 8 n s. n i c. d d n. m i l 1 A 2 2 5 5 2 R A t c p d u m p 10 h o s t
14 DNS 155 - v A u u. n e t 5 5 I P D N S h o s t 14-14 3 n s. u u. n e t f t p. u u. n e t I P 4 h o s t sun % host ftp.uu.net ftp.uu.net A 192. 48. 96. 9 t c p d u m p h o s t h o s t f t p. e e. l b l. g o v sun % host ftp.ee.lbl.gov f t p. e e. l b l. g o v CNAME ee.lbl.gov e e. l b l. g o v A 128.3.112.20 1 4-15 t c p d u m p 14-15 f t p. e e. l b l. g o v t c p d u m p 1 (c. n y s e r. n e t) 14-14 2 4 4 4 f t p. e e. l b l. g o v 4 4 I P 3 n s l. l b l. g o v 2 4 4 t c p d u m p C N A M E f t p. e e. l b l. g o v e e. l b l. g o v
156 TCP/IP 1 C N A M E L B L F T P f t p f t p. e e. l b l. g o v DNS h o s t C N A M E I P 14-15 4 C N A M E A A C N A M E e e. l b l. g o v I P D N S C N A M E A 14.8 UDP TCP D N S U D P T C P 53 D N S U D P T C P t c p d u m p U D P T C 1 512 512 T C P 512 11. 10 U D P T C P 3 T C P D N S U D P U D P I n t e r n e t T F T P B O O T P S N M P D N S D N S 14.9 D N S Rlogin R l o g i n 14-16 11 1) I P A 2) 3) A 1 4) R l o g i n I P 5) Rlogin R l o g i n T C P 18 T C P 3
14 DNS 157 Rlogin R l o g i n 14-16 Rlogin 6) Rlogin T C P I P P T R 1 7) i n - a d d r. a r p a 8) P T R 9) P T R F Q D N 10) A I P g e t h o s t b y a d d r 14. 5 R l o g i n i n - a d d r. a r p a 11) A R l o g i n T C P I P A 14.10 D N S I n t e r n e t D N S I P I P D N S D N S i n - a d d r. a r p a I P 14.1 DNS D N S
158 TCP/IP 1 14.2 14-12 75 14.3 1 2. 3 I P I P 14.4 U D P U D P T C P U D P T C P D N S 14-3 RFC 1035 14.5 I P F T D N S D N S 14.6 1. 8 14.7 14.8 14-10 A A?
15 TFTP 15.1 T F T P ( Trivial File Transfer Protocol) X 27 T C P F T P T F T P U D P T F T P U D P I P T F T P Bootstrap Protocol T F T P 5-1 s u n T F T P s u n R A R P I P T F T RFC 1350 [Sollins 1992] 2 T F T P 12 [Stevens 1990] T F T P T F T 15.2 T F T P R R Q 15-1 5 T F T P 1 2 T F T P W R Q 0 15-1 A S C I I n e t a s c i i o c t e t 0 n e t a s c i i A S C I I C R / L F o c t e t 8 bit T F T P ( m o d e ) T F T P 1 T F T P 1 A C K T F T P 2 T F T P 2 A C K 512 512 T F T P 512 TFTP W R Q TFTP 0 A C K 512 1 1 A C K T F T P 20. 3 T C P T F T
160 TCP/IP 1 IP UDP TFTP IP UDP (1=RRQ) (2=WRQ) 20 82 N N ( 3 = d a t a) 2 2 0-512 ( 4 = A C K) 2 2 15-1 5 TFTP T F T P 5 A S C I I T F T P U D P T F T P ( s o r c e r e r s apprentice s y n d r o m e ) 12.2 [ S t e v e n s 1990] ) U D P T F T P U D P 11. 3 15.3 ( 5 = e r r o r) 22 N T F T P b s d i TFTP s v r 4 TFTP U n i x 914 T F T P 962 w c 48 48 U n i x 48 C R / C F
15 TFTP 161 T F T P n e t a s c i i 1 5-2 15-2 TFTP 1 U D P T F T P 69 t c p d u m p T F T P R R Q 19 U D P 2 7 1 0 8 n e t a s c i i 1 0 2 516 2 2 5 12 3 2 2 4 450 450 2 512 962 t c p d u m p 1 T F T P 2 5 T F T P 1 2 T F T P U D 69 R R Q W R Q 1077 15-2 1106 t c p d u m p s r v 4 1077 T F T P T F T P 10-6 R I P 512 U D P T F T P 69 R R Q W R Q 15-2 2 3 5 1 6. 3 X T F T P 15.4 T F T P 15-1 T F T P T F T P T F T P U n i x
162 TCP/IP 1 T F T P U n i x / t f t p b o o t U n i x T F T P I D I D 15.5 T F T P T F T P U D P T C T F T U D P U D P T F T P T F T 2 7 F T P 15.1 Host Requirements RFC TFTP I P 15.2 T F T P 65535 0 RFC 1350 15.3 T F T P T F T T F T P 15.4 T F T P
16 BOOTP 16.1 5 I P R A R P I P R A R P 1 I P 2 R A R P R A R P RARP B O O T P B O O T P U D P T F T P 15 RFC 951 [Croft and Gilmore 1985] B O O T P RFC 1542 [Wimer 1993] 16.2 BOOTP BOOTP U D P 16-1 IP UDP 16-1 BOOTP UDP 1 6-2 300 B O O T P 1 2 1 10 Mb/s A R P 4-3 6 0 16. 5 32 bit I P I P 0 I P I P I P 16. 5 I P IP UDP BOOTP / 20 8 300 U D P
164 TCP/IP 1 BOOTP U D P (1=,2= ) (1= ) ( 6) IP IP IP IP 300 (16 ) (64 ) (128 ) (64 ) 16-2 BOOTP B O O T P 16. 6 B O O T P 1 I P I 255. 255. 255. 255 12. 2 I P 0. 0. 0. 0 I P 3-9 0. 0. 0. 0 I P B O O T P BOOTP 67 BOOTP 68 BOOTP 68 B O O T P
16 BOOTP 165 67 B O O T P 16.3 B O O T P X 16-3 t c p d u m p p r o t e u s m e r c u r y t c p d u m p 16-3 BOOTP X 1 0. 0. 0. 0. 68 255. 255. 255. 255. 67 1 0 0 t c p d u m p 0 ( 0
166 TCP/IP 1 ) 2 I P t c p d u m p p r o t e u s I P m e r c u r y I P m e r c u r y B O O T P A R P I w h o - h a s p r o t e u s I P 4-3 I P 0. 0. 0. 0 0. 5 A R P 0. 5 3 A R P 5 I P I P A R 4. 7 6 0. 5 B O O T P 1 I P I P 7 2 B O O T P 8 2 m e r c u r y A R P 10 A R P T F T P 12 2 464 T F T P 512 2463 + 224 = 1 261 280 X 16-3 T F T P 15-2 T F T P T F T P 69 69 t c p d u m p T F T P T F T P 16-3 15-2 T F T P TFTP T F T P T F T P T F T P T F T m e r c u r y T F T P 16-3 9 1 261 280 140 000 bps F T P T F T X T F T P D N S X 16-3 15 6 X 21 16.4 BOOTP B O O T P BOOTP BOOTP 67 U D P RARP 5. 4 R A R P B O O T P B O O T P ( 1 6-2 )
16 BOOTP 167 TFTP BOOTP U D P I P I P U D P U D BOOTP I P A R P A R P I P R F C 951 Unix i o c t l ( 2 ) A R P a r p - s 4. 8 I P U D B O O T P A R ARP I P B O O T P ARP A R P B O O T P 16.5 BOOTP 5. 4 R A R P RARP B O O T P B O O T P BOOTP Unix BOOTP F relay mode BOOTP B O O T P BOOTP 67 B O O T P B O O T P I B O O T P I B O O T P B O O T P I 1 RFC 951 3 B O O T P B O O T P B O O T P B O O T P 16.6 16-2 64 RFC 1533 [Alexander and Droms 1993] 4 I P 99. 130. 83. 99 (magic cookie) 1 0
168 TCP/IP 1 255 1 1 6-4 1 tag=1 len=4 11 4 tag=2 len=4 1 1 4 tag=3 len=n IP IP 1 1 4 N 4 14 tag=4~17 1 16-4 4 1 900 1 1 0 U T C 4 I P RFC 1533 14 D N S I P 6 I P R F C 16-3 I C M P 6. t c p d u m p B O O T P Host Requirements RFC B O O T P I C M P 64 D H C P Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol B O O T P D H C P 312 RFC 1541 [Droms 1993] 16.7 B O O T P U D P I R A R P
16 BOOTP 169 B O O T P I P I B O O T P B O O T P T F T P U D P I P B O O T P R A R P B O O T P U D P B O O T P B O O T P B O O T 16.1 B O O T P R A R P B O O T P R A R P 16. 5 B O O T P R A R P 16.2 B O O T P BOOTP 16-3 0
17 TCP 17.1 T C P T C P T C P T C P 7 18 T C P 19 20 21 T C P 22 23 24 T C P T C P 17.2 TCP T C P U D P I PT C P U D P T C P T C P T C P 18 T C P T C P 12 T C P T C P T C P U D T C P I P s e g m e n t 1-7 18. 4 T C P T C P 21 T C P T C P T C P 19. 3 T C P T C P T C P I P I P T C T C P I P T C P T C P T C P T C
17 TCP 171 T C P 8 bit T C P byte stream service 10 20 50 4 80 20 T C P T C P T C P T C P A S C I I E B C D I C T C P U n i x U n i U n i x 17.3 TCP T C P I P 17-1 IP TCP IP 20 TCP 20 TCP 17-1 TCP IP 1 7-2 T C P 20 16 16 32 32 4 (6 ) 16 16 16 17-2 TCP
172 TCP/IP 1 T C P I P I P I P T C I P s o c k e t T C P R F C 793 1. 15 s o c k e t p a i r ( I P I P ) T C P T C P T C P T C P 32 bit 2 32 1 0 S Y N 1 I S N Initial Sequence Number I S N 1 S Y N F I 1 A C K 1 A C K 32 bit A C K T C P A C K 1 T C P T C P 20. 3 T C P T C P 1 1 024 2049 3 072 1025 A C K 1025 2 048 T C P 1025 A C K 21. 7 32 bit 4 bit T C P 60 2 T C P 6 1 U R G A C K P S H R S T S Y N F I N u rgent pointer 20. 8 18
17 TCP 173 T C P 16 bit 65535 24. 4 T C P T C P T C P T C P U D P 11. 3 U R G 1 T C P 20. 8 MSS (Maximum Segment Size) S Y N 18. 4 M S S T C P 24 17-2 T C P 18 T C P 17.4 T C P T C T C P T C P Te l n e t R l o g i n F T P S M T P T C 17.1 I P I C M P I G M P U D P T C P I P 17.2 I n t e r n e t I P, ICMP, IGMP, UDP, TCP 17.3 T C P 17.4 T C P 17.5 T C P U D 11-2
18 TCP 18.1 T C P T C P U D P 11 U D P 18.2 T C P s v r 4 Ctrl Telnet t e l n e t ( d i s c a r d ) 1. 12 b s d i T C P 18.2.1 t c p d u m p 1 8-1 T C P t c p d u m p 18-1 TCP t c p d u m p 7 T C P T C P T C P
18 TCP 175 > : T C P 17-2 6 4 18-2 5 3 18-2 t c p d u m p TCP S F. R PT C P ACK U R G t c p d u m p 1 8-2 4 RFC 1025 [Postel 1987], TCP and IP Bake Off K a m i k a z e 1 SYN, URG, PSH, FIN 1 nastygram, (lamp test segment) 1 1415531521 : 1415531521 ( 0 ) 1415531521 0 t c p d u m p 0 1 2 S Y N F I N R S T 1 18-1 2 4 6 2 ack 1415531522 A C K 1 win 4096 4096 20. 4 T C P 1 8-1 <mss 1024> T C P 11. 5 18. 4 18. 10 TCP 18.2.2 1 8-3 6-11 t c p d u m p S Y N S 18.2.3 0 18-3 T C P T C K a m i k a z e
176 TCP/IP 1 1) S Y N I S N 1415531521 S Y N 1 2) S Y N 2 I S N 1 S Y N S Y N 3) I S N 1 S Y N 3 three-way handshake 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 18-3 S Y N active open S Y N S Y N passive open 18. 8 S Y N I S I S N RFC 793 [Postel 1981c] I S N 32 4 m s 1? 4. 4 B S D 1 Host Requirements RFC 0. 5 64000 9. 5 0 8 ms 1 4 ms 1 64000 3 4 4. 1 T C P t e l n e t q u i t
18 TCP 177 18.2.4 4 T C P h a l f - c l o s e T C P F I N F I N F I N F I N T C P F I T C P 18-3 18. 5 F I N F I 18. 9 1 8-3 4 Te l n e t q u i t T C P F I N F I N A C K 1 5 S Y N F I N T C P T C P F I N 6 1 7 1 8-4 18-4 F I N F I N A C K T C P S Y N F I N q u i t 18-4 14. 4 d a y t i m e 18.2.5 t c p d u m p E O F t c p d u m p S Y N 1 8-1 - S 18-1 t c p d u m p 18-5
178 TCP/IP 1 18-5 t c p d u m p 18.3 t e l n e t 18-6 t c p d u m p 18-6 t c p d u m p S Y N 2 S Y N 1 5. 8 3 2 24 38 291 008 001 38 6 0 6 4000 2 1 0. 5 64 000 TCP 1024 1 8-6 S Y N t e l n e t 76 75 21. 4 3 16 : 25 : 29 3 48 75 18.3.1 18-6 5. 8
18 TCP 179 24 5. 59 ~ 5. 93 24. 00 B S D T C P 500 ms 500 T C P t e l n e t 6 12 t i c k 5. 5 ~ 6 18-7 12 0~500 ms 1 500 ms 1 1 500 ms T C P 500 ms 11 500ms/ =5.5 TCP 6 (12 ) 500 TCP 24 18-7 TCP 500 ms 0 6 18-7 24 4 8 24 T C P 500 ms 18.3.2 18-6 [ tos 0x10 ] I P TO S 3-2B S D / 386 Te l n e t 18.4 M S S T C P M S S M S 1024 I P 40 20 T C P 20 I P M S S M S S S Y N M S S M S S 536 20 I P 20 T C P 576 I P ) M S S 24-3 2 4-4 I P T C P T C P S Y N M S S M T U I P T C P M S S 1460 IEEE 802.3 2. 2 M S S 1452 B S D / 386 S V R 4 M S S 1 024 B S D
180 TCP/IP 1 M S S 5 12 SunOS 4.1.3 Solaris 2.2 AIX 3.2.2 M S S 1 460 [Mogul 1993] 1460 M S S 1024 M S S I P ( n o n l o c a l )M S S 536 I P I P I T C P E E - 1 M S S M T U 5 3 6 M S S M T U s l i p M T U 2 96 S L I P b s d i 18-8 s u n 18-8 s u n s l i p TCP MSS s u n s l i p T C P t c p d u m p 18-9 18-9 t c p d u m p s u n s l i p s u n 256 M S S 256 2 s l i p M T U 296 s u n M S S 1 460 256 M S S 576 M T U 536 M S S 296 M T U M T U 24. 2 18.5 TCP T C P
18 TCP 181 F I N F I N c l o s e s h u t d o w n 2 1 A P I close 1 8-10 18-4 read A C K 19 F I N 18-10 TCP U n i x r s h( 1 ) sun % rsh bsdi sort < datafile b s d i s o r t r s h d a t a f i l e r s h T C P r s h d a t a f i l e T C P T C P 18-11 T C P 1 8-4 F I Nshutdown EOF F I N A C K write close EOF F I N sun TCP bsdi 18-11 rsh bsdi sort < datafile b s d i r s h d s o r t T C P 14 [Stevens 1990] U n i x T C P T C P s o r t T C P r s h s o r t d a t a f i l e r s h
182 TCP/IP 1 T C P s o r t T C P T C P r s h T C P T C P 18.6 TCP T C P 18-12 SYN SYN SYN,ACF : : : FIN FIN ACK : FIN FIN : ACK : ACK ACK : ACK : FIN : ACK 2MSL TCP TCP 18-12 TCP
18 TCP 183 E S TA B L I S H - E D E S TA B L I S H E D E S TA B L I S H E D 4 C L O S E _ WA I T L A S T _ A C K 1 1 CLOSED, LISTEN, SYN_SENT n e t s t a t n e t s t a t RFC 793 C L O S E D 18-13 TCP L I S T E N S Y N _ S E N T T C P S Y N _ R C V D L I S T E N S Y N _ S E N T S Y N _ R C V D L I S T E N L I S T E N S Y N A C K S Y N S Y N _ R C V D R S T A C K L I S T E N 1 8-13 T C P 18-3 18-13 18-12 18-13 18.6.1 2MSL T I M E _ WA I T 2 M S L T C P M S L Maximum Segment Lifetime T C P I P I T T L RFC 793 [Postel 1981c] MSL 2 30 1 2 ) 8 I P T T L M S L T C P
184 TCP/IP 1 A C K T I M E _ WA I T 2 M S L T C P A C K A C K F I N 2 M S L T C P 2 M S L I P I P 2 M S L T C P 2 M S L A P I A P S O _ R E U S E A D D R 2 M S L TCP 2MSL 2 M S L 2 M S (socket pair) i n c a r n a t i o n i n s t a n c e 18-13 T I M E _ WA I T T I M E _ WA I T 2 M S L 1 ~ 4 s o c k 6666 ( bsdi ) 2 M S L n e t s t a t 2 M S L 2 M S L SunOS 4.1.3 S V R 4 B S D / 386 AIX 3.2.2 1 M S L 30 Solaris 2.2 4
18 TCP 185 MSL 2 2 M S L 1 - v 1162 2 b 1162 2 M S L 2 M S L 27 F T P I P I P 4 2 M S L 2 M S L S O _ R E U S E A D D R T C P 6666 ( bsdi ) 6666 A 1 s o c k 6666 b s d i 1098 4 1 4 0. 2 5 2. 1 3. 3 3 I P 6 6 6 6 140. 252. 13. 35 I P 1098 2 M S L 2 s o c k 6666 b s d i 1098 6666 2 M S L 4 A S O _ R E U S E A D D R s o c k 6666 6666 b s d i 1098 2 M S L s u n A 6666 2 M S L sun % sock -A -s 6666 6666 2 M S L b s d i bsdi % sock -b1098 sun 6666
186 TCP/IP 1 connected on 140.252.13.35.1098 to 140.252.13.33.6666 T C P T I M E _ WA I T I S N 128 000 RFC 1185 [Jacobsan B r a d e n Zhang 1990] 27-8 F T P 2 M S L 18. 5 18.6.2 2 M S L 2 M S L 2 M S L M S 2 M S L RFC 793 T C P M S L (quiet time) MSL 18.6.3 FIN_WAIT_2 F I N _ WA I T _ 2 F I N F I N F I N _ WA I T _ 2 T I M E _ WA I T C L O S E _ WA I T F I N _ WA I T _ 2 10 75 T C P C L O S E D 18.7 T C P R S T referenced connection T C P I P I P RFC 793
18 TCP 187 18.7.1 U D P 6. 5 I C M P T C Te l n e t bsdi % telnet svr4 20000 20000 Trying 140.252.13.34... telnet: Unable to connect to remote host: Connection refused Te l n e t 18-14 1 0.0 bsdi.1087 > svr4.20000: S 297416193:297416193(0) win 4096 <mss 1024> [tos 0x10] 2 0.003771 (0.0038) svr4.20000 > bsdi.1087: R 0:0(0) ack 297416194 win 0 18-14 A C K 1 0 I S N S Y N 1 I S N 0S Y N 1 18.7.2 18. 2 F I N orderly release F I N F I N abortive release 1 2 R S T A P I s o c k Socket API linger on close S O _ L I N G E R - L 0 F I N s o c k bsdi % sock -L0 svr4 8888 hello, world ^ D 1 8-15 t c p d u m p 1 ~ 3 4 12 U n i x
188 TCP/IP 1 5 18-15 RST FIN 6 C o n t r o l _ D - L 0 b s d i T C P R S T F I N R S T R S R S T svr4 % sock -s 8888 hello, world read error: Connection reset by peer 8888 T C P R S T 18.7.3 T C P H a l f - O p e n P C Te l n e t P C P C P C Te l n e t T C P 23 T C P k e e p a l i v e T C P b s d i Te l n e t s v r 4 t c p d u m p F I N T C P T C P T C P
18 TCP 189 1 8-16 t c p d u m p M S S 18-16 1 ~ 3 4 h i t h e r e 5 s v r 4 s v r 4 190 another line 18-16 6 A R P A R 7 8 9 R S T Te l n e t 18.8 S Y N S Y N simultaneous open A 7777 B 8888 B 8888 A 7777 A Te l n e t B Te l n e t B Te l n e t A Te l n e t Te l n e t Te l n e t Te l n e Te l n e t T C P O S I 18-13 S Y N S Y N _ S E N T S Y N S Y N _ R C V D 18-12
190 TCP/IP 1 S Y N S Y N S Y A C K E S TA B L I S H E D 18-17 ( ) ( ) 18-17 4 S Y N b s d i v a n g o g h. c s. b e r k e l e y. e d u S L I P S Y N b s d i 8888 - b 7777 FIN 7777 8888 - v s o c k I P M S S EOF 1 8-18 v a n g o g h S Y N T C P v a n g o g h 4. 4 B S D 18. 10 S Y N 1 ~ 2 A C K S Y N 3 ~ 4 5 b s d i v a n g o g h hello, world 6 7 ~ 8 and hi there 9 ~ 12 T C P
18 TCP 191 S Y N S Y N A C K 18-12 S Y N _ S E N T SYN_RCVD TCP 18-18 18.9 F I N T C P simultaneous close 18-12 E S TA B L I S H E D F I N _ WA I T _ 1 F I N F I N F I F I N _ WA I T _ 1 C L O S I N G A C K A C K T I M E _ WA I T 18-19 ( ) ( ) 18-19 18.10 TCP T C P 17-2 T C P S Y N M S S R F C RFC 1323 [Jacobson, Braden Borman 1992] T C P
192 TCP/IP 1 T C P 24 18-20 T C P RFC 793 RFC 1323 1 1 11 2 111 18-20 TCP 1 k i n d k i n 0 1 1 k i n d l e n k i n d l e 4 4. 4 B S D T C P t c p d u m p S Y N T C P <mss 512, nop, wscale 0, nop, nop, timestamp 146647 0> M S S 512 N O P N O 4 10 N O P 12 4 4 k i n d 4 5 6 7 A C K A C K RFC 1323 18-20 T C P 24. 7 T / T C P kind 11, 12 13 18.11 TCP 11 4 4 1. 8 T C P U n i x f o r k t h r e a d T C P
18 TCP 193 18.11.1 TCP T C P T C P n e t s t a t Te l n e t Te l n e t Te l n e sun % netstat -a -n -f inet Active Internet connections (including servers) Proto Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address Foreign Address (state) tcp 0 0 *.23 *.* LISTEN - a E S TA B L I S H E D - n I P D N S 23 Te l n e t-f inet T C P U D P *. 23 S Y N I P I P 2 3 Te l n e t *.* I P L I S T E N s l i p 1 40. 252. 13. 65 Te l n e t Te l n e n e t s t a t Proto Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address Foreign Address (state) tcp 0 0 140.252.13.33.23 140.252.13.65.1029 ESTABLISHED tcp 0 0 *.23 *.* LISTEN 23 1 E S TABLISHED I P I P I P 140. 252. 13. 33 L I S T E N Te l n e t T C P E S TA B L I S H E D E S TA B L I S H E D 23 L I S T E N s l i p Te l n e t Te l n e t n e t s t a t Proto Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address Foreign Address (state) tcp 0 0 140.252.13.33.23 140.252.13.65.1030 ESTABLISHED tcp 0 0 140.252.13.33.23 140.252.13.65.1029 ESTABLISHED tcp 0 0 *.23 *.* LISTEN E S TA B L I S H E D 2 3 Te l n e t
194 TCP/IP 1 s l i p T C P 4 I P I P T C 23 L I S T E N E S TA B L I S H E D S Y N L I S T E s o l a r i s 3 Te l n e t S L I P s u n Proto Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address Foreign Address (state) tcp 0 0 140.252.1.29.23 140.252.1.32.34603 ESTABLISHED tcp 0 0 140.252.13.33.23 140.252.13.65.1030 ESTABLISHED tcp 0 0 140.252.13.33.23 140.252.13.65.1029 ESTABLISHED tcp 0 0 *.23 *.* LISTEN E S TA B L I S H E D I P s u n S L I P 1 4 0. 2 5 2. 1. 2 9 18.11.2 IP I P I P s o c k I P I P L I S T E N I P sun % sock -s 140.252.1.29 8888 S L I P 140. 252. 1. 29n e t s t a t Proto Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address Foreign Address (state) tcp 0 0 140.252.1.29.8888 *.* LISTEN s o l a r i s S L I P Proto Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address Foreign Address (state) tcp 0 0 140.252.1.29.8888 140.252.1.32.34614 ESTABLISHED tcp 0 0 140.252.1.29.8888 *.* LISTEN 140. 252. 13 T C P t c p d u m p S Y N 18-21 R S T 18-21 IP I P T C P
18 TCP 195 18.11.3 IP 11. 12 U D P I P I P RFC 793 A P I I P 1 8-22 T C P l p o r t l o c a l I P I P T C 1 I P ( ) Local IP Lport 18-22 TCP IP 18.11.4 T C P T C P 1) T C P T C P 2) ( b a c k l o g ) 0 ~ 5 0 5 3) S Y N T C P BSD 18-23 S o l a r i s 2. 2 18-23 T C P T C P S o l a r i s B S D
196 TCP/IP 1 3 2 1 4) T C P 18-23 T C P S Y N T C P ) 5) T C P S Y N R S T T C P s o c k - O t c p d u m p bsdi % sock -s -v -q1 -O30 5555 - q 1 1 B S D 18-23- O 30 3 3 s u n 4 1 8-24 t c p d u m p 1 1 S Y N M S S T C P 1090 T C P 1 ~ 3 1091 2 T C P 4 ~ 6 T C P 18-24 t c p d u m p
18 TCP 197 7 1092 8 1093 4 T C P S Y N 9, 10, 11, 12, 15 S Y N 4 3 S Y N 30 2 8. 19 30 1 ( 1 3 4 S Y N 15 ~ 17 4 1093 30 T C P 1090 1 091 1090 1091 T C P SunOS 4.13 T C P S Y N R S T T C P S Y N T C P S Y N T C P / I P T C P S Y N I P T C P A P I T L I 1. 15 T C P O S I T C P Solaris 2.2 T C P t c p _ e a g e r _ l i s t e n e r s E. 4 T C P T C P I P F I N R S T 18.12 T C P 4 t c p d u m p T C P
198 TCP/IP 1 T C P T C P T C P T C P T C P 4 I P I T I M E _ WA I T T C P M S L 18.1 1 8. 2 I S N 1 0. 5 64000 I S N 001 18-3 I S N 521? 18.2 18-15 12 T C P 13 18-16 8 T C P 10 1 1 2 2 18.3 18.4 s o c k 2 M S L 18.5 1 8. 6 2 M S L s o c k d a y t i m e 2 M S L 18.6 1 8. 6 F I N _ WA I T _ 2 11 C L O S E D C L O S E _ WA I T F I N 12 T C P F I N 18.7 18.8 18-6 A R P A R P s v r 4 b s d i A R P A R P 18.9 t c p d u m p 18-13
18 TCP 199 18.10 18-4 F I N A C K F I N 3 18. 11 18-16 R S T 26368002? 18.12 TCP M T U 18.13 14. 16 D N S T C P U D P 18.14 M S L 1 20 18.15 RFC 793 T I M E _ WA I T F I N 18.16 RFC 793 T I M E _ WA I T R S T 18.17 Host Requirements RFC T C P 18.18 1-8 T C P
19 TCP 19.1 T C P T C T C P [Caceres et al. 1991] T C P F T U s e n e t Te l n e t R l o g i n 90 % 1 0 % f u l l - s i z e d 512 Te l n e t R l o g i n 90 % 10 T C P R l o g i n N a g l e Te l n e t 19.2 R l o g i n T C P / I P R l o g i n 4 1 2 3 4 19-1 2 3 19-1 R l o g i n 26 Te l n e t 1 9-2 5 d a t e \ n B S D / 386 R l o g i n TO S
19 TCP 201 1 d 2 19-1 3 a 4 ~ 6 t 7 ~ 9 1 0 ~ 12 e 3 ~ 4 6 ~ 7 9 ~ 10 1 2 ~ 13 13 ~ 15 R E T U R N U N I X C R / L F 1 6 d a t e 30 28 C R / L F 7 18 svr4 % 19 7 19-2 Rlogin date T C P 1 0 2 1 1 2 1 3 2 19.3 19-2 19-3 19 - b s d i s r v 4 7 A C K A C T C P A C K A C K A C K 200 ms T C P 200 ms b s d i A C K 123. 5
202 TCP/IP 1 65. 6 1 09. 0 1 32. 2 4 2. 0 1 40. 3 195.8 ms A C K 0 139. 9 5 39. 3 9 40. 1 1 339. 9 1 739. 9 1 940. 1 2140.1 ms 19-3 200 ms T C P 200 200 ms 16.4, 474.3, 831.1T C P 200 ms 1~200 ms ( ) 19-3 rlogin date s v r 4 16. 5 16. 3 1 6. 5 1 6. 4 17.3 ms 200 ms A C K 16 ms 200 ms A C K 18-7 500 ms T C P
19 TCP 203 200 ms 500 ms T C P 1~200 ms 1~500 ms Host Requirements RFC T C P A C K 500 ms 19.4 Nagle, R l o g i n 41 20 I P 20 T C P 1 t i n y g r a m RFC 896 [Nagle 1984] N a g l e T C P T C P 22. 3 19-3 16 m s 60 RT T s l i p v a n g o g h. c s. b e r k e l e y. e d u R l o g i n S L I P I n t e r n e t 19-4 19-4 19-3 s l i p v a n g o g h A C K 1 1 2 1 2 2 3 1 3 N a g l e 16 9 14 1 5 N a g l e 54 1 12 13 15 56 13 N a g l e 19-4 A C K A C K 12 A C K 3 18, 19 2 0 3 ACK 21 59 T C P 3
204 TCP/IP 1 R l o g i n T C P T C P T C P 8189 8192 19-4 s l i p v a n g o g h. c s. b e r k e l e y. e d u r l o g i n 19.4.1 Nagle N a g l e X 30. 5 A S C I I ( e s c a p e ) T C P A S C I I E S C 200 ms API T C P _ N O D E L A Y Nagle Host Requirements RFC T C P N a g l e
19 TCP 205 19.4.2 N a g l e s l i p v a n g o g h. c s. b e r k e l e y. e d u R l o g i n F 1 3 e s c a p e M F 2 3 19-5 t c p d u m p F1 F2 19-5 Nagle 1 9-6 6 8 F1 F2 F2 F1 F1 F2 19-6 19-5 Nagle
206 TCP/IP 1 r l o g i n 1 T C P 1 F 1 3 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 2 A S C I I 2 M 6 ~ 10 5 1 0 s l i p 200 ms A C K N a g l e r l o g i n 19-7 t c p d u m p F1 F2 19-7 Rlogin Nagle 19-8 19-7 t c p d u m p 1 3 1 2 3 N a g l e t c p d u m p 4 5 4 A C K 5 2 6 19-8 2 3 4 3 5 2 T C P 2 3 4 2 3 6 4 22. 11
19 TCP 207 N a g l e 3 8 9 1 0 8 11 9 1 0 12 N a g l e 21 F1 F2 F2 F1 F1 F2 19-8 19-7 Nagle 19.5 19-4 s l i p 4096 v a n g o g h 8192
208 TCP/IP 1 5 4095 T C P R l o g i n 4 0 9 4 8192 T C P A C K T C P A C K T C P R l o g i n 4096 19.6 R l o g i n Te l n e t R l o g i n N a g l e N a g l e 19.1 T C P 8 1 2 8 12 20 19.2 1 9-4 s u n t c p d u m p b s d i b s d s l i p s l i p 34. 8 2 6. 7 30. 1 2 8. 1 2 9. 9 35.3 ms s u n s l i p 9600 b/s C S L I P 2. 10 19.3 N a g l e 19-6 N a g l e 19-8
20 TCP 20.1 15 T F T P T C P T C P P U S H T C P 20.2 s v r 4 8192 b s d i b s d i s o c k bsdi % sock -i -s 7777 - i - s s i n k 7777 svr4 % sock -i -n8 bsdi 7777 8 1 024 20-1 3 M S S 3 4 ~ 6 7 2048 3073 7 A C K 2048 3073 I P 4 5 6 I P I P T C T C P 4 T C P 5 T C P 2048 A C K 7 T C P 6 9 3073 A C K 8 8 3072 T C P 1024 11 ~ 16 11 1 2 1 3 I P 11 12 A C K 14 13 15
210 TCP/IP 1 20-1 s v r 4 8192 b s d i 7 1 4 1 6 A C K T C P T C P A C K 1 2048 1024 t c p d u m p T C P T C P T C P T C P 20-2 20-1 3073 A C K 4097 A C K 4 A C K 7 1 0 1 2 1 5 2048
20 TCP 211 1024 1024 A C K 17 F I N A C K 17 20-1 16 1 8 20-2 s v r 4 b s d i 8192 2 0-3 S p a r c 80386 4 b a c k - t o - b a c k A C K A C K 8 0 T C P A C K 17.4 ms 4096 A C K 4 10 ~ 13 1 P U S H F I N A C K 4096 4097 8 192 F I N 8192
212 TCP/IP 1 20-3 8192 20.3 2 0-4 ASAP 20-4 TCP 1 11 o ff e r e d w i n d o w 4 9 3 6 17
20 TCP 213 1) 2) T C P 3) Host Requirements RFC T C P 22. 3 2 0-5 A C K A C 20-5 2 0-6 20-1 2 4,5,6 7 7 8 8 9 10 10 11,12,13 14 14 15 16 20-6 20-1 1) 2)
214 TCP/IP 1 3) 7 8 4) A C K A C K 20.4 T C P 4. 2 B S D 2048 4. 3 B S D 4 096 SunOS 4.1.3 B S D / 386 S V R 4 4096 Solaris 2.2 4. 4 B S D AIX3.2 8192 16384 A P I [Mogul 1993] 4096 16384 40 % [ P a p a d o p o u l o s Parulkar 1993] 2 0. 7 s o c k bsdi % sock -i -s -R6144 5555 6144 - R s u n 8192 sun % sock -i -n1 -w8192 bsdi 5555 2 0-7 2 6144 6 4 ~ 9 10 1 6144 2048 11 1 2 F I N 13 10 14 2048 F I N 15 1 6 1 7 1 8
20 TCP 215 20-7 6144 20.5 PUSH T C P P U S H P U S H T C P T C P T C P U S H P U S H 19. 1 12 P U S H T C P P U S H T C P T C P P U S H A P I T C P P U S H P U S H T C P P U S H P U S H
216 TCP/IP 1 P U S H TCP A P I T C P P U S H PUSH P U S H 20-1 8 4 ~ 6 9 11 ~ 13 1 5 P U S H 1 8 1 024 20-7 12 P U S H 1 7 P U S H 8192 4096 20-7 14 1 5 1 6 20-3 A C K 0 0 A C K 20-7 0 2048 A C K ( 1 5 1 6 ) 15 1 6 F I N T C P 2048 M S S 1 024 50 % 2048 4096 22. 3 P U S H 20-3 4 4 ~ 7 T C P I T C 4096 T C P 4096 9 T C P 4 13 P U S H 20.6 [Jacobson 1988] T C P T C P (slow start) T C P (congestion window) c w n d
20 TCP 217 T C P 1 A C K c w n d A C K A C K 1 2 A C K 4 T C P 2 0-8 s u n v a n g o g h. c s. b e r k e l e y. e d u S L I P T C P 20-8 512 A C K A C K 716 ms 2 5 A C K 3 A C K 2 2 1. 6
218 TCP/IP 1 20.7 T C P 2 0-9 T C P 1 6 1, 2, 3, A C K A C K 20-9 0~15 0 1 1, 2 3 4 5 6 7 A C K 8 RT T R o u n d - Trip Ti m e A C K I P T C P A C K
20 TCP 219 7. 2 24-6 A C K 8 9 2 3 2 12 1 3 A C K A C K T C P ( s e l f - c l o c k i n g ) A C K A C K ACK 2 0-10 16 2 A C K 2 4 4 16 ~ 19 1 A C K 23 4 A C K 4 8 24 ~ 31 8 20-10 16~31
220 TCP/IP 1 31 ( p i p e ) A C K 20.7.1 8 c a p a c i t y (bit) = b a n d w i d t h (b/s) ro u n d-trip time ( s ) RT T RT T 60 ms T 1 1 544 000 b/s 11 580 20. 4 T 3 45 000 000 b/s 337 500 T C P 65535 24. 4 T C P T C P T1 1 544 000 b/s 193 bit 1 1 536 000 b/s T3 44 736 000 b/s 44 210 000 b/s 1.544 Mb/s 45 Mb/s 20-11 RT T 20-11 RT T 8 4 20-12 20-12 4 20.7.2 RTT 20-11 RTT 20-12
20 TCP 221 2 0-13 9 ~ 20 A C K R 1 R2 R 3 R 4 20-13 R 1 R 1 R 3 R 2 R 4 R 2 20-13 1 ~ 20 2 A C K 20 21. 6 20.8 T C P ( u rgent mode) T C P 17-2 U R G 1 16 b i t T C P T C P Host Requirements RFC
222 TCP/IP 1 Host Requirements RFC T C P T C P T C T C P U R G T C P (out-of-band data) T C P T C P T C P A P I TCP Te l n e t R l o g i n 26 F T P 27 Te l n e t R l o g i n T C P 0 T C P U R G T C P Te l n e t 255 T C P b s d i s o c k 10 - P bsdi % sock -i -s -P10 5555 s u n 8192 - S 6 1024 - n - U 5 5 1
20 TCP 223 8192 20-14 t c p d u m p 1 ~ 5 4 1 024 A C K 4 1 6 4098 U R G 5 A C K 13 ms 6 ~ 10 1 A C K 1 1024 T C P 2048 T C P T C P 4 A C K T C P T C P T C P 8192 5 A C K 4 A C K T C P A C K 4 5 A C K T C P 20-14 t c p d u m p TCP
224 TCP/IP 1 1024 11 0 13 2048 1024 14 1 5 1 2 16 6145 2 0-15 6145 4097 20-14 4098 SunOS 4.1.3 20-15 TCP T C P 1 1023 1 0 2 4 20.9 T C P T C P T C P T C 24. 8 T C P T C P P U S H T C P T C P 20.1 20-6 0 8193
20 TCP 225 20.2 22-1 b s d i P U S H 20.3 U s e n e t 128 ms 256 000 b/s 120 000 b/s 47 % 33 000 b/s 13 500 ms 20.4 A P I T C P P U S H P U S H 20.5 20-3 15 1 6 20.6 20-13 A C K A C K
21 TCP 21.1 T C P T C P 1 6. 5 I C M P T F T P U D P 5 5 2 A R P 4. 5 T C P S Y N T C P 4 1) 2) ( p e r s i s t ) 2 2 3) ( k e e p a l i v e ) 23 4) 2MSL T I M E _ WA I T 18. 6 T C P T C P T C T C P T C P T C P T C P T C P 21.2 T C P T C P 9 TCP
21 TCP 227 2 1-1 t c p d u m p b s d i 21-1 TCP 1 2 3 T C P 4 hello, world1 2 5 s v r 4 6 and hi 7 ~ 18 12 19 T C P 1 3 6 1 2 2 4 4 8 64 1. 5 1. 0136 1. 5 18-7 1 64 (exponential backoff ) 6. 5 T F T P 5 6 24. 480 19 566. 488 9 T C P Solaris 2.2 E. 4 t c p _ i p _ a b o r t _ i n t e r v a l 2 9 21.3 T C P RT T T C P T C P RT T A C K
228 TCP/IP 1 20. 1 RT T 4 1 ~ 1024 7 1 ~ 1024 A C K M RT T T C P T C P RT T O R R+ ( 1 )M 0. 9 RT T 90 10 % RT T RFC 793 RTO Retransmission Ti m e O u t RTO = R 2 [Jacobson 1988] RT T J a c o b s o n RT T RT T RTO [Jacobson 1988] 5 6 RFC 793 RTO RTO J a c o b s o n RT T M E rr = M A A A + g E rr D D + h( E rr D) RTO = A + 4D A RT T D E rr RT T A D RTO g 1 / 8 0. 125 h 0. 25 RT T RTO [Jacobson 1988] RTO 2 D [Jacobson1990c] 4D BSD Net/1 J a c o b s o n g, h 4 2 J a c o b s o n 1 g J a c o b s o n RTO T RT T Karn RTO
21 TCP 229 2 1. 2 RTO A C K [Karn and Partridge 1987] RT T A C K A C K RTO RTO RTO 21.4 RTT T C P s o c k 32768 s l i p v a n g o g h. c s. b e r k e l e y. e d u slip % sock -D -i -n32 vangogh.cs.berkeley.edu discard s l i p S L I P 140. 252. 1 I n t e r n e t 9600 b/s S L I P 32 1024 s l i p b s d i M T U 2 96 128 256 45 s l i p t c p d u m p - D A. 6 t r p t( 8 ) RT T 21-2 5 t c p d u m p t c p d u m p A C K s l i p 4096 v a n g o g h 8192 s l i p 1 ~ 13 1 5 t c p d u m p 21.4.1 RTT 21-2 RT T T C P RT T
230 TCP/IP 1 21-2 RTT 500 ms T C P 550 ms RT T 1 500 ms 2 ( 1000 ms) A C K RT T 2 1-2 1 2 RT T 1. 061 t c p d u m p 3 T C P RT T 1500 ms 3 2.4 ms 4 5 t c p d u m p RT T 0. 808 RT T 1 500 ms 6 1. 015 10 RT T 2 7 9
21 TCP 231 8 769 2 1-3 t c p d u m p RT T 1.061 3 0.808 1 1.015 2 21-3 RTT 500 ms t c p d u m p 1 2 3 1. 061 1 0. 03 1 0 ~ 0. 061 2 RT T 1 3 2 128 18 RT T 21-4 RT T t c p d u m p T C P RTO 21-2 x 0 1 1 S Y N TCP RTO ( ) RTT 21-4 RTT TCP RTO RT T 3 21-2 3 RT T 10, 14 2 1 K a r n T C P RTO 500 ms 21.4.2 RTT ( ) RT T RT T A D 0 3
232 TCP/IP 1 RTO = A + 2D = 0 + 2 3 = 6 s 2D 4D A RTO S Y N RTO S Y N 21-5 t c p d u m p 4 21-5 SYN 5. 802 RTO RTO = A + 4D = 0 + 4 3 = 12 s RTO 12 1 2 24 48 RTO S Y N 6 24 4-5 A C K 467 m s A D K a r n 4 A C K A C K 1 21-2 1RTO K a r n 24 RT T 21-4 0 RTO 24 1 A C K 21-2 2 3 A = M + 0.5 = 1.5 + 0.5 = 2 D = A/2 = 1 3 M 1. 5 A D 0 RTO 3 1 RT T M RTO RTO = A + 4D = 2 + 4 1 = 6 s 2 A C K 21-2 5 1 0. 5 E rr = M A = 0.5-2 = 1. 5 A = A + g E rr = 2 0. 1 2 5 1.5 = 1.8125 D = D + h( E rr D) = 1 + 0.25 ( 1. 5 1) = 1.125 RTO = A + 4D = 1.8125 + 4 1.125 = 6.3125 E rr A D RTO 6 6. 3125 21-4 1. 871
21 TCP 233 21.4.3 20. 6 21-2 2 21.5 21-6 2 1. 4 45 3 3 5 1 S Y N 21-5 1 1 S Y N 6. 3 F I N 21-6 34. 1 F I N 4. 0 14 A C K ( ) 21-6 s l i p 32768 v a n g o g h 21-6 10 1 4 2 1 3 1 10 t c p d u m p 21-7 ( ) 72 s l i p 4096 v a n g o g h 8192 21-2 1 21-2 s l i p t c p d u m p s l i p
234 TCP/IP 1 44, 47 4 9 v a n g o g h A C K 256 (HOLE) ( 256 ) ( 256 ) ( 256 ) ( 256 ) ( 256 ) ( 256 ) ( 256 ) ( 256 ) 2340 21-7 10 45 s l i p 6657 58 6657 8 A C K 62 3 A C K 6657 63 T C P A C K 3 J a c o b s o n 21. 7 63 67 6 9 7 1T C P 43 T C P 255 46
21 TCP 235 6913 6657T C P 256 1 6 657 A C K v a n g o g h 7 48, 50, 52, 54, 55, 57 5 9 T C P A C K T C P v a n g o g h 6657 A C K 63 T C P 6657 ~ 8960 2304 72 A C K 5888 8 192 2 304 2 3 0 4 21-6 t c p d u m p 14 2 1 3 A C K 21. 8 21.6 20. 6 [Jacobson 1988] 1 % 21. 5 RT T 21. 3 c w n d s s t h re s h 1) c w n d 1 s s t h re s h 6 5535 2) TCP c w n d 3) s s t h re s h c w n d 2 c w n d 1 4) c w n d c w n d s s t h re s h 2 c w n d 1 20. 6
236 TCP/IP 1 1 2 4 c w n d 1 /c w n d (additive increase) c w n d 1 RT T A C K c w n d 4. 3 B S D 4. 4 B S D 1 8 [Floyd 1994] [Leffler et al. 1989] 4.3BSD Tahoe 4.3BSD Reno 2 1-8 c w n d s s t h re s h cwud ( ) ssthresh 21-8 c w n d 3 2 s s t h re s h 1 6 c w n d 1 0 1 A C K c w n d 2 2 A C K c w n d 4 A C K 1 3 4 8 A C K c w n d s s t h re s h c w n d 1 s s t h re s h 21.7 1990 [Jacobson 1990b] 21. 5
21 TCP 237 T C P A C K A C K A C K A C K A C K A C K A C K 1 ~ 2 A C K 3 3 A C K 21. 5 21-7 3 A C K A C K 3 67, 69 7 1 A C K A C K 1) 3 A C K s s t h re s h c w n d c w n d s s t h re s h 3 2) A C K c w n d 1 1 c w n d 3) A C K c w n d s s t h re s h 1 A C K 1 A C 1 A C K c w n d s s t h re s h 4.3BSD Ta h o e 4.3BSD Reno 21.8 ( ) t c m d u m p 21. 4 c w n d s s t h re s h M S S 2 56 c w n d s s t h re s h 256 6 5535 A C K c w n d M S S 512, 768, 1024, 1280 21. 4 4 S Y N 21-5 3 21-6
238 TCP/IP 1 2 1-9 S Y N 7 c w n d s s t h re s h 21-2 A C K t c p d u m p 1 : 257 ( 256 ) 1 ~ 256 S Y N s s t h re s h 512 c w n d 1 256 S Y N A C K ACK 257 c w n d s s t h re s h c w n d 256 ACK 513 ACK 769 c w n d c w n d 1 /c w n 8 85 ACK 1025 9 91 256 / 8 ( 21-2) 21-9 c w n d 21-6 10 1 21-10 21-6 c w n d c w n d 6 21-9
21 TCP 239 3 A C K 1 21. 7 s s t h re s h A C K c w n d A C K 1 T C P 20-9 21-10 c w n d s s t h re s h 21-7 ( ) cwnd(100 ) ( ) 21-10 cwnd ( 21-7) 21-11 c w n d 21-9 12 1089 21-11 58 2426 s s t h re s h 512 2 A C K 60 6 1 c w n d 21-10 3 A C K s s t h re s h
240 TCP/IP 1 c w n d c w n s s t h re s h A C K 1024 3 256 5 A C K 64~66, 68 7 0 c w n d 1 A C K 72 c w n d s s t h re s h 1 024 c w n d s s t h re s h c w n d 1280 A C K 21-11 c w n d s s t h re s h 1363 66 6 8 7 0 A C K 64 6 5 A C K c w n d 65 c w n d 2 048 2304 9 46, 48, 50, 52, 54, 55, 57, 59 6 3 65 c w n d 2304 66 c w n d 2 560 1 68 c w n d 2816 2560 1 70 21-10 14. 3 A C K A C K c w n d 1024 2 1-10 21. 1 A C K 3 A C K c w n d 3 1280 c w n d 3615 21.9 T C P T C RT T 16 1 RT T RT T 5 % r o u t e ( 8 ) M T 20. 7 21.10 ICMP T C P I C M T C P I C M P c w n d 1 s s t h re s h
21 TCP 241 I C M P T C P 21-1 T C P 9 I C M P I C M P B S D I C M P S L I P I C M P s l i p a i x S L I P s u n n e t b S L I s u n 9. 2 s u n 140. 252. 1 I P I C M P T C I C M P s l i p sock SLIP SLIP 2 1-12 b s d i t c p d u m p a i x test line 1 2 3 S L I P another line 3 T C P 6 4 ~ 13 1 4 s u n I C M P s l i p I b s d i s u n s u n S L I P 14 15 a i x 16 T C P I C M P 1 2. 5 2 5 4 10 8 20 14 40 3 line number 3 17 18 19 SLIP TCP
242 TCP/IP 1 SLIP SLIP SLIP 14 21-12 TCP ICMP I C M P T C P S L I P the last line T C P 13 30 ~ 43 s o c k U n i x I C M P 6-12 T C P I C M P 22 ~ 46 6 ~ 14 3 17 ~ 19 T C P 3 6, 12, 24, 48 64
21 TCP 243 21.11 T C P T C M S S T C P s o c k 3 2 3 bsdi % sock svr4 discard hello there line number 2 and 3 2 2 1-13 t c p d u m p 3 21-13 TCP 1 2 hello there A C K line number 21 4 3 4 5 6 and 36 20 A C K 9 20 21.12 T C P 1 S Y N T C P RT T RT T K a r n RT T
244 TCP/IP 1 3 T C P TCP RT T I C M P T C P T C P I C M P T C P 21.1 21-5 1 6 2 12 S Y N 12 21.2 21-5 4-6 2 4 4 8 S V R 4 6, 12, 24 4 8 21.3 T C P T F T P 3 5 21-6 32768 RT T 1. 5 21-4 T F T P 21.4 21. 7 A C K 2 1. 5 1 A C K A C K 21.5 21-6 28. 8 2 9. 8 21.6 2 1. 6 4.3BSD Ta h o e E 21.7 2 0. 2 T C P 21-2 21.8 p e r- r o u t e
22 TCP 22.1 T C P 0 0 20-3 9 8 T C P A C K 9 A C K T C P A C K T C P A C K 0 (persist timer) ( w i n d o w p r o b e ) 22.2 s o c k - P svr4 % sock -i -s -P100000 5555 100 000 27. 8 b s d i 5555 1024 22-1 t c p d u m p 1 ~ 13 9216 4096 9216 S V R 4 T C P (stream subsystem) 13 4 0 T C P 9216 0 1
246 TCP/IP 1 14 4. 949 16 4. 996 6, 12, 24, 48 6 0 22-1 0 5 6 1 2 2 4 4 8 6 0 T C P 500 ms 4 ms 500 4 ms T C P 1. 5 2 3 4 6 8 1 2 5 ~ 60 22-1 9217T C P 0 A C K 9216 21 T C P 60 22.3 T C P S W S
22 TCP 247 (Silly Window Syndrome [Clark 1982] 1) 0 M S S 2) ( a ) ( b ) ( c A C K N a g l e 19. 4 ( b ) 1 ( c ) N a g l e ( c ) N a g l e ( a ) ( b ) 2 ( b ) s u n s o c k 6 1 024 sun % sock -i -n6 bsdi 7777 b s d i 1 4 2 256 bsdi % sock -i -s -P4 -p2 -r256 7777 2 2-2 6144 22-3 2 2-3 1 3 t c p d u m p 22-2 99 99 % 22-2 20 2 2
248 TCP/IP 1 t c p d u m p b s d i 4 1 0 S Y N A C K 22-2 4 A C K 1 ~ 5 5 1 6 256 3. 99 7 0
22 TCP 249 ( 22-2) TCP TCP 256 256 256 256 256 256 256 256 256 256 256 256 256 256 256 256 256 256 256 256 256 256 256 256 256 ( E O F ) 22-3 5 10. 151 8 9 1022 0 15. 151 10 11 1533 0 1024 12 1024 13 509 11 1533 1024 13 A C K 0 T C P 20. 3
250 TCP/IP 1 509 20. 151 509 509 5 A C K 509 768 0 15 25. 151 1 1279 17 511 1279 18 F I N F I 767 22. 2 6 1 024 E S TA B L I S H E D F I N _ WA I T _ 1 F I N _ WA I T _ 2 18-12 F I N 18. 6 18 F I N 19 F I N 21 2 256 39. 99 A C K 20 39. 99 767 19 2816 2049 1 T C P T C P 51. 99 21 2 2 22.4 0 T C P 21 T C P T C P 22.1 22-3 5 7 9 11 1 3 1 5 1 7 0.170, 5.170 10. 170 1 5. 170 2 0. 170 2 5. 170 A C K 1 6 4. 5 1 8. 5 1 8. 7 1 8. 8 1 9 8. 3 1 8. 5 19.1 ms 22.2 22-3 25. 174 767 768 1
23 TCP 23.1 T C P / I P T C T C P T C 10. 7 B G P 30 T C P T C P Host Requirements RFC 3 (1) 2 3 T C P T C P R l o g i n Te l n e t T C P / I P Te l n e t 18-16
252 TCP/IP 1 23.2 29 N F S T C P 26 Te l n e t R l o g i n 4 1) T C P 2 2) T C P 75 10 75 3) 4) 2 T C P 4 2 T C P F I N F I N T C P 1 T C P 2 3 4 T C P 2 3 4 I C M P 4 E Host Requirements RFC
23 TCP 253 23.3 2 3 4 23.3.1 b s d i s o c k s v r 4 - K T C P 2 T C P 10 75 bsdi % sock -K svr4 echo hello, world hello, world -K 4 read error: Connection timed out 6 10 2 3-1 t c p d u m p 23-1 1 2 3 Hello, world 4 7200 6 T C P A R P A R P 6 7 7 8
254 TCP/IP 1 6 10 1 14 13 t c p d u m p S Y N F I N R S T T C P 14 4. 2 B S D 4.3BSD 4.2BSD T C P A R 75 10 T C P 23.3.2 bsdi % sock -K svr4 echo hi, there hi, there read error: Connection reset by peer -K 2 3-2 t c p d u m p 23-2 9 1 ~ 3 1 23.3.3 10
23 TCP 255 s l i p S L I P v a n g o g h. c s. b e r k e l e y. e d u bsdi % sock -K vangogh.cs.berkeley.edu echo t e s t i n g testing read error: No route to host S L I P 2 3-3 b s d i t c p d u m p 14 23-3 1 ~ 3 1 4 5 s u n n e t b S L I P 6 s u n I C M P 21. 10 s l i p T C P I C M P 9 75 6-12 I C M P 23.4 4 23.1 23.2
24 TCP 24.1 T C P 1200 b/s S L I P 80 9 T C P / I P T C T 2 F D D I T C P T C P T C M T U T C P T C P 536 M T U (long fat pipe) T C P T C P T C P 65535 T C P RT T RFC 1323 [Jacobson, Braden, and Borman 1992] T / T C P T C P T / T C P 4 RT T M T U T / T C P T C P I C M P M T U T C P 24.2 MTU 2. 9 M T U M T U M T U I P D F I P 11. 6 I P D F M T U I C M P 11. 7 t r a c e r o u t e M T U 11. 8 U D P M T U R F C 1191 [Mogul and Deering 1990] T C P Solaris 2.x MTU
24 TCP 257 T C P M T U T C P M S S M T U M T T C P M S S M S S 536 21. 9 M T U T C P I P D F D F 11. 6 I C M P I C M P T C P I C M P M T U I P T C P I C M P M T U 2-5 I C M P M T U M S S M T U RFC 1191 10 11. 8 Solaris 2.2 30 M S S 536 M T U M T 5 7 6 M T U M T U M T U 576 536 M T U M S S M T U I P T C P E M S S 24.2.1 M T U M T U M T 24-1 512 tcpdump TCP 24-1 MTU s o l a r i s M T U s l i p U D P M T U 11-13 s l i p M T U 552 296 s l i p 512 M S S b s d i S L I P M T U 2 96 256 T C P s o l a r i s M T U s o l a r i s s o c k s l i p 512
258 TCP/IP 1 solaris % sock -i -n1 -w512 slip discard 2 4-2 s u n S L I P t c p d u m p 24-2 MTU t c p d u m p 1 2 M S S s o l a r i s 512 S Y N 3 18. 9 S Y N 4 I C M P b s d i M T U I C M P s o l a r i s F I N 5 s l i p b s d i 512 513 6 1 I C M P s o l a r i s s o l a r i s 256 7 9 512 b s d i M T U D F 15 512 256 s o l a r i s 24.2.2 [Mogul 1993, 15.2.8 ] [Bellovin 1993] 4 8192 T 1 1 544 000b/s 4096 24-3 I P I P R 1 R 4
24 TCP 259 8192 24-3 4 4096 (4096 +40 ) 8 b/ =21.4 ms/ 1 544 000 b/s ( T C P I P 40 ) 1 4 85. 6 2 42. 8 2 4-4 16 5 12 24-4 4 16 512 ( 512 + 40 ) 8 b/ =2.9 ms/ 1 544 000 b/s 18 2. 9 =52.2 ms 2 5.8 ms [Bellovin 1993] 24.3 2 0. 7 c a p a c i t y (b) = b a n d w i d t h (b/s) ro u n d-t r i p t i m e ( s ) T C P 24-5
260 TCP/IP 1 T1 T1 T3 gigabit (b/s) RTT(ms) ( ) 24-5 Long Fat Network L F N e l e f a n ( t ) s L F N T C P 20-11 20-12 RT T 1) T C P 16 bit 65535 24-24. 4 2) L F N 21. 7 RT T RFC 1072 [Jacobson and Braden 1988] S A C K RFC 1323 T C P 3) 21. 4 T C P RT T RT T L F N RT T 24. 5 4) T C P 32 bit I P T T L I P 2 55 255 18. 6 M S L M S 2 240 2 M S L 18. 6 M S L 3 0 L F N T C P 4 294 967 296 N N M S L M S L 60 T 3 45 Mb/s 12 F D D I 100 Mb/s 5 1000 Mb/s 34
24 TCP 261 2 4. 6 T C P PAW S (Protection Against Wrapped Sequence numbers) 4. 4 B S D [Partridge 1994] [Kleinrock 1992] 100 30 ms 24-6 T 1 1 544 000 b/s 1 Gb/s x y 100 994 210 5 790 30 ms 8 ms 1 544 000 b/s 1Gb/s 1 000 000 24-6 30 ms 100 2 4-6 30 ms 30 ms 1 T 1 5 790 994 210 3 750 000 25 1 8 ms T 1 5. 211 T 3 45 000 000 b/s 0. 208 29 25 0. 038 30 ms 8 ms 2000 Mb/s 0.304 ms 30 4 m s 10
262 TCP/IP 1 24.4 T C P 16 bit 32 bit T C P T C P 16 bit 16 ( s c a l i n g o p e r a t i o n ) T C P 32 bit 18-20 14 14 1 073 725 440 65535 2 14 S Y N S Y N S Y N S Y N 0 Host Requirements RFC T C P S Y N T C P 18-20 S R 16 bit R 32 bit S T C P 16 bit T C P 20. 4 4. 4 B S D v a n g o g h. c s. b e r k e l e y. e d u s o c k T C P 1 128 000 2 220 000 2 4-7 t c p d u m p 2 8
24 TCP 263 24-7 1 v a n g o g h 65535 1 128 000 S Y N 1 v a n g o g h 131 070 6 5535 2 1 12 8000 b s d i S Y N 2 v a n g o g h 65535 2 v a n g o g h 2 262 140 6 5535 2 2 220 000 24.5 A C K RT T A C K T C P A C K RT T 8 RT T RFC 1323 3. 1 RT T RT T RT T 8 1 / 8 100 1 / 100 RT T 1 8-20 1 32 bit T C P 20 32
264 TCP/IP 1 RFC 1323 1 1 4.4BSD 0 500 ms 1 24-7 1 11 89 500 ms 44.4 S Y N S Y N T C P A C K A C 1) TCP A C K t s re c e n t A C K l a s t a c k 2) l a s t a c k t s re c e n t 3) t s re c e n t l a s t a c k 1) A C K 1 ~ 1024 1 025 ~ 2048 ACK 2049 A C K 1 ~ 1024 1 A C K 2) 3 1024 1 ~ 1 2049 ~ 4072 3 1025 ~ 2048 2 A C K 1 ACK 1025 A C K 1 ACK 1025 A C K 2 ACK 3073 3 RT T A C K 3 A C K 2 2 3 RT T RT T
24 TCP 265 24.6 PAWS T C P 1 2 30 65535 2 1 4 2 1 6 2 1 4 1 24-8 6 10 G 1 073 741 824 t c p d u m p J : K J K- 1 24-8 6 1 6 32 bit D E B E M S L T T L 24-8 32 bit E 2 5 6 PAW S PAW S 1 24.7 T/TCP TCP T C P ( t r a n s a c t i o n ) 1) 2) RT T S P T RTT (Round-Trip Ti m e ) SPT (Server Processing Ti m e ) 3) 14 D N S
266 TCP/IP 1 T C P U D P T C P U D P U D T C P T / T C P RFC 1379 [Braden 1992b] [ B r a d e n 1 9 9 2 c ] T C P 7 18-13 1 S Y N F I N 2 RT T S P T S Y N F I N T C P T C P T I M E _ WA I T 2 M S L 18. 14 268 T C P WA I T _ T I M E T / T C P 1) 32 bit CC (Connection Count) C C 1 2) T / T C P T C C C 6 32 bit C C 3) C C S Y N 4) S Y N C C C C C C S Y N C C C T C P 5) S Y N S Y N A C K C C E C H O C C 6) S Y N C C C C RT T T I M E _ WA I T T I M E _ WA I T I M E _ WA I T 8 RTO 21. 3 1) S Y N F I N C C T C P C C C C 2) S Y N F I N F I N
24 TCP 267 A C K C C C C C C E C H O T C P F I N A C K S Y N F I N T C P 3) F I N A C K S Y N F I RT T S P T T C P S Y N A C K 2 S Y N A C K S Y N T / T C P A P I F I N F I N M S S 1 M S S 5 36 M S S C C T / T C P 4096 3 RT T RT T RT T 21. 9 T / T C P T C P V M T P Versatile Message Tr a n s a c t i o n P r o t o c o l RFC 1045 [Cheriton 1988] T / T C P V M T P I P V M T P 24.8 TCP ACK ( ) ( 8 0 T C P 100 000~200 000 IP TCP [Stevens 1990] 1 7. 5 CRC 800 000 (9.6ms) 10 Mb/s 24-9 T C P [ Wa r n o c k
268 TCP/IP 1 1991 ] 24-9 A C K C R C 9. 6 m s 10 Mb/s 12 A C K 2 1460 B 10 000 000 b/s throughput= =1 555 063 B/S 22 1538 B+84 B 8 b/b T C P 65535 44 1460 A C K A C K A C K [ Warnock 1991] 1 075 000 / 90 F D D I 100 Mb/s[Schryver 1993] F D D I T C P 80 Mb/s~90 Mb/s [Borman 1992] Gray Y- M P 800 Mb/s H I P P I 781 Mb/s Gray Y- M P 907 Mb/s [Borman 1991] 1) 2) T C P [Dalton et al. 1993] [Partridge and Pink 1993] U D P U D P 30 3) 24. 4 14 1.073 RT T T C P T C [Partridge and Pink 1993] 24.9 22 1460 B 10 000 000 b/s throughput= 22 1538 B+84 B 8 b/b =1 183 667 B/S T C P M T U T C P
24 TCP 269 M T U M T U T C P 536 T C P 65535 1 PAW S T C P T C P T / T C P / T I M E _ WA I T S Y N F I N T C P T C T C P 1 24.1 S Y N 0 24.2 24-7 b s d i v a n g o g h 3 16 bit 2 13 24.3 24.4 M S L 2? 24.5 PAW S T C P PAW 2 M S L ( T I M E _ WA I T ) 24.6 2 4. 4 s o c k I P 24.7 M S S 1 024. 8 24.8 K a r n 21. 3 24.9 T C P S Y N 24. 7 T C P? 24.10 2 4. 7 T / T C P F I N RT T S P T 24. 11 T / T C P RTO 0. 5 18. 14 24.12 T / T C P
25 SNMP: 25.1 T C P / I P m a n a g e r X T C P / I P ( a g e n t ) ( ) I C M P IP TTL 64 T C P / I P 3 1) M I B Management Information Base RFC 1213 [McCloghrie and Rose 1991] M I B M I B - I I 2) M I B S M I Structure of Management Information RFC 1155 [Rose and McCloghrie 1990] S M I 0~4 294 967 295 0 3) S N M P Simple Network Management Protocol RFC 1157 [Case et al. 1990] S N M P S N M P U D R F C S N M P SNMP v1 S N M P 1993 S N M P R F C R F C S N M P S N M P SNMP v2 25. 12 I P U D P T C P 25.2 S N M P 5
25 SNMP 271 1) g e t - r e q u e s t 2) g e t - n e x t - r e q u e s t n e x t 3) s e t - r e q u e s t 4) g e t - r e s p o n s e 3 5) t r a p 3 3 g e t g e t - n e x t s e t 25-1 5 SNMP SNMP UDP 161 UDP 161 UDP 161 UDP 162 25-1 SNMP 5 4 - S N M P U D P 3 U D P 1 61 Tr a p U D P 1 6 2 25. 1 2 5-2 U D P 5 S N M P I P U D P S N M A S N. 1 B E R A S N. 1 B E 0 S N M P 1 0 SNMP v1 2 5-3 P D U P D U p u b l i c g e t g e t - n e x t s e t g e t - r e s p o n s e U D P 14-3 D N S 16-2
272 TCP/IP 1 IP UDP SNMP SNMP get/set get/set IP UDP P D U (0) ( 0-3 ) ( 0-5 ) 208 P D U t r a p ( 4 ) ( 0-6 ) t r a p 25-2 SNMP PDU 25-4 n o S u c h N a m e r e a d O n l y b a d V a l u e 25-3 SNMP PDU SNMP set 25-4 SNMP g e t g e t - n e x t s e t g e t g e t - n e x t t r a p P D U 4S N M P 25. 10 t r a p 25.3 S N M P I N T E G E R I P 1 2 U D P T C P 0 6 5535 OCTER STRING 0 8 bit 0 ~ 255
25 SNMP 273 B E R N U L L D i s p l a y S t r i n g 0 8 bit A S C I I 26. 4 A S C I I M I B - I I 255 0 OBJECT IDENTIFIER N U L L g e t g e t - n e x t N U L L I p A d d r e s s 4 OCTER STRING I P I P P h y s A d d r e s s OCTER STRING 6 C o u n t e r 0 2 32 1 4 294 976 295 0 G a u g e 0 4 294 976 295( ), M I B t c p C u r r E s t a b E S TA B L I S H E D C L O S E _ WA I T T C P T i m e T i c k s, 0. 01 M I B s y s U p T i m e S E Q U E N C E C s t r u c t u r e S E Q U E N C E 0 A S N. 1 M I B U d p E n t r y U D P 1) I p A d d r e s s u d p L o c a l A d d r e s s I P 2) I N T E G E R u d p L o c a l P o r t 0 6 5535 SEQUENDE OF S N M P S E Q U E N C E u d p T a b l e U D P ( l i s t e n e r ) S E Q U E N C E U d p E n t r y 25-5 udplocaladdress IpAddress 0 ~ 6553 5 25-5 u d p T a b l e
274 TCP/IP 1 S N M P 25. 7 g e t - n e x t 25. 6 g e t s e t 25.4. D N S 14-1 U n i x r o o t U n i x 2 5-6 S N M P M I B 1. 3. 6. 1. 2. 1 1. 3. 6. 1. 2. 1 i s o. o r g. d o d. i n t e r n e t. m e m t. m i b M I B 1. 3. 6. 1. 2. 1 25-6 25-6 m i b i s o. o r g. d o d. i n t e r n e t. p r i v a t e. e n t e r p r i s e s 1. 3. 6. 1. 4. 1 A s s i g n e d Number RFC 400 25.5 M I B
25 SNMP 275 RFC 1213 [McColghrie Rose 1991] M I B - I I 25-6 M I B s y s t e m i n t e r f a c e s a t i p U D P U D P instance identification (lexicographic ordering) 2 5. 8 M I B M I B 25-6 u d p m i b 25-7 U D P 25-7 UDP 4 1 25-8 4 UDP UDP UDP ( ) UDP 25-8 UDP 25-8 M I B R / W R / W U D P I N T E G E T U D P 2 5-9 u d p T a b l e UDP =<udplocaladdress>.<udplocalport> 25-9 u d p T a b l e S N M P M I B 1
276 TCP/IP 1 Case 25-8 3 C a s e M I B 25-10 U D P C a s e 25-10 UDP Case U D P u d p I n D a t a g r a m s I P U D P U D P u d p I n E r r o r u d p N o P o r t s I P U D P u d p O u t D a t a g r a m s U D P u d p I n D a t a g r a m u d p I n E r r o r u d p N o P o r t s M I B C a s e [Rose 1994] M I B C a s e 25.6 M I B M I S N M P 25-7 25-8 25-9 m i b u d p u d p T a b l e u d p E n t r y 25.6.1. 0 25-8 u d p I n D a t a g r a m s 1. 3. 6. 1. 2. 1. 7. 1 1. 3. 6. 1. 2. 1. 7. 1. 0 i s o. o r g. d o d. i n t e r n e t. m g m t. m i b. u d p. u d p I n D a t a g r a m s. 0 u d p I n D a t a g r a m s. 0 S N M P 25-2 1. 3. 6. 1. 2. 1. 7. 1. 0 25.6.2 IP 25-8 UDP M I B U D P M I B u d p L o c a l A d d r e s s I P u d p L o c a l P o r t 25-9 1 U D P 3 1 I P 0. 0. 0. 0 67 2 I P
25 SNMP 277 0. 0. 0. 0 161 3 I P 0. 0. 0. 0 520 25-11 67 B O O T P 161 S N M P 520 R I P U D P 3 25-25-11 UDP 12 25.6.3 M I B M I 25-12 6 25-13 25-12 UDP ( ) 25-13 UDP 1) u d p L o c a l A d d r e s s u d p L o c a l P o r t 2) 25-25-14 13 67 161 161 520 UDP 2 5-14 U D P g e t - n e x t 25.7 S N M P I S O D E s n m p i [Rose 1994]
278 TCP/IP 1 25.7.1 U D P - a - c S N M P s n m p i g a t e w a y S n m p i s n m p i > g e t S N M P g e t - r e q u e s t q u i t q u i t 2 5-15 t c p d u m p 25-15 SNMP t c p d u m p U D P U D S N M P 0 g e t - n e x t 25.7.2 get-next g e t - n e x t M I B U D P U D P 1 2 g e t - n e x t g e t - n e x t
25 SNMP 279 M I B 25.7.3 U D P u d p T a b l e u d p T a b l e g e t - n e x t 25-14 g e t - n e x t s n m p I n P k t s U D P 25.8 M I B M I s y s t e m i f a t i p i c m p t c p 25.8.1 s y s t e m s y s t e m 7 25-16 s y s t e m UDP n e t b
280 TCP/IP 1 R / W s y s D e s c r D i s p l a y S t r i n g s y s O b j e c t I D O b j e c t I D 1. 3. 6. 1. 4. 1 s y s U p Ti m e Ti m e Ti c k s s y s C o n t a c t D i s p l a y S t r i n g s y s N a m e D i s p l a y S t r i n g ( F Q D N ) s y s L o c a t i o n D i s p l a y S t r i n g s y s S e r v i c e s [ 0 1 2 7 ] O S I 0 x 01 ( ) 0 x 02 0 x 04 0 x 08 0 x 40 25-16 system 25-6 s y s t e m i n t e r n e t. p r i v a t e. e n t e r p r i s e s 1. 3. 6. 1. 4. 1 Assigned Numbers RFC 12 E p i l o g u e s y s S e r v i c e s 4 8 R / W 25.8.2 interface i f N u m b e r I N T E G E R 25-17 25-17 i f 22 2 5-1 8 s u n 3. 8 S L I P
25 SNMP 281 <I f I n d e x> R / W i f I n d e x I N T E G E R 1 i f N u m b e r i f D e s c r D i s p l a y S t r i n g i f Ty p e I N T E G E R 6 = 7 = 802.3 9 = 802.5 23 = PPP 28 = SLIP, i f M t u I N T E G E R M T U i f S p e e d G a u g e b / s i f P h y s A d d r e s s P h y s A d d r e s s 0 i f A d m i n S t a t u s [ 1 3 ] 1= 2 = 3 = i f O p e r S t a t u s [ 1 3 ] 1= 2 = 3 = i f L a s t C h a n g e Ti m e Ti c k s s y s U p T i m e i f I n O c t e t s C o u n t e r i f I n U c a s t P k t s C o u n t e r i f I n N U c a s t P k t s C o u n t e r i f I n D i s c a r d s C o u n t e r i f I n E r r o r s C o u n t e r i f I n U n k n o w n P r o t o s C o u n t e r i f O u t O c t e t s C o u n t e r i f O u t U c a s t P k t s C o u n t e r i f O u t N U c a s t P k t s C o u n t e r i f O u t D i s c a r d s C o u n t e r i f O u t E r r o r s C o u n t e r i f O u t Q L e n G a u g e i f S p e c i f i c O b j e c t I D M I B 25-18 i f T a b l e 1 g e t 5 g e t - n e x t 2 5 3 g e t - n e x t S L I P S L I S L I P g e t - n e x t next ifdescr.1 25.8.3 a t M I B - I I M I B - I
282 TCP/IP 1 I P I i p N e t T o M e d i a T a b l e 3 25-19 s n m p i ( d u m p ) k i n e t i c s T C P / I P A p p l e Ta l k A R P <a t I f I n d e x>. 1. <a t N e t A d d re s s> R / W a t I f I n d e x I N T E G E R i f I n d e x a t P h y s A d d r e s s P h y s A d d r e s s 0 a t N e t A d d r e s s N e t w o r k A d d r e s s I P 25-19 a t T a b l e t c p d u m p s n m p i g e t - n e x t a t g e t - n e x t 25-20 2 A p p l e Ta l k 25-20 a t ARP 32 bit 48 n e t b I P 140. 252. 1. 183 n e t b k i n e t i c s 140. 252. 1 k i n e t i c s A R P SNMP 25.8.4 i p i p 3 25-21
25 SNMP 283 R / W i p F o r w a r d i n g [ 1 2 ] 1 I P 2 i p D e f a u l t T T L I N T E G E R T T L T T i p I n R e c e i v e s C o u n t e r I P i p I n H d r E r r o r s C o u n t e r T T L i p I n A d d r E r r o r s C o u n t e r I P i p F o r w D a t a g r a m s C o u n t e r I P i p I n U n k n o w n P r o t o s C o u n t e r I P i p I n D i s c a r d s C o u n t e r i p I n D e l i v e r s C o u n t e r I P i p O u t R e q u e s t s C o u n t e r I P I P i p F o r w D a t a g r a m s i p O u t D i s c a r d s C o u n t e r i p O u t N o R o u t e s C o u n t e r i p R e a s m Ti m e o u t I N T E G E R i p R e a s m R e q d s C o u n t e r I P i p R e a s m O K s C o u n t e r I P i p R e a s m F a i l s C o u n t e r I P i p F r a g O K s C o u n t e r I P i p F r a g F a i l s C o u n t e r I P i p F r a g C r e a t e s C o u n t e r I P i p R o u t i n g D i s c a r d s C o u n t e r 25-21 i p i p I P I P 5 25-22 I P <i p A d E n t A d d r> R / W i p A d E n t A d d r I p A d d r e s s I P i p A d E n t I f I n d e x I N T E G E R i f I n d e x i p A d E n t N e t M a s k I p A d d r e s s I P i p A d E n t B c a s t A d d r [ 0 1 ] I P 1 i p A d E n t R e a s m M a x S i z e [ 0 6 5535 ] I P 25-22 IP i p A d r T a b l e s u n I P
284 TCP/IP 1 SLIP 25-18 I P 3. 8 i f c o n f i g i p I P 9. 2 25-23 I P R / W i p R o u t e D e s t I p A d d r e s s I P 0. 0. 0. 0 i p R o u t e I f I n d e x I N T E G E R i f I n d e x i p R o u t e M e t r i c 1 I N T E G E R i p R o u t e P r o t o 1 i p R o u t e M e t r i c 2 I N T E G E R i p R o u t e M e t r i c 3 I N T E G E R i p R o u t e M e t r i c 4 I N T E G E R i p R o u t e N e x t H o p I p A d d r e s s I P i p R o u t e T y p e I N T E G E R 1 = 2 = 3 = 4 = i p R o u t e P r o t o I N T E G E R 1 = 4 = ICMP 8 = RIP, 13 = OSPF, 14 = BGP, i p R o u t e A g e I N T E G E R i p R o u t e M a s k I p A d d r e s s i p R o u t e D e s t I P i p R o u t e M e t r i c 5 I N T E G E R i p R o u t e I n f o O b j e c t I D M I B 25-23 IP i p R o u t e T a b l e 2 5-24 s n m p i dump iproutetable s u n 5 1 i p R o u t e (4) (1) (3) (1) (3) (1) (3) (1) (4) (1) 25-24 s u n IP
25 SNMP 285 n e t s t a t 9. 2 25-24 n e t s t a t i p 25-25 a t I P I P <i p N e t To M e d i a I f I n d e x>. <i p N e t To M e d i a N e t A d d re s s> R / W i p N e t To M e d i a I f I n d e x I N T E G E R i f I n d e x i p N e t To M e d i a P h y s A d d r e s s P h y s A d d r e s s i p N e t To M e d i a N e t A d d r e s s I p A d d r e s s I P i p N e t To M e d i a Ty p e [ 1 4 ] 1 = 2 = 3 = 4 = 25-25 IP i p N e t T o M e d i a T a b l e s u n A R P sun % arp -a svr4 (140.252.13.34) at 0:0:c0:c2:9b:26 bsdi (140.252.13.35) at 0:0:c0:6f:2d:40 S N M P 25.8.5 i c m p i c m p 4 I C M P I C M 22 I C M P 11 25-26 I C M P 6-3 15 S N M P 25.8.6 t c p 2 5-27 t c p 18-12 T C P
286 TCP/IP 1 R / W i c m p I n M s g s C o u n t e r I C M P i c m p I n E r r o r s C o u n t e r I C M P I C M P i c m p I n D e s t U n r e a c h s C o u n t e r I C M P i c m p I n T i m e E x c d s C o u n t e r I C M P i c m p I n P a r m P r o b s C o u n t e r I C M P i c m p I n S r c Q u e n c h s C o u n t e r I C M P i c m p I n R e d i r e c t s C o u n t e r I C M P i c m p I n E c h o s C o u n t e r I C M P i c m p I n E c h o s R e p s C o u n t e r I C M P i c m p I n T i m e S t a m p s C o u n t e r I C M P i c m p I n T i m e S t a m p R e p s C o u n t e r I C M P i c m p I n A d d r M a s k s C o u n t e r I C M P i c m p I n A d d r M a s k R e p s C o u n t e r I C M P i c m p O u t M s g s C o u n t e r I C M P i c m p O u t E r r o r s C o u n t e r I C M P I C M P i c m p O u t D e s t U n r e a c h s C o u n t e r I C M P i c m p O u t T i m e E x c d s C o u n t e r I C M P i c m p O u t P a r m P r o b s C o u n t e r I C M P i c m p O u t S r c Q u e n c h s C o u n t e r I C M P i c m p O u t R e d i r e c t s C o u n t e r I C M P i c m p O u t E c h o s C o u n t e r I C M P i c m p O u t E c h o s R e p s C o u n t e r I C M P i c m p O u t T i m e S t a m p s C o u n t e r I C M P i c m p O u t T i m e S t a m p R e p s C o u n t e r I C M P i c m p O u t A d d r M a s k s C o u n t e r I C M P i c m p O u t A d d r M a s k R e p s C o u n t e r I C M P 25-26 i c m p R / W t c p R t o A l g o r i t h m I N T E G E R 1 = 2 = RTO, 3 = MIL S T D 1 778 B, 4 = Van Jacobson t c p R t o M i n I N T E G E R t c p R t o M a x I N T E G E R t c p M a x C o n n I N T E G E R T C P 1 t c p A c t i v e O p e n s C o u n t e r C L O S E D S Y N _ S E N T t c p P a s s i v e O p e n s C o u n t e r L I S T E N S Y N _ R C V D t c p A t t e m p F a i l s C o u n t e r S Y N _ S E N T S Y N _ R C V D C L O S E D, S Y N _ R C V D L I S T E N t c p E s t a b R e s e t s C o u n t e r E S TA B L I S H E D C L O S E _ WA I T C L O S E D t c p C u r r E s t a b G a u g e E S TA B L I S H E D C L O S E _ WA I T t c p I n S e g s C o u n t e r t c p O u t S e g s C o u n t e r t c p R e t r a n s S e g s t c p I n E r r s C o u n t e r t c p O u t R s t s C o u n t e r R S T 25-27 t c p
25 SNMP 287 s u n t c p S u n O S 4. 1. 3 Van Jacobson 200 ms~12.8 s T C P 12.8 s 21 64 s t c p T C P 25-28 T C P 5 I P I <t c p C o n n L o c a l A d d re s s>. <t c p C o n n L o c a l P o rt>. <t c p C o n n R e m A d d re s s>. <t c p C o n n R e m P o rt> R / W t c p C o n n S t a t e [ 1 1 2 ] 1 = CLOSED, 2 = LISTEN, 3 = SYN_SENT, 4 = SYN_RCVD, 5 = ESTABLISHED, 6 = FIN_WAIT, 7 = FIN_WAIT, 8 = CLOSE_WAIT, 9 = LAST_ACK, 10 = CLOSING, 11 = T I M E _ WA I T, 12 = T C B 12 t c p C o n n L o c a l A d d r e s s I p A d d r e s s I P 0. 0. 0. 0 t c p C o n n L o c a l P o r t [ 1 6 5 5 3 5 ] t c p C o n n R e m A d d r e s s I p A d d r e s s I P t c p C o n n R e m P o r t [ 1 6 5 5 3 5 ] 25-28 TCP t c p C o n T a b l e s u n T C P sun % rlogin gemini g e m i n i I P 140. 252. 1. 11 sun % rlogin localhost I P 127. 0. 0. 1 F T P 21
288 TCP/IP 1 r l o g i n g e m i n i g e m i n i 1023 Te l n e t 1415 23 F T P I 0. 0. 0. 0 25.9 S N M P 25.9.1 MTU 11. 6 n e t b s u n S L I P M T U S N M P M T U I P S L I 140. 252. 1. 29 i p R o u t e I f I n d e x S L I P M T U S L I P S L I P M T U 1500 25.9.2 14. 4 D N S 1 I P I S N M P I P g e m i n i Te l n e t
25 SNMP 289 t r a c e r o u t e 140. 252. 3 2 5-29 t r a c e r o u t e g e m i n i s w n r t 140. 252. 3 140. 252. 1 4-6 n e t b A R P s u n 140. 252. 1 s u n n e t b S L I P 25-29 Te l n e t 1 40. 252. 3. 54 g e m i n i n e t b 8. 5 t r a c e r o u t e s w n r t t r a c e r o u t e s w n r t 2 I C M P t r a c e r o u t e g e m i n i TTL 3, 4 5 n e t b s w n r t S N M P n e t b 140. 252. 3 n e t b s w n r t g e m i n i 25-29 g e t
290 TCP/IP 1 sun % snmpi -a netb -c secret get iproutenexthop.140.252.3.0 i p R o u t e N e x t H o p. 140. 252. 3. 0 = 140. 252. 1. 6 n e t b s w n r t g e m i n i n e t b g e m i n i 140. 252. 1. 29 140. 252. 1 g e m i n i g e m i n i 140. 253. 3 s w n r t 25.10 Trap t r a p 25-1 t r a p 162 25-2 trap PDU t c p d u m p 6 t r a p 7 t r a p 25-30 t r a p t r a p t r a p 0 c o l d S t a r t 1 w a r m S t a r t 2 l i n k D o w n 25-18 3 l i n k U p 25-18 4 a u t h e n t i c a t i o n F a i l u r e S N M P 5 e g p N e i g h b o r L o s s E G P I P 6 e n t e r p r i s e S p e c i f i c t r a p 25-30 trap t c p d u m p t r a p s u n S N M P c o l d S t a r t t r a p t r a b s d i t r a p t c p d u m p 25-1 t r a p t r a p s n m p i a u t h e n t i c a t i o n F a i l u r e t r a p 25-31 25-31 t c p d u m p SNMP trap U D P S N M P 161 s n m p 162 s n m p - t r a p C = t r a p s t r a p ISODE SNMP
25 SNMP 291 1 Tr a p 2 8 2 Tr a p 2 9 P D U E : u n i x. 1. 2. 5 s y s O b j i e c t I D 25-6 1. 3. 6. 1. 4. 1 i s o. o r g. d o d. i n t e r n e t. p r i v a t e. e n t e r p a r s e s 1. 3. 6. 1. 4. 1. 4. 1. 2. 5 u n i x. a g e n t s. f o u r B S D - i s o d e. 5 I S O D E t r a p I P 140. 252. 13. 33 1 t r a p c o l d S t a r t 2 a u t h e n t i c a t i o n F a i l u r e t r a p 0 4 25-30 t r a p 0 20 1 907 T i m e T i c k s t r a p t r a t r a p 200 ms t c p d u m p 2 t r a 1 t r a p 18. 86 s 1907 200 ms 2 5-2 t r a p 25.11 ASN.1 BER S N M P A S N. 1 Abstract Syntax Notation 1 S N M P B E R Basic Encoding Rule S N M P A S N. 1 B E R S N M P [Rose 1990] 8 A S N. 1 B E R A S N. 1 M I B S N M P A S N. 1 S M I i p A d d r e s s A S N. 1 IpAddress ::= [APPLICATION 0] -- in network-byte order IMPLICIT OCTET STRING (SIZE (4)) M I B S E Q U E N C E SEQUENCE OF A S N. 1 S N M P B E R 64 B E 3 1 A S N. 1 B E R S N M P
292 TCP/IP 1 25.12 SNMPv2 1 993 S N M P 11 R F C RFC 1441 [Case et al. 1993] S N M P v 2 [Stallings 1993; Rose 1994] S N M P v 2 S N M P v 2 B. 3 [Rose 1994] 1994 S N M P v 1 S N M P v 2 1) S N M P v 2 g e t - b u l k - r e q u e s t 2) i n f o r m - r e q u e s t 3) M I B SNMPv2 MIB SNMPv2-M2M MIB M I B 4) SNMPv2 S N M P v 1 S N M P v 1 SNMP v2 S N M P v 2 S N M P [Routhier 1993] S N M P v 1 S N M P v 2 25.13 S N M P S N M P S N M P - M I B S N M P S N M P S N M P g e t - n e x t S N M P S N M P s y s t e m i n t e r f a c e address translation I P I C M P T C P U D P M T U S N M P t r a p A S N. 1 B E R S N M P S N M P 25.1 U D P 161 1 62 25.2 g e t - n e x t
26 Telnet Rlogin 26.1 Remote Login I n t e r n e t T C P / I P 1) Te l n e t T C P / I P Te l n e t 2) Rlogin U n i x U n i x Te l n e t R l o g i n R l o g i n R l o g i n Te l n e t I n t e r n e t 1969 A R PA N E T telecommunication network protocol 26-1 Te l n e t R l o g i n Telnet Telnet shell TCP 26-1 - Telnet 1) Te l n e t T C P / I P T C P 2) Te l n e t pseudo-terminal device U n i x ( s h e l l ) Te l n e t
294 TCP/IP 1 3) T C P Te l n e t R l o g i n 4) 26-1 T C P / I P Te l n e t 5) Te l n e t R l o g i n Te l n e t R l o g i n 26-2 Te l n e t R l o g i n Telnet Telnet Rlogin Rlogin 26-2 Telnet/ Rlogin/ / Te l n e t Te l n e t Te l n e t R l o g i n [Paxson 1993] 1 : 20 26.2 Rlogin R l o g i n 4. 2 B S D U n i x R l o g i n Te l n e t R l o g i n U n i x RFC 1282 [Kantor 1991] R l o g i n R I P R F C R l o g i n [Stevens 1990] 15 R l o g i n [ C o m e r Stevens 1993] 25 26 Te l n e t
26 Telnet Rlogin 295 26.2.1 R l o g i n T C P T C P 1) 4 a 0 b 0 c 0 d / 0 v i 2) 0 3) password: 60 (home directory). r h o s t s [Curry 1992] R l o g i n 4. 4 B S D K e r b e r o s K e r b e r o s K e r b e r o s [Curry 1992] K e r b e r o s 4) 19. 2 N a g l e 19. 4 T C P 26.2.2 R l o g i n S TO P START A S C I I C o n t r o l S C o n t r o l Q C o n t r o l _ S
296 TCP/IP 1 26-3 Rlogin Rlogin Control_S 26-3 STOP/START C o n t r o l _ S C o n t r o l _ S C o n t r o l _ Q e m a c s C o n t r o l _ S C o n t r o l _ C 26.2.3 D E L E T E C o n t r o l _ C 26-3 T C P C o n t r o l _ S T C P u rgent mode 26.2.4 U n i x R l o g i n 26.2.5 T C P R l o g i n 4 T C P T C P 20. 8 26-4 4 T C P (flush output)
26 Telnet Rlogin 297 0 x 0 2 ( p e n d i n g o u t p u t ) 0 x 1 0 0 x 2 0 0 x 8 0 26-4 Rlogin 20-14 0 3 26.2.6 0 x 80 26-4 T C P 0 x ff A S C I I s 4 16 bit 25 80X Y 16 b i t 0 R l o g i n in-band signaling 0 x ff 0 x ff R l o g i n 0 x ff A S C I I s 8 2 6-4 R l o g i n A P I out-of-band data (out-of-band signaling) 20. 8 T C P 0 x ff
298 TCP/IP 1 1 : 20 26.2.7 R l o g i n R l o g i n ( t i l d e ) ~ 4 1) 2) C o n t r o l _ D 3) C o n t r o l _ Z 4) C o n t r o l _ Y U n i x 26.3 Rlogin R l o g i n 19-2 R l o g i n 26.3.1 2 6-5 b s d i s v r 4 R l o g i n ( T C P 1 ~ 9 0 1 3 3 3 r s t e v e n s r s t e v e n s i b m p c 3 / 9600 0 5 7 T C P ( S V R 4 ) 1 12 0 x ff 2 s4 16 bit 4 10, 12, 14 1 6 ( g r e e t i n g ) 18 7 s v r 4 19-2 R l o g i n ~
26 Telnet Rlogin 299 2 6-5 1023 I A N A 1. 9 R l o g i n 1024 U n i x [ S t e v e n s 1 9 9 0 ] 1 0 1 0 0x80: shell 26-5 Rlogin 26.3.2 T C P T C P s u n b s d i C o n t r o l _ S D E L E T E
300 TCP/IP 1 sun % rlogin bsdi bsdi % cat /usr/share/misc/termcap C o n t r o l _ S ^? bsdi % 1) C o n t r o l _ S 2) R l o g i n 3) T C P 4) T C P T C P 0 5) 0 6) R l o g i n R l o g i n c a t 7) c a t c a 8) c a t T C P T C P 9) c a t R l o g i n R l o g i n R l o g i n 0 x 02 2 6-6 Rlogin 4096 Rlogin 4096 Rlogin Rlogin 26-6 Rlogin 4096 26-7 1 ~ 3 1024 T C P 4 A C K 1024 5 6 5 A C K 349 0 0 20. 3
26 Telnet Rlogin 301 6 A C K 5 349 7 A C K 0 8 9 0 c a t T C P 10 0 x 02 30146 1 10 3419 26727 3 0145 10 26727 22. 2 10 T C P 11 0 T C P 26-7 Rlogin
302 TCP/IP 1 R l o g i n T C P 13 14, 15, 17 1 8 18 30146 14 1 5 1 7 1 8 19 ^? 21 3419 4096 4096 26.4 Telnet Te l n e t RFC 854 [Postel Reynolds 1983a] N V T Network Virtual Te r m i n a ln V T N V T N V T N V T N V T 26.4.1 NVT ASCII NVT ASCII 7 A S C I I NVT ASCII 7 8 0 C R L F \ r \ n C R C N U L 0 \ r \ 0 F T P, SMTP, Finger W h o i s NVT ASCII 26.4.2 Telnet Te l n e t 0 x f f 2 5 5 I A C interpret as command 255 255 N V T A S C I I 7 b i t 255 Te l n e t Te l n e t R F C 856 [ P o s t e l Reynolds 1983b] 8 b i t 26-8 Te l n e t
26 Telnet Rlogin 303 ( ) E O F 2 3 6 S U S P 2 3 7 A B O RT 2 3 8 E O R 2 3 9 S E 2 4 0 N O P 2 4 1 D M 2 4 2 B R K 2 4 3 I P 2 4 4 A O 2 4 5 AY T 2 4 6 E C 2 4 7 E L 2 4 8 G A 2 4 9 S B 2 5 0 W I L L 251 26-9 W O N T 2 5 2 D O 2 5 3 D O N T 2 5 4 I A C 255 255 26-8 IAC 255 Telnet 26.4.3 Te l n e t N V T Te l n e t 1. W I L L 4 D O 2. W I L L 1) WILL D O N T 3. D O ( e n a b l e ) W I L L 2) DO 4. D O W O N T 5. W O N T 3) WONT D O N T 6. D O N T 4) DON T W O N T Te l n e t 26-9 Telnet 6 1 2 3 4 4 6 26-9 3 I A C WILL, DO, WONT D O N T
304 TCP/IP 1 I D ( ) R F C 40 A s s i g n e d 1 857 Number RFC 3 8 58 R F C 26-5 859 10 6 860 24 1091 Te l n e t Te l n e t 31 1073 32 1079 33 1372 34 1184 36 1408 Te l n e t 26-10 Telnet 26.4.4 A S C I I R F C 1 0 9 1 [ VanBokkelen 1989] 3 <IAC, WILL, 24> 24 I D <IAC, DO, 24> <IAC, SB, 24, 1, IAC, SE> S B 24 S B 1 I A C S B i b m p c IAC, SB, 24, 0 I, B, M, P, C, IAC, SE 4 0 Assigned Numbers RFC U n i x t e r m c a p t e r m i n f o Te l n e t 26.4.5 Te l n e t 4 1.
26 Telnet Rlogin 305 Te l n e t N V T GO AHEAD G A N V T N V T RFC 857 [Postel Reynolds 1983c] E C H O RFC 858 [Postel Reynolds 1983d] SUPPRESS GO AHEAD 2. R l o g i n Te l n e t SUPPRESS GO AHEAD DO SUPPRESS GO AHEAD WILL SUPPRESS GO AHEAD WILL ECHO 3. kludge line mode RFC 858 R F C E C H O SUPPRESS GO AHEAD Te l n e t 4. RFC 1184[Borman 1990] Te l n e t 2 6-11 Te l n e t c h a r k l u d g e l i n e m o d e RFC 1184 26-11 Telnet B S D / 386 4. 4 B S D
306 TCP/IP 1 26.4.6 Te l n e t Data Mark 26-8 D M T C P D M Te l n e t Te l n e t D M T C P T C P T C P Te l n e t Te l n e t 26.4.7 R l o g i n Te l n e t C o n t r o l _] c o n t r o l ^ ] t e l n e t > U n i x h e l p 26.5 Telnet Te l n e t 26.5.1 R l o g i n B S D / 386 S V R 4 t c p d u m p 26-12 S E N T R C V D 1) SUPPRESS GO AHEAD GO AHEAD D O G A 10 2) RFC 1091[VanBokkelen 1989] U n i x W I L L
26 Telnet Rlogin 307 26-12 Telnet 3) NAW S RFC 1073 [Wa i t z m a n ] 11 26-4 R l o g i n 0 x 80 4) TSPEED RFC 1079 [Hedrick 1988b] 12 5) LFLOW RFC1371 [Hedrick Borman 1992] 13 C o n t r o l _ S C o n t r o l _ Q 26-4 R l o g i n 0 x 10 0 x 20 R l o g i n 6) LINEMODE 26. 4 Te l n e t 14 7) ENVIRON RFC 1408 [Borman
308 TCP/IP 1 1993 a ] 15 U n i x BSD/386 Te l n e t D I S P L AY P R I N T E R Te l n e t 8) STAT U S RFC 859 [Postel Reynolds 1983e] Te l n e t D O 16 9) U n i x 17 10) GO AHEAD 11) 12) 13) 14) 15) 16) 17) 18) I B M P C 3 6 19) 20) 21) U n i x Te l n e t 4. 2 B S D B S D WILL ECHO 4. 2 B S D T C P T C 22) WONT ECHO 4. 2 B S D 23) WONT ECHO DONT ECHO 2 6-13 1 26-12 1 ~ 8 24 3 Te l n e t T C P 3 26-12 9 DO TERMINAL TYPE 5 8 26-12 10 ~ 17 2 10 ~ 16 3 17 6 12 18 8 5 3 Te l n e t 47 Te l n e t 6 WILL ECHO DO ECHO 1 9 2 1 47
26 Telnet Rlogin 309 \r\n\r\nunix(r) System V Release 4.0 (svr4) \r\n\r\0\r\n\r\0 4 \ r \ n Te l n e t \ r \ 0 Te l n e t I A C 26-13 Telnet 9 20 2 2 23 10 12 l o g i n : 14 15 19. 2 R l o g i n 2 6-1 2 Te l n e t d a y t i m e ( e c h o ) T C P
310 TCP/IP 1 18-1 U n i x Te l n e t 23 Te l n e t N V T Te l n e t ( d i s c a r d ) FTP SMTP 26.5.2 Te l n e t b s d i v a n g o g h. v s. b e r k e l e y. e d u 4. 4 B S D B S D / 386 4. 4 B S 1) B S D / 386 4. 4 B S D 2) 4. 4 B S D B S D / 386 3) WILL LINEMODE DO LINEMODE 16 Te l n e t C o n t r o l _ C C o n t r o l _ C C o n t r o l _ C Te l n e t I P <IAC, IP> 4) R l o g i n Te l n e t (a) WILL ECHO (b) DO ECHO (c) P a s s w o r d: (d) R E T U R N (e) R E T U R N C R L F (f) WONT ECHO (g) DONT ECHO
26 Telnet Rlogin 311 26-14 Vangogh % d a t e 26-14 Telnet R l o g i n 19-2 Te l n e t 2 A C K I P T C P 86 R l o g i n 15 5 5 A C K 611 v i 1) Te l n e t WILL ECHO 2) DO ECHO 3) N a g l e 4) Te l n e t WONT ECHO 5) DONT ECHO 2 6-15 R l o g i n Te l n e t
312 TCP/IP 1 R l o g i n Te l n e t Te l n e t Te l n e t Te l n e t v i 26-15 Rlogin Telnet 26.5.3 26-11 (Kludge line mode) Te l n e t B S D / 386 1) DO TIMING M A R K RFC 860 [Postel Reynolds 1983f] Te l n e t 2) WILL TIMING MARK 3) WONT SUPPRESS GO AHEAD WONT ECHO SUPPRESS GO AHEAD E C H O 4) DONT SUPPRESS GO AHEAD DONT ECHO 5) l o g i n : 6) P a s s w o r d : WILL ECHO DO ECHO 7) 8) WONT ECHO DONT 26-11 c h a r sun svr 4 Control Telnet ( )
26 Telnet Rlogin 313 WONT Te l n e t SUPPRESS GO AHEAD E C H O v i 1) WILL SUPPRESS GO AHEAD WILL ECHO 2) DO SUPPRESS GO AHEAD WILL ECHO 3) 4) WONT SUPPRESS GO A H E A D WONT ECHO 5) DONT SUPPRESS GO AHEAD DONT ECHO 2 6-16 SUPPRESS GO AHEAD E C H O SUPPRESS GO AHEAD E C H O v i 26-16 Telnet 26.5.4 Te l n e t b s d i c a n g o g h. c s. b e r k e l e y. e d u Te l n e t 26-17 1 C o n t r o l _ C D E L E T E Te l n e t I P <IAC, IP> 3 <IAC, DO, TM> Te l n e t DO TIMING MARK W I L L W O N T Te l n e t 1 T C P Host Requirements RFC I P Te l n e t <IAC, IP> <IAC, DM> D M Unix Telnet I P
314 TCP/IP 1 26-17 2 DO TIMING MARK 3 4 Te l n e t <IAC, DM> 3 4 D M 1 I P T C P 2 3 4 26-7 R l o g i n 3 4 20. 8 T C P R F C 2 26-6 Te l n e t 1 1 D M I A C D M 6 26.6 R l o g i n Te l n e t R l o g i n U n i x 1 Te l n e t Te l n e t Te l n e t Te l n e t 3 2 6-18 R l o g i n Te l n e t
26 Telnet Rlogin 315 26-18 Rlogin Telnet R l o g i n Te l n e t T C P T C P 23 T C P R l o g i n Te l n e t T C P T C P 26.1 26-5 A C K 26.2 26-7 12 K e r b e r o s 26.3 R l o g i n 1. 9 R l o g i 512 ~ 1023 26.4 RFC 1097 Te l n e t ( s u b l i m i n a l - m e s s a g e )
27 FTP 27.1 F T P I n t e r n e t file transfer (file access) F T P N F S S u n 29 F T P F T P F T P Te l n e t F T P Te l n e t 7 A S C I I N V T F T P F T P A S C I I 959 [Postel Reynolds 1985] F T P 27.2 FTP F T P T C 1) F T P 21 T C P 2 I P 2) I P 2 7-1 F T P 27.2.1 F T P
27 FTP 317 ( F T P ) ( F T P ) 1. 27-1 (a) ASCII NVT ASCII NVT ASCII NVT ASCII NVT ASCII C R L F 15. 2 T F I P A S C I I (b) EBCDIC E B C D I C (c) (d) 8 bit 8 bit 2. A S C I I E B C D I C (a) (b) (c) Fortran F o r t r a n 3. a b A S C I I E B C D I C c TO P S - 20 R F C 4. a b c
318 TCP/IP 1 0 F T P 72 U n i x FTP A S C I I A S C I I R F C R F C U n i x U n i x F T P R F C F T P F T P 27.2.2 FTP NVT ASCII C R L F Te l n e t I A C < I A C, I P > Te l n e t < I A C, D M > Te l n e t Te l n e t W I L L W O N T D O D O N T DONT W O N T 3 4 A S C I I F T P 30 27-2 A B O R LIST f i l e l i s t PASS p a s s w o rd P O RT n1,n2,n3,n4,n5,n6 Q U I T RETR f i l e n a m e S TOR f i l e n a m e S Y S T TYPE t y p e USER u s e r n a m e F T P I P n1.n2.n3.n4 n5 2 56 +n6 A A S C I I I 27-2 FTP F T P F T P
27 FTP 319 27.2.3 FTP A S C I I 3 3 28 S M T P 2 7-3 1 2 1 y z 2 y z 3 y z 4 y z 5 y z x 0 z x 1 z x 2 z x 3 z x 4 z x 5 z 27-3 3 1 2 3 125 200 214 331 425 452 500 501 502 M O D E ( ) F T P Q U I T 221 Goodbye. 1 3 3 HELP
320 TCP/IP 1 27.2.4 1) 2) 3) F T P U n i x 1) 2) 3) P O RT 4) 20 2 7-4 3 117 1174 P O RT 6 A S C I I 4 I P 140. 252. 13. 34 16 bit 16 bit 4 256+150 = 1174 2 7-5 20 FTP 1173 1174 IP FTP 1173 1174 IP 140.252.13.34 FTP 21 27-4 FTP PORT SYN 140.252.13.34, 1174 FTP 21 20 27-5 FTP
27 FTP 321 P O RT 20 21 27.3 FTP F T P NVT ASCII F T P Te l n e t F T P 27.3.1 F T P F T d d e b u g s v r 4 --- > 3 f t p > svr4 % ftp -d bsdi Connected to bsdi. -d 220 bsdi FTP server (Version 5.60) ready Name (bsdi:rstevens): ---> USER rstevens R E T U R N 331 Password required for rstevens. P a s s w o r d : ---> PASS XXXXXXXX 230 User rstevens logged in. ftp> dir hello.c ---> PORT 140,252,13,34,4,150 27-4 200 PORT Command successful. ---> LIST hello.c 150 Opening ASCII mode data connection for /bin/ls. -rw-r--r-- 1 rstevens staff 38 Jul 17 12:47 hello.c 226 Transfer complete. remote: hello.c 56 bytes received in 0.03 seconds (1.8 Kbytes/s) ftp> q u i t ---> QUIT 221 Goodbye F T P R E T U R N 27-4 27-5 T C P P O RT 1174 d i r F T P P O RT L I S T
322 TCP/IP 1 2 7-6 2 7-7 27-6 ( TO S ) 3-2 F T P 20 f t p - d a t a P O RT 1174 27-6 FTP
27 FTP 323 27-7 FTP 27.3.2 P O RT Unix FTP Host Requirements RFC F T P PORT 27-6 1 1175 s v r 4 1175 b s d i 20 27-7 18. 6 20 2 M S L 18. 6 S O _ R E U S E A D D R 20 2 M S L 1174 1175 P O RT s e n d p o r t F T P Unix FTP P O RT 2 7-8 L I S T s v r 4 11 76 P O RT 1) 1176 21
324 TCP/IP 1 ( 1 LIST ) ( bsdi.ftp-data svr4.1176 TCP ) ( 2 LIST ) 27-8 LIST 2) 1176 S O _ R E U S E A D D R 3) 20 1176 1 1176 2 <svr4, 1176, bsdi, 21> <svr4, 1176, bsdi, 20> b s d i T C P I P I 4 4) 5 2 M S L <svr4, 1176, bsdi, 20> 5) L I S T 1176 S O _ R E U S E A D D R 1176
27 FTP 325 6) 20 1176 S O _ R E U S E A D D R 20 2 M S L 18. 6 (socket pair) 4 2 M S L T C P S Y N 2 M S L B S D 5 18 90 9 1 18 S V R 4 30 M S L M S L 1 S Y N T C P S Y Host Requirements RFC P O RT 2 M S L 27.3.3 NVT ASCII NVT ASCII - d sun % ftp bsdi Connected to bsdi. 220 bsdi FTP server (Version 5.60) ready. Name (bsdi:retevens); 331 Password required for rstevens. Passord : 230 User rstevens logged in. ftp> get hello.c R E T U R N 200 PORT command successful. 150 Opening ASCII mode data connection for hello.c (38 bytes). 226 Transfer complete. 38 local: hello.c remote: hello.c 42 bytes received in 0.0037 seconds (11 Kbytes/s) 42 f t p > q u i t 221 Goodbye. Sun % ls -l hello.c -rw-rw-r-- 1 rstevens 38 Jul 18 08:48 hello.c 38 sun % wc -l hello.c 4 hello.c 4 42 U n i x \ n NVT ASCII 2 \ r \ n A S C I I 1) 2 ) 2 NVT ASCII B S D / 386 d e b u g
326 TCP/IP 1 F T P bsdi & ftp -d slip Connected to slip. 220 slip FTP server (Version 5.60) ready. Name (slip:rstevens): ---> USER rstevns 331 Password required for rstevens. Password : - d R E T U R N ---> PASS XXXX 230 User rstevns logged in. ---> SYST 215 UNIX Type: L8 Version : BSD-199103 Remote system type is UNIX. Using binary mode to transfer files. ftp> get hello.c ---> TYPE I 200 Type set to I. ---> PORT 140,252,13,66,4,84 = 4 2 56 + 84 = 1108 200 PORT command successful. ---> RETR hello.c 150 Opening BINARY mode data connection for hello.c (38 bytes). 226 Transefer complete. 38 bytes received in 0.035 seconds (1.1 Kbytes/s) 38 ftp> q u i t ---> QUIT 221 Goodbye. F T P S Y S T 215 UNIX Type : L8 8 bit U n i x h e l l o. c TYPE I 38 Host Requirements RFC FTP SYST RFC 959 2 B S D / 386 AIX 3.2.2 SunOS 4.1.3 Solaris 2.x 500 SVR4 500 27.3.4 Telnet F T P A B O R Te l n e t
27 FTP 327 ftp> get a.out ---> TYPE I 8 bit U n i x 200 Type set to I. ---> PORT 140,252,13,66,4,99 200 PORT command successful. ---> RETR a.out 150 Opening BINARY mode data connection for a.out (28672 bytes). ^? receive aborted waiting for remote to finish abort 426 Transfer aborted. Data connection closed. 226 Abort successful 1536 bytes received in 1.7 seconds (0.89 Kbytes/s) 426 2 26 Unix A B O R 2 7-9 27-10 1 27-9 2 7-9 12 1
328 TCP/IP 1 27-10 27-10 13 6 14 10 < I A C, I P, I A C, D M, A, B, O, R, \ r, \ n > 20. 8 14 1 5 T C P 26-17 Te l n e t Host Requirements RFC D M 54 F T P 3 7 BSD FTP F T P A B O R S TAT Te l n e t 18 14 1537 ~ 5120
27 FTP 329 1536 14 1 5 Te l n e t 26-17 U n i x F T P F T P Te l n e t F T P Te l n e t F T P 27.3.5 FTP F T P F T F T P 30. 4 F T P f t p. u u. n e t F T P F T P a n o n y m o u s sun % ftp ftp.uu.net Connected to ftp.uu.net 220 ftp.uu.net FTP server (Version 2.0WU(13) Fri Apr 9 20:44:32 EDT 1993) ready Name (ftp.uu.net:rstevens): a n o n y m o u s 331 Guest login ok, send your complete e-mail addraess as password. Password : 2 3 0-230- Welcome to the UUNET archive. r s t e v e n s @ n o a o. e d u 230- A service of UUNET Technologies Inc, Falls Church, Virginia 230- For information about UUNET, call +1 703 204 8000, or see the files 230- in /uunet-info 230 Guest login ok, access restrictions apply. ftp> cd published/books 250 CWD command successful. ftp> b i n a r y 200 Type set to I. ftp> get stevens.tcpipivl.errata.z 200 PORT command successful. 150 Opening BINARY mode data connection for stevens.tcpipivl.errata.z (150 bytes). 226 Transfer complete. ( ) local: stevens.tcpipivl.errata.z remote: stevens.tcpipivl.errata.z 105 bytes received in 4.1 seconds (0.83 Kbytes/s) ftp> q u i t 221 Goodbye. sun % uncompress stevens.tcpipivl.errata.z sun % more stevens.tcpipivl.errata
330 TCP/IP 1 F T P Unix compress( 1 ). Z A S C I I 27.3.6 IP FTP F T P D N S 14. 5 D N S I P t r a c e r o u t e I P F T P I P I D N S 1) s l i p 2 I P 140. 252. 13. 67 I P n o a o. e d u 2) b s d i S L I P I P 140. 252. 13. 67 3) 140. 252. 13. 67 s u n b s d i 9. 2 I n t e r n e t s l i p 10. 4 g a t e w a y n e t b 140. 252. 13 s u n s u n 3 I n t e r n e t I P 140. 252. 13. 67 F T P
27 FTP 331 27.4 F T P I n t e r n e t T C P T C P F T P T C T C P P O RT 2 M S L F T P NVT ASCII NVT ASCII U n i x 8 b i t U n i x F T P I n t e r n e t 27.1 2 7-8 2 27.2 F T P local: hello.c remote: hello.c 42 bytes received in 0.0037 seconds (11 Kbytes/s)
28 SMTP: 28.1 e - m a i l [Caceres et al.1991] T C P SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol) F T P [Paxson 1993] 1500 2 8-1 T C P / I P TCP TCP 25 28-1 Internet user agent U n i x M H Berkeley Mail, Elm M u s h T C P M TA Message Transfer Agent U n i x M TA S e n d m a i l M TA M TA M TA T C P RFC 821 [Postel 1982] S M T P T C M TA RFC 822 [Crocker 1982] M TA RFC 821 28.2 SMTP M TA NVT ASCII F T P 12 F T P 40 28.2.1 S M T P -v
28 SMTP 333 S e n d m a i l M TA S M T P > > > S M T P 3 S M T P MTA(Sendmail) 5 S M T P H E L O M A I L R C T P D ATA Q U I T m a i l s u b j e c t M TA M TA T C P 25 220 n o a o. e d u S e n d m a i l H E L O s u n. t u c. n o a o. e d u M A I L R C P T R C P T D ATA Q U I T 2 8-2 S M T P S M T P S M T 1 2 3 12 393 12 393
334 TCP/IP 1 Received: M e s s a g e - I d: M TA 28-2 SMTP 28.2.2 SMTP S M T P 8 5 H E L O M A I L R C P T D ATA Q U I T R S E T
28 SMTP 335 V R F Y N O O P O K 200 E X P N V R F Y S e n d m a i l 4.4BSD S e n d m a i l 8 V R F Y.forward T U R N T C P S e n d m a i l S E N D S O M L S A M L M A I L 28.2.3 1) e n v e l o p e M TA S M T P MAIL From: <rstevens@sun.tuc.noao.edu> RCPT To: <estevens@noao.edu> RFC 821 T C P 2) 9 R e c e i v e d M e s s a g e - I d F r o m D a t a R e p l y - T o X - P h o n e X - M a i l e r T o S u b j e c t RFC 822 X RFC 822 R e c e i v e d 3) b o d y RFC 822 NVT ASCII D ATA D 1000 M TA M TA M TA c o n t e n t D ATA 28.2.4 M TA 1 Connecting to mailhost via ether M TA M TA S e n d m a i l M TA. t u c. n o a o. e d u m a i l h o s t h o s t D N S
336 TCP/IP 1 sun % host mailhost mailhost.tuc.noao.edu CNAME noao.edu noao.edu A 140.252.1.54 I P D N S 28-3 I n t e r n e t 28-2 MTA MTA MTA MTA Internet MTA MTA MTA MTA 28-3 Internet 4 M TA M M TA M TA m a i l h o s t S M T P M TA I n t e r n e t M TA M TA M M TA S M T P
28 SMTP 337 28.2.5 NVT ASCII S M T P NVT ASCII 26. 4 7 bit 8 bit 0 2 8. 4 I n t e r n e t S M T P M I M E M I M E NVT ASCII 28.2.6 M TA M Host Requirements RFC 30 4 ~ 5 1 28.3 SMTP M X V R F Y E X P N 28.3.1 MX Internet 1 4. 6 D N S M X M X I n t e r n e t RFC 974 [Partridge 1986 ] M TA M X m l f a r m. c o m I n t e r n e t M X I n t e r n e t M X M TA v MTA ( ) MX SMTP
338 TCP/IP 1 M TA M X M X s u n s u n n o a o. e d u S L I P t c p d u m p S L I P D N S 28-4 t c p d u m p 28-4 MX 1 M TA m l f a r m. c o m M X 2 + 2 * R R M X 0 R R R R I P 3 ~ 5 m e r c u r y. h s i. c o m S M T P T C P 220 6 m e r c u r y. h s i. c o m m l f a r m. c o I n t e r n e t M X U U C P M TA M X M TA D N S RFC 974 M TA M X D N S I P M TA D N S C N A M B S D / 3 8 6 r s t e v e n s @ m a i l h o s t. t u c. n o a o. e d u M TA S e n d m a i l 1) Sendmail D N S m a i l h o s t. t u c. n o a o. e d u C N A M E C N A M E sun % host -t cname mailhost.tuc.noao.edu mailhost.tuc.noao.edu CNAME noao.edu 2) n o a o. e d u C N A M E D N S 3) Sendmail D N S n o a o. e d u M X sun % host -t mx noao.edu noao.edu M X n o a o. e d u 4) Sendmail D N S n o a o. e d u A I P 140. 252. 1. 54 A n o a o. e d u 3 M X R R 5) 140. 252. 1. 54 S M T P C N A M E M X n o a o. e d u M X
28 SMTP 339 A DNS SunOS 4.1.3 Sendmail MX MX 28.3.2 MX M X s u n D N S M X M X n o a o. e d u S M T P v a n g o g h. c s. b e r k e l e y. e d u s u n. t u c. n o a o. e d u 25 T C P RST SMTP M TA s u n. t u c. n o a o. e d u n o a o. e d 2 8-5 T C P R S T S Y N t c p d u m p 28-5 SMTP 1 v a n g o g h s u n 1 I P 140.252.1.29 25 S Y N 2 v a n g o g h S M T P s u n 2 I P 140. 252. 13. 33 3 R S T 4 S M T P 1 2 I P 1 host unreachable( ) 2 S M T P I P 140. 252. 1. 29 S Y N 75 18-6 I P 140. 252. 13. 33 75 3 S Y N 1 50 M X
340 TCP/IP 1 28.3.3 VRFY EXPN V R F Y O K E X P N S M T P S e n d m a i l S e n d m a i l S e n d m a i l Te l n e t H E L O b s d i s u n S M T P I P D N S 14. 5 I P I P V R F Y 550 E X P N E X P N V R F Y E X P N S M T P 28.4 SMTP I n t e r n e t I n t e r n e t S M T P A S C I I M I M E
28 SMTP 341 28.4.1 SMTP RFC 1425 [Klensin 1993a] S M T P S M T P E S M T P E H L O H E L O 250 S M T P R F C I A N A 4 S M T P 3 S M T P Te l n e t Te l n e t 220 E H L O 250 E X P N S I Z E H E L P RFC 821 E S M T P RFC 821 S I Z E RFC 1427 [Klensin, Freed Moore 1993] MAIL FROM A S C I I I n t e r n e t E S M T P 250 S I Z E 461 8 B I T M I M E RFC 1426 [Klensin 1993 a ] B O D Y MAIL FROM NVT ASCII 8 bit E H L O 8 B I T M I M E NVT ASCII M I M E M I M 8 bit X A D R X S M T P
342 TCP/IP 1 E S M T P H E L P S I Z E X E H L O E H L O E S M T P E H L O 500 250 R S E T H E L O 28.4.2 ASCII RFC 1522 [Moore 1993] RFC 822 A S C I I (coded word) =?c h a r s e t?e n c o d i n g?e n c o d e d - t e x t? = c h a r s e t u s - a s c i i i s o - 8859 - x x i s o - 8859-1 e n c o d i n g 1) Q q u o t e d - p r i n t a b l e NVT ASCII 0 8 1 3 1 = 8 b i t 0 x e 9 = E 9 = 20 A S C I I 2) B 64 3 24 b i t 4 6 bit 6 b i t 64 NVT ASCII 28-6 3 = RFC 1522
28 SMTP 343 6 bit A S C I I 6 bit A S C I I 6 bit A S C I I 6 bit A S C I I 28-6 6 bit 64 64 S W Y g 28-6 4 6 bit S = 0 x 12, W = 0 x 16, Y = 0 x 18 g = 0 x 20 010010 010110 011000 100000 24 bit 3 8 bit 01001001 01100110 00100000 =0x49 =0x66 =0x20 I f A S C I I 28.4.3 Internet RFC 822 NVT ASCII RFC 1521 [Borenstein Freed 1993] M I M E I n t e r n e t M I M E S M T P A S C I I M I M E RFC 822 NVT ASCII M I M E SMTP SIZE M I M E A S C I I M I M E M I M E M I M E M TA M I M E 5 M i m e - V e r s i o n : C o n t e n t - T y p e : C o n t e n t - T r a n s f e r - E n c o d i n g :
344 TCP/IP 1 C o n t e n t - I D : C o n t e n t - D e s c r i p t i o n : I n t e r n e t Mime-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: TEXT/PLAIN; charset=us-ascii M I M E 1. 0 A S C I I I n t e r n e t P L A I N T E X T c h a r s e t = U S - A S C I I Te x t M I M E 7 28 - RFC 1521 16 t e x t p l a i n r i c h t e x t e n r i c h e d r i c h t e x t m u l t i p a r t m i x e d p a r a l l e l d i g e s t a l t e n a t i v e m e s s a g e r f c 822 RFC 822 p a r t i a l e x t e r n a l - b o d y a p p l i c a t i o n o c t e t - s t r e a m p o s t s c r i p t P o s t S c r i p t i m a g e j p e g ISO 10918 g i f C o m p u S e r v e a u d i o b a s i c 8 bit ISDN v i d e o m p e g ISO 111 7 2 28-7 MIME C o n t e n t - Ty p e C o n t e n t - Tr a n s f e r- E n c o d i n g RFC 1521 5 1) 7bit NVT ASCII 2) quoted-printable A S C I I 8 bit 1 3) base64 28-6 4) 8bit A S C I I 8 b i t 1 5) binary 8 bit RFC 821 MTA 5 3 N V T A S C I I 8 B I T M I M E S M T P 8 b i t R F C 1521 A S C I I t e x t q u o t e d - p r i n t a b l e i m a g e a u d i o v i d e o octet-stream application b a s e 64 RFC 821 M TA m u l t i p a r t m e s s a g e 7 b i t
28 SMTP 345 m u l t i p a r t 28-8 R F C m i x e d N e x t P a r t 1 1 2 u s - a s c i i t e x t / p l a i n R F C 2 m u l t i p a r t O t h e r A c c e s s a l t e r n a t i v e 1 O t h e r A c c e s s R F C 2 F T P M I M E F T P R F C 1 RFC 2 28-8 MIME multipart
346 TCP/IP 1 M I M E M I M E RFC 1521 [ R o s e 1 9 9 3 ] 28.5 S M T P I n t e r n e t NVT ASCII A S C I I S M T P M I M E M I M E 7bit SMTP MTA 28.1 RFC 822 domain literal 28.2 28.3 T C P S M T P T C P H E L O M A I L R C P T D ATA Q U I T 28.4 S M T P 28.5 M X
29 29.1 N F S N F S Sun RPC R P N F S N F S N F S R P C N F S I n t e r n e t U D P 29.2 Sun T C P T C P T C P T C P k e e p a l i v e 1. 15 A P I ( s o c k e t ) T L I A P I T C P / I P C T C P U n i x C O B O L A P I T C P P i n g Tr a c e r o u t e D N S T F T P B O O T P S N M P Te l n e t F T P S M T P RPC (Remote Procedure Call) 1) R P C s t u b 2) 3) 4) T L I A P I R P C
348 TCP/IP 1 A P I R P C R P C 1) 2) U D P R P C 3) RPC R P C R P C [Stevens 1990] 18 R P C Sun RPC O S F D C E R P C R P Sun RPC Sun RPC 2 RFC 1057 [Sun Microsystems 1988a] Sun RPC Sun RPCIP A P I T C P U D P T I - R P C TLI API (XID) (0) T C P U D P 2 9-1 U D P Sun RPC R P C I P U D P 3-1 11-2 U D P R P C X I D X I D X I D 29-1 RPC UDP R P C X I D R P C X I D UDP RPC (2) 20 400 400 ( c a l l ) 0 1 R P C 2
29 349 ( c r e d e n t i a l ) IP 20 UDP ( v e r i f i e r ) D E S R P C (1) Sun RPC (0= ) 400 (procedure parameter) (0= ) U D P U D P U D P T C P T C P 29-2 RPC UDP T C P X I D 4 R P C R P T C P D N S 14-4 2 9-2 R P C X I D X I D 1 0 R P C 2 R P C 0 U D P T C P R P C T C P X I D 4 29.3 XDR: XDR (external Data Representation) R P C R P C X I D X D R RFC 1014 [Sun Microsystems 1987] X D R R P C X D R R P C X D R 29-1 29-2 X I D 4 X D R 4 X D R 29.4 (XID) R P C
350 TCP/IP 1 R P C Sun RPC (port mapper) I n t e r n e t T C P U D P T I - R P C T C P U D P T I - R P S V R 4 Solaris 2.2 r p c b i n d U D P 111 T C P 111 R P C 100000 2 T C P 111 U D P 111 R P C R P C 1) PMAPPROC_SET R P C 2) PMAPPROC_UNSET R P C 3) PMAPPROC_GETPORT R P C 4) PMAPPROC_DUMP R P C R P C 1) T C P T C P 111 U D P U D 111 U D P 2) R P C T C P U D P R P C T C P U D P R P C P M A P P R O C _ S E T 3) R P C P M A P P R O C _ G E T P O RT 4) R P C 3 U D P R P C 29-1 U D P U D P R P C 29-2 U D P T C P T C P T C R P C R P r p c i n f o ( 8 ) P M A P P R O C _ D U M P NFS
29 351 NFS NFS mount daemon T C P 702 U D P 699 lock manager 29.5 NFS N F S F T P 27 F T P N F S N F S N F S N F S Sun RPC N F S N F R P C N F S N F S N F S N F N F S N F S R F C 1094 2 NFS [Sun Microsystems 1988b] [ X / O p e n 1991] Sun RPC X D R N F S [Stern 1991] N F S 3 N F S 1993 29. 7 2 9-3 N F S N F S 1) N F S N F S N F 2) NFS T C P / I P N F S R P C N F S U D P T C P 3) NFS 2049 U D P N F S U D P 2049 4) N F S 5) NFS N F S N F S
352 TCP/IP 1 U n i x n f s d NFS NFS TCP/UDP IP TCP/UDP IP UDP 2049 29-3 NFS NFS 6) N F S N F S R P C N F S N F S U n i x N F S b i o d U n i x N F S N F S P C M S - D O S N F S I B M N F S N F S N F S 29-4 N F S R P C 100000 2 4 N F S 100003 2 15 100005 1 5 1 00021 1, 2, 3 19 100024 1 6 29-4 NFS RPC SunOS 4.1.3 Solaris 2.2 3 4 2 SVR4 3 N F S N F S
29 353 N F S N F N F S [X/Open 1991] 9, 10 11 N F S 29.5.1 N F S (file handle) ( o p a q u e ) N F S N F N F S N F S N F S N F S 2 N F S 32 3 64 U n i x i - n o d e i - n o d i-node 29.5.2 2 9-5 U n i x m o u n t( 8 ) N F S mount (1) mountd (6) mount (2) RPC (3) RPC (4) R P C (5) RPC 29-5 Unix mount 1) 2) m o u n t d T C P
354 TCP/IP 1 U D P 3) m o u n t R P C T C P U D U D P sun 4) 5) m o u n t R P C T C P U D P bsdi U D P I P NFS 6) 7) m o u n t m o u n t 5 N F S 29-6 b s d i :/ u s r s u n / n f s / b s d i / u s r m o u n t m o u n t s u n N F S sun # mount -t nfs bsdi:/usr /nfs/bsdi/usr b s d i N F S / u s r / n f s / b s d i / u s r 29-6 s u n /nfs/bsdi/usr/rstevens/hello.c b s d i / u s r / r s t e v e n s / h e l l o. c 29.5.3 NFS N F S 15 N F S N F S U n i x U n i x [Stevens 1992] 4 U n i x N F S 1) GETAT T R 2) SETAT T R
29 355 3) STAT F S U n i x d f 4) LOOKUP N F S N F S 5) READ 8192 6) WRITE 7) CREAT E 8) REMOVE 9) RENAME 10) LINK U n i x 11) SYMLINK 12) READLINK 13) MKDIR 14) RMDIR 15) READDIR U n i x l s N F S P R O C _ 29.5.4 UDP TCP N F S U D P T C T C P N F S L A N WA N round-trip time WA N T C P U D P N F S T C P 29.5.5 TCP NFS Net/2 NFS U D P T C P [Macklem 1991] T C P 1) N F S T C P 2049 N F S NFS UDP U D P 2049 U D P 2) T C P T C 2049 T C P T C P
356 TCP/IP 1 3) T C P k e e p a l i v e 4) T C P 29-6 b s d i / u s r s m i t h / n f s / b s d i / u s r / r s t e v e n s / n f s / b s d i / u s r / s m i t h T C P 5) T C P T C P 6) T C P k e e p a l i v e k e e p a l i v e T C P T C P N F S 29.6 NFS t c p d u m p N F S t c p d u m p R P C 29-1 0 2049 U D P N F S U D P R P C 2 9-2 1 2049 t c p d u m p N F S 29.6.1 c a t ( 1 ) N F S sun % cat /nfs/bsdi/usr/rstevens/hello.c m a i n () { p r i n t f ("hello, world\n "); } 29-6 s u n N F S /nfs/bsdi/usr b s d i N F S /usr c a t s u n N F S 29-7 t c p d u m p t c p d u m p N F S X I D 1 2 X I D 0 x 7 a a 6 /nfs/bsdi/usr/rstevens/hello.c / n f s / b s d i / u s r N F S 1 G E TAT T R / u s r R P C I P U D P 104 2 O K I P U D P 96 N F S 100
29 357 29-7 NFS 3 L O O K U P r s t e v e n s 4 O K L O O K U P r s t e v e n s 5 4 h e l l o. c L O O K U P 6 7 9 / n f s / b s d i / u s r / r s t e v e n s / h e l l o. c L O O K U P 7 G E TAT T R 9 R E A D 0 1024 R P C R E A D 10 38 h e l l o. c R P C o p e n 3 R P C 3 1 ~ 6 r e a d 7 ~ 10 N F S 29.6.2 N F S sun % cd /nfs/bsdi/usr/rstevens sun % mkdir Mail 2 9-8 t c p d u m p 29-8 NFS cd NFS mkdir
358 TCP/IP 1 G E TAT T R 1 ~ 4 G E TAT T R 5 ~ 6 L O O K U P 7 ~ 8 M K D I R 9-10 8 O K t c p d u m p N F S O K 29.6.3 N F S N F S N F S N F ( s t a t e l e s s ) N F S o p e n c l o s e L O O K U P o p e n L O O K U P 29.6.4 N F S s u n N F S s v r 4 / u s r / s h a r e / l i b / t e r m c a p c a t NFS read 1024 29-9 t c p d u m p 1 ~ 10 29-7 11 R E A D 12 1024 129 O K 130 131 132 133 65536 73728 U n i x N F S I / O R P C 65536 8192 1024 73728 8192 130 ~ 168 169 168 N F S A R P 168 171 R E A D 129 171 5 1 65536 0.68, 0.87, 1.74, 3.48, 6.96, 13.92, 20.0, 20.0, 20.0 2 73728 N F S 0. 875 20
29 359 0.875, 1.75, 3.5, 7.0 1 4. 0 29-9 NFS 5
360 TCP/IP 1 29.6.5 R P C Idempotent Procedure N F S 29-9 R E A D R P C U D P R E A D R E A D N F S N N R E A D N F S R E A D W R I T E N F S R E M O V E N F S O K N F S N F S N F S G E TAT T R S TAT E S L O O K U P R E A D W R I T E R E A D L I N K R E A D D I R C R E AT E R E M O V E R E N A M E L I N K S Y M L I N K M K D I R R M D I R S E TAT T R U D P N F S N F S [Juszczak 1989] U D P N F S D N S D N S 29.7 3 NFS 1993 N F S [Sun Microsystem 1994] 1994 2 3 V 2 V 1) V2 32 V 3 64 X D R 4 U n i x 12 U n i x 2) V2 R E A D WRITE RPC 8192 V 3
29 361 U D P I P 65535 3) R E A D W R I T E 32 64 4) G E TAT T R 5) WRITE V 2 W R I T E W R I T E 6) V3 S TAT F S A C C E S S M K N O D U n i x R E A D D I R P L U S F S I N F O F S S TAT PAT H C O N F P O S I X. 1 C O M M I T 29.8 R P C - R P C R P C R P C X D R R P C R P C S u n N F S N F S U D P T C P 2 N F S 15 N F S N F S 29.1 29-7 t c p d u m p N F S X I D t c p d u m p R P C 29.2 U n i x R P C 29.3 R P C 1 5 1 4 29.4 29-9 N F S
362 TCP/IP 1 29.5 29-9 65536 168 171 66560 172 173 73728 167 29.6 N F S R E M O V E T C P U D P 29.7 N F S 2049 N F S 29.8 1023 1. 9 N F S N F S T C P N N
30 TCP/IP 30.1 T C P / I P F i n g e r W h o i s X T C P / I P I n t e r n e t I n t e r n e 30.2 Finger F i n g e r RFC1288 [Zimmerman 1991] F i n g e r F i n g e r 1988 I n t e r n e t R F C 1135 [Reynolds 1989] [Curry 1992] F i n g e r R F C 1288 3 F i n g e r 79 NVT ASCII F T P S M T P U n i x finger ( 1 ) F i n g e r Te l n e t F i n g e r NVT ASCII C R L F Telnet Finger Telnet o ff i c e o ffice phone ( p a s s w o r d )
364 TCP/IP 1 Te l n e t F i n g e r 79 R S T 79 Finger I n t e r n e t I P [Cheswick and Bellovin 1994] I n t e r n e t 79 T C P F i n g e r U n i x F i n g e r R F C 1288 f i n g e r ( 1 ) R F C 1288 F i n g e r T C P / I P 30.3 Whois W h o i s W h o i I n t e r N I C r s. i n t e r n i c. n e t D N S I n t e r n e t n i c. d d n. m i l M I L N E T RFC954 [Harrenstein, Stahl,
365 30 TCP/IP and Feinler 1985] W h o i s W h o i s T C P 43 NVT ASCII W h o i s F i n g e r U n i x whois(1) Te l e n t N I C 1 993 I n t e r N I C W h o i s n i c. d d n. m i l r s. i n t e r n i c. n e t n i c. d d n. m i l w h o i s -h rs.internic.net Telnet rs.internic.net whois W h o i s Te l n e t s t e v e n s 25 stevens W R S 28 N I N I C I n t e r n e t net 140.252 B 1 4 0. 2 5 2 S M T P V R F Y F i n g e r W h o i s I n t e r n e t [Schwartz and Tsirigotis 1991] I n t e r n e t N e t f i n d Te l e n t n e t f i n d b r u n o. c s. c o l o r a d o d s. i n t e r n i c. n e t RFC1309 [We i d e r, Reynolds, and Heker 1992] O S I X. 500 I n t e r n e t F i n g e r W h o i s
366 TCP/IP 1 30.4 Archie WAIS Gopher Veronica WWW F i n g e r W h o i s I n t e r n e t [Obraczka, Danzig, and Li1993] I n t e r n e t 30.4.1 Archie F T P F T P A r c h i e I n t e r n e t F T P A r c h i e F T P F T P A r c h i e Te l n e t a r c h i d s. i n t e r n i c. n e t s e r v e r s A r c h i e 30.4.2 WAIS A r c h i e WAIS (Wide Area Information Servers ) WA I S WA I S Te l n e t w a i s q u a k e. t h i n k. c o m 30.4.3 Gopher G o p h e r I n t e r n e t A r c h i e WA I S F T P G o p h e r G o p h e r Te l n e t g o p h e r i s. i n t e r n i c. n e t 30.4.4 Veronica A r c h i e F T P Ve r o n i c a ( Very Easy Rodent-Oriented Netwide Index to Computerized Archives) G o p h e r Ve r o n i c a G o p h e r G o p h e r Ve r o n i c a G o p h e r B e y o n d InterNIC: Virtual Treasures of the Internet Ve r o n i c a
367 30 TCP/IP 30.4.5 WWW / W W W Te l n e t i n f o. c e r n. c h 30.5 X X (X Window System) X T C P D E C N E T X X T C P X U D P 8 bit [Nye 1992] T C P 150 U n i x X X U n i x T C P T C P U n i x 2-4 T C P I ( l o o p b a c k ) T C P I P 3 0-1 U n i x T C P (window manager) Te l n e t F T P X X Te l n e t F T P X T C P 6000 + n n 0 U n i x / t m p /. X 11 - u n i x / Xn U n i x n T C P 6000 +n T C P
368 TCP/IP 1 A TCP B C 30-1 X 3 0-2 30-1 X X X A B X C 30-2 18. 11 T C P T C P F T P Te l n e t X X T C P Xclock Xclock 1 X T C P X Xt e r m 3 2 X I P T C P 72 X [Droms and Dyksen 1990] X T C P 30.5.1 Xscope Xs c o p e X
369 30 TCP/IP 30-3 A B TCP X C 30-3 x s c o p e X x s c o p e x s c o p e 6000 6001 T C P 1 0 x s c o p e x s c o p e 6000 T C P s u n x s c o p e s v r 4 x c l o c k svr4 % DISPLAY=sun:1 xclock -digital -update 5 s u n 5 Thu Sep 9 10:32:55 1993 x s c o p e - q 1 0. 00 0. 02
370 TCP/IP 1 0. 03 1 2 R E S O U R C E _ M A N A G E R 0. 2 0 0. 30 0. 38 0. 43 X 1668 12 1120 10 3. 17 5 44 30.5.2 LBX X X X S L I P P P P 2. 4 2. 6 X L B X 6 X 1994 30.6 F i n g e r W h o i s F i n g e r W h o i s I n t e r N I C I n t e r n e t A r c h i e WA I S G o p h e r Ve r o n i c a W W W, I n t e r n e t T C P / I P X T C P X s c o p e 30.1 W h o i s 88 A 30.2 W h o i s w h i t e h o u s e. g o v D N S D N 30.3 30-3 x s c o p e X
A tcpdump t c p d u m p Van Jacobson Craig Leres Steven McCanne 2. 2. 1 1992 6 t c p d u m p promiscuous mode 2. 2 t c p d u m p t c p d u m p 4. 4 B S D B S D / 386 S u n O S U l t r i x H P - U X t c p d u m p R E A D M E t c p d u m p 10-8 Solaris 2.2 s n o o p AIX 3.2.2 i p t r a c e A.1 BSD B S D U n i x BSD BPF (BSD Packet Filter) t c p d u m p B P F S L I P 2. 4 B P F 2. 7 B P F 1980 Mike Accetta Rick Rashid E n e t J e ffrey Mogul B S D 1983 D E C U l t r i x SunOS 4.1 STREAMS NIT B P F Steven McCanne 1 990 B P F Van Jacobson [McCanne and Jacobson 1993] Sun NIT A - 1 B P F B P F A - 1 t c p d u m p R A R P 5. 4 t c p d u m p t c p d u m p r a r p d R A R P B P F C P U
372 TCP/IP 1 B P F t c p d u m p 1 B P F R A R P r a r p d 0 BPF A-1 BSD B P F B P F R A R P t c p d u m p t c p d u m B P F t c p d u m p % tcpdump tcp port 25 % tcpdump icmp [0]!= 8 and icmp[0]!= 0 25 T C P I C M P p i n g I C M P 6-2 t y p e 8 0 6-3 U n i x t c p d u m p (1) bpf(4) B P F [McCanne and Jacobson 1993] A.2 SunOS SunOS 4.1.x S T R E A M S (pseudo-device driver) (Network Interface Ta p ) N I T [Rago 1993]
373 A tcpdump N I T B S D A - 2 N I T A - 1 B P F N I T t c p d u m p N I T B P F SunOS 4.1.x / d e v / n i t n i t _ i f N I T n i t _ i f t c p d u m p n i t _ b u f S T R E A M B P F R A R P A-2 SunOS n i t _ p f A - 2 R A R P t c p d u m p S u n O S t c p d u m p n i t _ p f B P F B P F t c p d u m p B P F N I T A.3 SVR4 S V R 4 DLPI (Data Link Provider Interface) O S I S V R 4 D L P I S V R 4. 2 1 S u n Solaris 2.x t c p d u m p D L P I S o l a r i s 2. x p f m o d b u f m o
374 TCP/IP 1 Solaris 2.x t c p d u m p S u n s n o o p t c p d u m p s n o o p SunOS 4.x e t h e r f i n d t c p d u m p vanilla SVR4 A.4 tcpdump t c p d u m p t c p d u m p 09 : 11 : 22. 642008 10 m s 09 : 11 : 22. 64 B H H : M M : S S 6 10 ms 2 4 2 t c p d u m p s u n 0. 9. 4 B S D / 386 b s d i 10 ms 5-1 b s d i 1. 0 B S D / 386 t c p d u m p t c p d u m p 6-11 t c p d u m p t c p d u m p 4-4 t c p d u m p A - 3 80 t c p d u m p t c p d u m p 0 4 A-3 4-4 t c p d u m p
375 A tcpdump A.5 T e l n e t F T P U n i x / e t c / p a s s w d / e t c / s h a d o w t c p d u m p t c p d u m p t c p d u m p S u n O S N I T B S D / d e v / b p f X X I D t c p d u m p A.6 T C P T C P S u nos 4.4BSD SVR4 t r p t ( 8 ) t r p t t r p s o c k C - D t c p d u m p 21. 4 T C P t c p d u m p
B U n i x U n i x [ L e ffler et al. 1989] 3. 4 3. 5 Sun SPA R C Intel 80386 10 ms RFC1305 [Mills 1992] 7 10 ms 0. 01 8. 64 1 2 3 R F C 1305 U n i x 10 ms 1 10 ms 10 ms U n i x 10 ms S PA R C N I T t c p d u m p A S PA R C 4 914 g e t t i m e o f d a y( 2 ) 4 831 10 000 g e t t i m e o f d a y B-1 SPARC ELC g e t i m e o f d a y 10 000 9999 S PARC ELC B - 1 0. 38 g e t t i m e o f d a y 37 E L C 21 M I P S M I P S 100 3 7 800 8 M I P S g e t t i m e o f d a y
377 B S V R 4 / 386 386 Unix 0 9 871 S V R 4 10 ms 10 000 128 B - 2 25 MHz 80386 B-2 SVR4/386 gettimeofday S V R 4 9 999 10000 10 m s 0 p r i n t f 9999 S PA R C B - 1 p r i n t f 10 000 S V R 4 3. 15 315 S PA R C 8. 5 BSD/386 1.0 S PA R C 8253 g e t t i m e o f d a y BSD t c p d u m p S PA R C B S D / 386 ( s u b m i l l i s e c o n d ) S V R 4 / 386 t c p d u m p 10 ms p i n g 7 t r a c e r o u t e 8 S PA R C B S D / 386 S V R 4 / 10 L A N p i n g 7 3 ms SPARC B S D / 386 p i n g BSD/386 0.9.4 S V R 4 10 ms t c p d u m p
C sock s o c k T C P U D P C s o c k J u e rgen Nickelsen s o c k e t Dave Yo s t s o c k i o s o c k Mike Muuss Terry Slattery t t c p s o c k 1) C-1 s o c k C - 1 s u n b s d i e c h o 1. 12 sun % sock bsdi echo a test line a test line e c h o ^ D 2) s sun % sock -s 5555 5555 sun % sock -s 140.252.13.33 5555 3) i 1024 n w sun % sock -i -n12 -w4096 bsdi discard 1 2 4096 b s d i d i s c a r d 4) i s T C P u U D P TCP s o c k
379 C sock b n n c f h i a. b. c. d. p NVT ASCII 2 6. 4 U D P I a. b. c. d p T C P 18. 5 T C P -s - n - w -r n n -i n 1 0 2 4 p n i - i s P 1 q n T C P T C 18-23 5 r n - i s n s u v 1 0 2 4 U D P T C w n - i n A B D E 1 0 2 4 S O _ R E U S E A D D R T C P 2 M S L U D P S O _ B R O A D C A S T I P U D S O _ D E B U G T C P A. 6 t r p t ( 8 ) I P _ R E C V D S TA D D R
380 TCP/IP 1 F K U D P U D I P T C P f o r k T C P S O _ K E E PA L I V E 23 L n T C P (linger time) S O _ L I N G E R n N 0 18. 7 T C P _ N O D E L AY N a g l e 19. 4 O n T C P P n i s i p Q n T C P R n S O _ R C V B U F n T C P U D P U D P S n S O _ S N D B U F n U D P U D P U n n T C P 20. 8
D 1 1.1 2 7 2 1 26 2 14 2 16 382 2 21 2 2 097 150 = 2 113 658 2 0 1 I D 1.2 D - 1 1993 8 D-1 NSFNET 2000 1.3 3 3.1 I D 1 27 A 127. 0. 0. 1 3.2 k p n o 5 3 2 R 10 4 g a t e w a y 3 2 1 n e t b 1 2 3.3 C 255. 255. 255. 0 3.5 16 R F C 3.6 1024 5 12 M T U Solaris 2.2 M T U 8232 8 192 4 0 8192 20 I P 20 T C P 3.7 U D P T C P
382 TCP/IP 1 4 4.1 r s h T C P I A R P r s h A R P r s h a r p A R P 4.2 A R P f o o f o A R P f o o t c p d u m p f o o t e m p a r p A R P f o o f o o A R P 4.3 Host Requirement R F C 2. 3. 2. 2 11. 9 4.4 A R P 20 A R P A R P A R A R P 20 5 5.1 4-3 o p A R P A R P R A R P R A R P R A R A R P 5.2 R A R P R A R P R A R P 6 6.1 I C M P 1 2 6.2 s h o u l d 6.3 3-2 I C M P TO S 0 I C M P TO S TO 6.4 n e t s t a t s 4800 I P S u n O S 4. 1. 1 g e m i n i I C M P
383 D 21 10 SunOS 4.1.1 S N M P 25-26 Solaris 2.2 S N M P n e t s t a t-s 7 7.2 86 960 / 2 179.2 ms p i n g 180 ms 7.3 8 6 4 8 960 / 2 279.2 ms 48 56 48 0 x c 0 SLIP END 7.4 C S L I P T C P T C P I P p i n g I C M P 7.5 S PA R C E L C p i n g 1.310 ms RT T 8 p i n g 1.460 ms RT T p i n g 8.1 T T L 0 T T L 255 T T L 0 8.2 t r a c e r o u t e U D P 12 6 9 I C M P I 8 8 U D P I C M P t r a c e r o u t e t r a c e r o u t e I C M P RT T 7 p i n g I C M P p i n g RT T 8.3 1 R 1 T T L 2 R 1 1 R 2 T T L 1 0 R 3 R 3 T T L 0 T T L 2 R 3 R 2 R 3
384 TCP/IP 1 8.4 T T L 1 R 1 T T L 2 R 2 T T L 3 R 3 T T L 4 U D P T T L 1 I C M P T T L 1 T T L I C M P R 3 T T L 1 I C M P I C M T T L 5 T T L 2 T T L R 2 T T L 6 R 1 T T L 7 T T L 1 t r a c e r o u t e T T L 0 1 I C M P RT T T T L 1 2 3 R 1 R 2 R 3 T T L 7 8.5 I C M P T T L 255 n e t b 255 T T L b u t c h 253 T T L b u t c h n e t b T T L 254 252 249 e n s s 142. U T. w e s t n e t. n e t U D P I C M P T T L 1 T T L I C M P U D P t r a c e r o u t e 8.7 p i n g I C M P 7-1 I D I C M P t r a c e r o u t e U D P I D 3 2768 I C M P I 8 6-9 8 U D P I C M P 8.8 p i n g I C M P I C M P t r a c e r o u t e I C M P U D 6-9 U D P t r a c e r o u t e p i n g t r a c e r o u t e p i n g t r a c e r o u t e 8.9 Solaris 2.2 3 2768 U D P
385 D 9 9.1 I C M P RFC 792 [Postel 1981b] N 9.2 s l i p I P s u n b s d i s u n I C M P s v r 4 s v r 4 9.3 4. 2 B S D 140. 1. 255. 255 1 40. 1 A R P 140. 1. 255. 255 A R P 4. 2 B S D A R P 9.4 A R P 4. 2 B S D k 4. 2 B S D A R P 140. 1. 255. 255 I P A R ( E t h e r n e t m e l t d o w n ) [Manber 1990] 10 10.1 13 k p n o 140. 252. 101. 0 1 40. 252. 104. 0 g a t e w a y 10.2 25 60 3 R I P 10.3 R I P U D P U D P U D P 11. 3 O S P F I P I P I O S P F 10.4 10.5 split horizon 10.6 12-1 100 I P U D P 11 U D P U D 520 11.1 IEEE 802 8 1465 11.3 I P 8200 8192 8 U D P
386 TCP/IP 1 t c p d u m p 1 1480 @ 0 + 1 480 1 2 1480 @ 1480 + 3 1480 @ 2960 + 4 1480 @ 4440 + 5 1 480 @ 5920 + 6 800 @ 7400 1 480 5 + 800 = 8200 11.4 1480 528 424 532 5 52 20 8 528 8 00 528 272 8192 S L I P 17 11.5 I P 11.6 IP 47942 11.7 11-4 g e m i n i U D P U D SunOS 4.1.1 U D P U D P WA N WA N 11.8 11.9 11. 12 I P I P 12 U D P 12.1 I C M P 12.2 12.3 n e t s t a t - r i f c o n f i g 3. 8 12.4 1472 I P 1500 M T U 12.5 100 13 13.1 I P N T P 13.2
387 D 14 14.1 14.2 44 31 2 1 0 T T L 1 9 s v r 4. t u c. n o a o. e d u. 34. 13. 252. 140. i n - a d d r. a r p a. 14.3 D N S D N S D N S 14.4 RFC 1035 4. 2. 2 D N S 14.5 N S 14.6 InterNIC 14.7 14.8 A 15 B I N D A 15.1 T F T P Host Requirements RFC A P I U D P 11. 12 T F T P 15.2 R F C 33 553 920 6 5535 5 12 16 776 704 3 2767 5 12 16 15.3 T F T P 15.4 T F T P 512 T F T P 512 3 ms 170 000 / 16 16.1 R A R P
388 TCP/IP 1 R A R P B O O T P I R A R P 16.2 17 17.1 U D P I I P I P 17.2 I P 17.3 I n t e r n e t NVT ASCII 26. 4 D N S 14. 4 Sun RPC 2 9. 2 17.4 6. 5 I C M P I I P 8 T C P I C M P T C P 8 17.5 TCP U D 18 18.1 I S N 32 bit 9. 5 4 294 912 000 8704 9. 5 17 408 9. 5 26 112 I S N 1 4 8 2 6 0 I S N 18.2 s o c k U n i x A S C I I 012 Te l n e t U n i x A S C I I 015 012 18.3 F I N F I N 18.4 2 M S L 18.5 T C P s o c k connection closed by peer. T I M E _ WA I T 18. 6 T I M E _ WA I T 18.6 F I N F I N 18.7
389 D 18.8 A R P TCP SYN A R P 18.9 s o l a r i s b s d i S Y N A C K 3 T C P F I N 4 5 F I N 7 18-13 9 18.10 F I N 19. 3 F I N E O F T C P F I N 18. 5 18. 11 R S T A C K R S T A C K 6 1 A C K 2 26368001 I S N 18.12 [Crowcroft et al. 1992] 18.13 5 3 1 1 1 4 11 55 U D P 10 10 19. 3 18.14 268 T C P 65536 1024 = 64512 T I M E _ WA I T 2 M S L 18.15 F I N 2 M S L 18.16 T I M E _ WA I T R S T T I M E _ WA I ( a s s a s s i n a t i o n ) RFC1337 [Braden 1992a] R F C T I M E _ WA I T R S 18.17 F I N 18.18 I P I P 19 18. 11 T C P I 19.1 N a g l e 8 12 200 ms RT T 19.2 5 C S L I P I P T C P S L I RT T 14.5 ms RT T 5~10 ms s u n b s d i
390 TCP/IP 1 19.3 19-6 9 533 m s 19-8 12 20 272 m s F 2 F 1 F 1 20.1 0 S Y N 8193 F I N S Y N F I N 20.2 P U S H B S D / 386 T C P P U S H P U S H 20.3 1920 2062 T C P 2048 16000 20.4 T C P 21. 11 20.5 15 T C P 9 16 20.6 21 (ACK compression) (ACK smashing) [Mogul 1993, 15.8.13 ] I n t e r n e t A C K 21.1 48 0 4 1 2 4 21.2 S V R 4 RTO 2D 4D 21.3 T F T P 512 32768 / 512 1. 5 9 6 21.4 4 1 2 3 4 1 3 2 4 ACK 1 ACK 1 3 2 ACK 3 2 3 ACK 4 1 3 4 2 21.5 21.6 E - 1 21.7 21-2 256 s l i p b s d i 9600 b/s C S L I P 250 ms b s d i v a n g o g h 250 ms v a n g o g h 200 ms
391 D 22 22.1 b s d i 0. 170 0. 370 b s d i 200 ms s u n 18 ms 22.2 F I N S Y N 1 23 T C P F I N 1 23.1 k e e p a l i v e k e e p a l i v k e e p a l i v e 23.2 k e e p a l i v e 24 2 24.1 T C P S Y N 0 24.2 64 000 128 1 55 000 220 000 2 24.3 24.4 2 32 8 / 120 286 Mb/s 2. 86 F D D I 24.5 T C P R F C 1323 B. 2 24.6 S Y N 24.7 1 118 881 / 62 31 1 158 675 24.8 K a r n 24.9 T C P T C P E S TA B L I S H 24.10 5 1) S Y N F I N 2) S Y N S Y N 3) S Y N F I 1 4) F I N
392 TCP/IP 1 F I N S P T T C P RT T S P T 5) F I N 24. 11 16 128 64 512 4 24.12 T / T C P U D 25 T / T C P U D P T / T C P 25.1 U D P 162 t r a p U D P 161 t r a p S N M P 25.2 25. 7 Table Access 26 26.1 2 4 9 2 4 190.7 ms 2 9 400.7 ms 6 11 1 3 1 5 1 7 1 9 6 5 400. 0 6 00. 0 8 00. 0 1 000. 0 2.600 ms 26.2 T C P 26.3 512 ~ 1023 512 R l o g i n 512 27 T C P 4 R l o g i n 513 R l o g i n R l o g i n 512 R l o g i n 27.1 2 M S L 18. 6 T I M E _ WA I T S Y N 27.2 3 28 28.1 (domain literal) I P m a i l
393 D r s t e v e n s @ [ 1 4 0. 2 5 2. 1. 5 4 ] 28.2 6 H E L O M A I L R C P T D ATA Q U I T 28.3 (pipelining) [Rose 1993 4. 4. 4 ] b r a i n - d a m a g e d S M T P 28.4 28. 2 5 5 6 28.5 B I N D M X 29 29.1 t c p d u m p U D P R P C 2049 U D P N F S R P C 29.2 1. 9 1024 Te l n e t F T P R P C 29.3 X I D U D P X I D s t u b 0 1 4 1 5 1 5 2 9 2 10 1 2 11 2 0 1 5 1 5 1 4 10 1 10 2 5 11 2 11 2 9 12 2 U D P X I D 29.4 4. 7 S V R 4 A R P s u n N F S s u n s u n A R P s u n s v r 4 A R P A R P 29.5 I / O 73728 0. 74 1 31 ~ 145 1 0. 74 167 168 I / O 168 0. 74
394 TCP/IP 1 I / O 29.6 T C P T C P T C P T C P T C P T C P N F S U D P N F S N F S 29.7 N F S N F S R P C R P C 29.8 N F S T C P 30 I P I P 4 I P 30.1 w h o i s net 88A 64 ~ 95 30.2 whois whitehouse-dom h o s t n s l o o k u p D N S 30.3 x s c o p e x s c o p T C P 6000
E T C P / I P U D P 11. 3 I P 18. 4 12. 3 T C P / I P T C P / I P i f c o n f i g I P T C P / I P E.1 BSD/386 1.0 4. 2 B S D B S D c o n f i g( 8 ) C IPFORWARDING i p f o r w a r d i n g 0 I P 1 GATEWAY I P F O RWA R D I N G 1 A R P SUBNETSARELOCAL s u b n e t s a r e l o c a l 1 I P 0
396 TCP/IP 1 I P E - 1 s u b n e t s a r e l o c a l E-1 subnetarelocal T C P M S S T C P M T U M S S T C P t c p _ m s s d f l t M S S IPSENDREDIRECTS i p s e n d r e d i r e c t s 1 I P I C M P 0 I C M P DIRECTED_BROADCAST 1 0 / u s r / s r c / s y s / n e t i n e t t c p r e x m t t h r e s h A C K 3 t c p _ t t l T C P T T L 60 t c p _ m s s d f l t TCP MSS 512 t c p _ k e e p i d l e k e e p a l i v e 500 ms 14 400 2 t c p _ k e e p i n t v l k e e p a l i v e 500 ms 150 7 5 t c p _ s e n d s p a c e T C P 4096 t c p _ r e c v s p a c e T C P 4096 u d p c k s u m 0 U D P U D P 0 U D P 0 U D P U D P 1
E 397 u d p _ t t l U D P T T L 30 u d p _ s e n d s p a c e U D P U D 9126 u d p _ r e c v s p a c e U D P 41 600 40 1 024 E.2 SunOS 4.1.3 SunOS 4.1.3 B S D / 386 C c o n f i g( 8 ) IPFORWARDING i p _ f o r w a r d i n g 1 I P 0 I P 1 1 I P SUBNETSARELOCAL i p _ s u b n e t s a r e l o c a l 1 I P 0 I P E - 1 T C P M T U M S S T C P t c p _ d e f a u l t _ m s s M S S IPSENDREDIRECTS i p _ s e n d r e d i r e c t s 1 I P I C M P 0 I C M P DIRECTED_BROADCAST i p _ d i r b r o a d c a s t 1 0 / u s r / k v m / s y s / n e t i n e t / i n _ p r o t o. c t c p _ d e f a u l t _ m s s TCP MSS 512 t c p _ s e n d s p a c e T C P 4096
398 TCP/IP 1 t c p _ r e c v s p a c e T C P 4096 t c p _ k e e p l e n 4. 2 B S D k e e p a l i v e 1 t c p _ t t l T C P T T L 60 t c p _ n o d e l a c k 0 A C K 0 t c p _ k e e p i d l e k e e p a l i v e 500 ms 14 400 2 t c p _ k e e p i n t v l k e e p a l i v e 500 ms 150 7 5 u d p _ c k s u m 0 U D P U D P 0 U D P 0 U D P U D P 0 u d p _ t t l U D P T T L 60 u d p _ s e n d s p a c e U D P U D 9000 u d p _ r e c v s p a c e U D P 18 000 9000 E.3 SRV4 S V R 4 T C P / I P / e t c / c o n f / p a c k. d / i p / s p a c e. c 5 IPFORWARDING i p f o r w a r d i n g 0 I P 1 I P IPSENDREDIRECTS i p s e n d r e d i r e c t s 1 I P I C M P 0 I C M P t c p _ k e e p i d l e 14 400
E 399 E.4 Solaris 2.2 Solaris 2.2 U n i x T C P / I P n d d( 1 ) U D P 5 / d e v / i p / d e v / i c m p / d e v / a r p / d e v / u d p / d e v / t c p n d d solaris % ndd /dev/tcp tcp_mss_def 536 solaris # ndd -set /dev/ip ip_forwarding 0 1) i p _ f o r w a r d i n g 2) A R P i f c o n f i g n e t s t a t a r p 3) 2 3 500 ms /dev/ip i p _ c k s u m _ c h o i c e I P i p _ d e b u g 0 i p _ d e f _ t t l I P T T L 255 i p _ f o r w a r d _ d i r e c t e d _ b r o a d c a s t s 1 0 i p _ f o r w a r d _ s r c _ r o u t e d 1 0
400 TCP/IP 1 i p _ f o r w a r d i n g I P 0 1 2 i p _ i c m p _ r e t u r n _ d a t a _ b y t e s I C M P I P 64 i p _ i g n o r e _ d e l e t e _ t i m e I P I R E 30 i p _ i l l _ s t a t u s I P i p _ i p i f _ s t a t u s I P I P i p _ i r e _ c l e a n u p _ i n t e r v a l I P 30 000 ms 3 0 i p _ i r e _ f l u s h _ i n t e r v a l I P A R P 1200 000 ms 2 0 i p _ i r e _ p a t h m t u _ i n t e r v a l M T U M T U 30 000 ms 3 0 i p _ i r e _ r e d i r e c t _ i n t e r v a l I C M P I P 60 000 ms 6 0 i p _ i r e _ s t a t u s I P i p _ l o c a l _ c k s u m 0 I P I T C P U D P I C M P I G M P 1 i p _ m r t d e b u g 1 0 i p _ p a t h _ m t u _ d i s c o v e r y 1 I P M T U 0 I P i p _ r e s p o n d _ t o _ a d d r e s s _ m a s k 0 I C M P 1 i p _ r e s p o n d _ t o _ e c h o _ b r o a d c a s t 1 I C M P 0 i p _ r e s p o n d _ t o _ t i m e s t a m p 0 I C M P 1 i p _ r e s p o n d _ t o _ t i m e s t a m p _ b r o a d c a s t 0 I C M P 1
E 401 i p _ r p u t _ p u l l u p s I P 0 i p _ s e n d _ r e d i r e c t s 1 I C M P 0 i p _ s e n d _ s o u r c e _ q u e n c h 1 I C M P 0 i p _ w r o f f _ e x t r a I P 32 /dev/icmp i c m p _ b s d _ c o m p a t 1 I P I I P I C M P 0 i c m p _ d e f _ t t l I C M P T T L 255 i c m p _ w r o f f _ e x t r a I P 32 /dev/arp a r p _ c a c h e _ r e p o r t A R P a r p _ c l e a n u p _ i n t e r v a l A R P A R P 300 000 ms 5 I A R P i p _ i r e _ f l u s h _ i n t e r v a l a r p _ d e b u g 1 A R P 0 /dev/udp u d p _ d e f _ t t l U D P T T L 255 u d p _ d o _ c h e c k s u m 1 U D P U D P 0 U D P U D P 0 u d p _ l a r g e s t _ a n o n _ p o r t U D P 65535
402 TCP/IP 1 u d p _ s m a l l e s t _ a n o n _ p o r t U D P 32768 u d p _ s m a l l e s t _ n o n p r i v _ p o r t 1024 u d p _ s t a t u s U D P I P I P u d p _ t r u s t _ o p t l e n u d p _ w r o f f _ e x t r a I P 32 /dev/tcp t c p _ c l o s e _ w a i t _ i n t e r v a l 2 M S L T I M E _ WA I T 240 000 ms 4 t c p _ c o n n _ g r a c e _ p e r i o d S Y N 500 ms t c p _ c o n n _ r e q _ m a x 5 t c p _ c w n d _ m a x 32768 t c p _ d e b u g 1 T C P 0 t c p _ d e f e r r e d _ a c k _ i n t e r v a l A C K 50 ms t c p _ d u p a c k _ f a s t _ r e t r a n s m i t A C K 3 t c p _ e a g e r _ l i s t e n e r s 1 T C P T C P 0 T C P S Y N 0 t c p _ i g n o r e _ p a t h _ m t u 1 M T U I C M P 0 T C P M T U t c p _ i p _ a b o r t _ c i n t e r v a l T C P 240 000 ms 4 t c p _ i p _ a b o r t _ i n t e r v a l T C P 120 000 ms 2 t c p _ i p _ n o t i f y _ c i n t e r v a l
E 403 TCP IP 10 000 ms 10 t c p _ i p _ n o t i f y _ i n t e r v a l T C P I P 10 000 ms 1 0 t c p _ i p _ t t l T C P T T L 255 t c p _ k e e p a l i v e _ i n t e r v a l k e e p a l i v e 7200000 ms 2 t c p _ l a r g e s t _ a n o n _ p o r t T C P 65535 t c p _ m a x p s z _ m u l t i p l i e r M S S 1 t c p _ m s s _ d e f M S S 536 t c p _ m s s _ m a x M S S 65495 t c p _ m s s _ m i n M S S 1 t c p _ n a g l i m _ d e f N a g l e 65535 M S S T C P _ N O D E L AY 1 N a g l e t c p _ o l d _ u r p _ i n t e r p r e t a t i o n 1 B S D 0 R F C t c p _ r c v _ p u s h _ w a i t P U S H 16384 t c p _ r e x m i t _ i n t e r v a l _ i n i t i a l 500 ms t c p _ r e x m i t _ i n t e r v a l _ m a x 60 000 ms 6 0 t c p _ r e x m i t _ i n t e r v a l _ m i n 200 ms t c p _ r w i n _ c r e d i t _ p c t 50 t c p _ s m a l l e s t _ a n o n _ p o r t
404 TCP/IP 1 T C P 32768 t c p _ s m a l l e s t _ n o n p r i v _ p o r t 1024 t c p _ s n d _ l o w a t _ f r a c t i o n 0 t c p _ s t a t u s T C P t c p _ s t h _ r c v _ h i w a t 0 t c p _ s t h _ r c v _ l o w a t 0 t c p _ w r o f f _ x t r a I P 32 E.5 AIX 3.2.2 A I X 3. 2. 2 n o aix % no -o udp_ttl udp_ttl = 30 a r p t _ k i l l c A R P 20 i p f o r w a r d i n g 1 I P 0 i p f r a g t t l I P 60 i p s e n d r e d i r e c t s 1 I P I C M P 0 I C M P l o o p _ c h e c k _ s u m 1 I P 0 n o n l o c s r c r o u t e 1 0 s u b n e t s a r e l o c a l 1 I P 0 I P E - 1 T C P M T U M S S T C P 536 M S S t c p _ k e e p i d l e
E 405 k e e p a l i v e 500 ms 14 400 2 t c p _ k e e p i n t v l k e e p a l i v e 500 ms 150 7 5 t c p _ r e c v s p a c e T C P 16 384 t c p _ s e n d s p a c e T C P 16 384 t c p _ t t l T C P T T L 60 u d p _ r e c v s p a c e U D P 41 600 40 1 024 u d p _ s e n d s p a c e U D P U D 9216 u d p _ t t l U D P T T L 30 E.6 4.4BSD 4. 4 B S D s y s c t l 8 S N M P M I B vangogh % sysctl net.inet.ip.forwarding net.inet.ip.forwarding = 1 vangogh # sysctl -w net.inet.ip.ttl=128 n e t. i n e t. i p. f o r w a r d i n g 0 I P 1 n e t. i n e t. i p. r e d i r e c t 1 I P I C M P 0 I C M P n e t. i n e t. i p. t t l T C P U D P T T L 64 n e t. i n e t. i c m p. m a s k r e p l 0 I C M P 1 n e t. i n e t. u d p. c h e c k s u m 1 U D P U D P 0 U D P 0 U D P U D P t c p _ k e e p i d l e s u b n e t a r e l o c a l
F F T P F T P I n t e r n e t 27 27. 3 F T P I n t e r n e t F T P I n t e r n e t [LaQuey 1993] [Krol 1992] I n t e r n e t A r c h i e F T P d i r RFC 1.11 1. 11 R F C F T P R F C R F C R F C R F C R F BSD Net/2 1.14 BSD Net/2 T C P / I P Te l n e t F T P f t p. u u. n e t s y s t e m / u n i x / b s d - s o u r c e SLIP 2.4 S L I P f t p. e e. l b l. g o v c s l i p S L I P 2. 5 icmpaddrmask 6.3 icmptime 6.4 ping 7 B S D p i n g f t p. u u. n e t
407 F s y s t e m / u n i x / b s d - s o u r c e s / s b i n / p i n g p i n traceroute 8 t r a c e r o u t e f t p. e e. l b l. g o v 8. 5 9.6 g r e g o r i o. s t a n f o r d. e d u g w - d i s c o v e r y / n o r d m a r k - r d i s c. t a r S u n gated 10.3 1 0. 3 g a t e d g a t e d. c o r n e l l. e d u traceroute.pmtu 11.7 IP 13 SunOS 4.x U l t r i x I P g r e g o r i o. s t a n f o r d. e d u v m t p - i p U n i x I P BIND 14 B I N D n a m e d f t p. u u. n e t n e t w o r k i n g / i p / d n s / b i n d / b i n d. 4. 8. 3. t a r. z 4. 9 g a t e k e e p e r. d e c. c o m p u b / B S D / b i n d / 4. 9 host 14 h o s t n i k h e f h. n i k h e f. n l h o s t. t a r. z dig doc 14 1 4 d i g d o c i s i. e d u d i g. 2. 0. t a r. Z d o c. 2. 0. t a r. Z BOOTP 26 Unix BOOTP l a n c a s t e r. a n d r e w. c m u. e d u p u b TCP 24 T C P PAW S BSD Net/2
408 TCP/IP 1 u x c. c s o. u i u c. e d u p u b / t c p l w. s h a r. z ISODE SNMP 25 25. 7 S N M P ISODE 8.0 f t p. u u. n e t n e t w o r k i n g / o s i / i s o d e MIME 28.4 M e t a M a i l M I M E t h u m p e r. b e l l c o r e. c o m p u b / n s b M I M E Sun RPC 29.2 RPC 4.0 A P I f t p. u u. n e t s y s t e m s / s u n / s e x t a p e / r p c 4. 0 T I - R P C TLI API f t p. u u. n e t n e t w o r k i n g / r p c Sun NFS 29 N F S BSD Net/2 tcpdump A t c p d u m p f t p. e e. l b l. g o v t c p d u m p - 2. 2. 1. t a r. z BSD A.1 B S D t c p d u m p sock C ttcp t t c p T C P U D P F T P f t p. s g i. c o m s g i / s r c / t t c p f t p. u u. n e t p u b l i s h e d / b o o k s / s t e v e n s. t c p i p i v 1. t a r. z
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418 TCP/IP 1 Information for TCP/IP-based Internets, RFC 1155, 22 pages (May). S N M P v 1 S M I R o s en b e rg, W., Kenney, D., and Fisher, G. 1992. U n d e r s t a n d i n g D C E. O Reilly & Associates, Sebastopol, Calif. O S F R o u th i e r, S. A. 1993. Implementation Experience for SNMPv2, The Simple Ti m e s, vol. 2, no. 4, pp. 1-4 (July-Aug.). S N M P v 1 S N M P v 2 h e l p s t - s u b s c r i p t i o n s @ s i m p l e - t i m e s. o r g S c h ry v e r, V. J. 1993. Info on High Speed Transport Protocols Requested, M e s s a g e - I D i0imr8g@rhyolite.wpd.sgi.com, Usenet, comp.protocols.tcp-ip Newsgroup (May). F D D I T C P S c h wartz, M. F., and Tsirigotis, P. G. 1991. Experience with a Semantically Cognizant Internet White Pages Directory To o l, Journal of Internetworking Research and Experience, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 23-50 (Mar. ). F T P f t p. c s. c o l o r a d o. e d u p u b / c s / t e c h r e p o r t s / s c h w a r t z / PostScript/ White.Pages.ps.Z Simpson, W. A. 1993. The Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP), RFC 1548, 53 pages (Dec.). P P P Sollins, K. R. 1992. The TFTP Protocol (Revision 2), RFC 1350, 11 pages (July). S t a l lings, W. 1987. Handbook of Computer-Communications Standards, Vo l u m e 2: Local Network S t a n d a rd s. Macmillan, New Yo r k. IEEE 802 S t a l lings, W. 1993. S N M P, SNMPv2, and CMIP: The Practical Guide to Network-Management S t a n d a rd s. Addison-We s l e y, Reading, Mass. S N M P v 1 S N M P v 2 Stern, H. 1991. Managing NFS and NIS. O Reilly & Associates, Sebastopol, Calif. N F S Stevens, W. R. 1990. UNIX Network Pro g r a m m i n g. Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, N.J. U n i x T L I S t e v ens, W. R. 1992. Advanced Programming in the UNIX Enviro n m e n t. Addison-We s l e y, Reading, M a s s. U n i x Sun Microsystems. 1987. XDR: External Data Representation Standard, RFC 1014, 20 pages ( J u n e ). Sun Microsystems. 1988a. RFC: Remote Procedure Call, Protocol Specification, Version 2, RFC 1057, 25 pages (June). Sun Microsystems. 1988b. NFS: Network File System Protocol Specification, RFC 1094, 27 pages
419 ( M a r. ). 2 Sun NFS Sun Microsystems. 1994. N F S: Network File System Version 3 Protocol Specification. Sun Microsystems, Mountain Vi e w, Calif. P o s t S c r i p t F T P f t p. u u. n e t n e t w o r k i n g / i p / n f s / N F S 3. s p e c. p s. Z Ta n enbaum, A. S. 1989. Computer Networks, Second Edition. Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliff s, N. J. Topolcic, C. 1993. Status of CIDR Deployment in the Internet, RFC 1467, 9 pages (Aug.). Tsuchiya, P. F. 1991. On the Assignment of Subnet Numbers, RFC 1219, 13 pages (Apr. ). I D I D Ullmann, R. 1993. TP/IX: The Next Internet, RFC 1475, 35 pages (June). I n t e r n e t VanBokkelen, J. 1989. Telnet Te r m i n a l - Type Option, RFC 1091, 7 pages (Feb.). Waitzman, D. 1988. Telnet Window Size Option, RFC 1073, 4 pages (Oct.). Wa i tzman, D., Partridge, C., and Deering, S. E. 1988. Distance Vector Multicast Routing P r o t o c o l, RFC 1075, 24 pages (Nov. ). Wa rnock, R. P. 1991. Need Help Selecting Ethernet Cards for Very High Performance Throughput Rates, Message-ID< lbhal10@sgi.sgi.com> Usenet, comp.protocols.tcp-ip Newsgroup (Sept.). 24-9 T C P We i de r, C., Reynolds, J. K., and Heker, S. 1992. Technical Overview of Directory Services Using the X.500 Protocol, RFC 1309, 16 pages (Mar. ). Wi me r, W. 1993. Clarifications and Extensions for the Bootstrap Protocol, RFC 1542, 23 pages (Oct.). X/Open. 1991. P rotocols for X/Open Internetworking: X N F S. X/Open, Reading, Berkshire, U.K. Sun RPC X D R N F S N F S N F S X/ O p e n XO / C A E / 91 / 030 Zimmerman, D. P. 1991. Finger User Information Protocol, RFC 1288, 12 pages (Dec.)
ACK (ACKnowledgment) TCP API (Application Programming Interface) ARP (Address Resolution Protocol) A R PA N E T (Defense Advanced Research Project Agency NETwork) ( ) AS (Autonomous System) ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange) ASN.1 (Abstract Syntax Notation One) 1 BER (Basic Encoding Rule) BGP (Border Gateway Protocol) BIND (Berkeley Internet Name Domain) I n t e r n e t BOOTP (BOOTstrap Protocol) BPF (BSD Packet Filter) BSD CIDR (Classless InterDomain Routing) CIX (Commercial Internet Exchange) CLNP (ConnectionLess Network Protocol) CRC (Cyclic Redundancy Check) CSLIP (Compressed SLIP) S L I P CSMA (Carrier Sense Multiple Access) DCE (Data Circuit-terminating Equipment) DDN (Defense Data Network) DF (Don t Fragment) IP DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol) DLPI (Data Link Provider Interface) DNS (Domain Name System) DSAP (Destination Service Access Point) DSLAM (DSL Access Multiplexer) DSSS (Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum) DTS (Distributed Time Service) DVMRP (Distance Vector Multicast Routing Protocol) EBONE (European IP BackbONE) I P EOL (End of Option List) EGP (External Gateway Protocol) EIA (Electronic Industries Association)
421 FCS (Frame Check Sequence) FDDI (Fiber Distributed Data Interface) FIFO (First In, First Out) FIN (FINish) TCP FQDN (Full Qualified Domain Name) FTP (File Transfer Protocol) HDLC (High-level Data Link Control) HELLO IAB (Internet Architecture Board) Internet IANA (Internet Assigned Numbers Authority) Internet ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol) Internet IDRP (InterDomain Routing Protocol) IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineering) IEN (Internet Experiment Notes) IESG (Internet Engineering Steering Group) Internet IETF (Internet Engineering Task Force) Internet IGMP (Internet Group Management Protocol) Internet IGP (Interior Gateway Protocol) IMAP (Internet Message Access Protocol) Internet IP (Internet Protocol) I RTF (Internet Research Task Force) Internet IS-IS (Intermediate System to Intermediate System Protocol) ISN (Initial Sequence Number) ISO (International Organization for Standardization) ISOC (Internet SOCiety) Internet LAN (Local Area Network) LBX (Low Bandwidth X) X LCP (Link Control Protocol) LFN (Long Fat Net) LIFO (Last In, First Out) LLC (Logical Link Control) LSRR (Loose Source and Record Route) MBONE (Multicast Backbone On the InterNEt) Internet MIB (Management Information Base) MILNET (MILitary NETwork) MIME (Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions) I n t e r n e t MSL (Maximum Segment Lifetime) MSS (Maximum Segment Size) M TA (Message Transfer Agent)
422 TCP/IP 1 MTU (Maximum Transmission Unit) NCP (Network Control Protocol) NFS (Network File System) NIC (Network Information Center) NIT (Network Interface Tap) S u n NNTP (Network News Transfer Protocol) NOAO (National Optical Astronomy Observatories) NOP (No Operation) NSFNET (National Science Foundation NETwork) NSI (NASA Science Internet) I n t e r n e t NTP (Network Time Protocol) NVT (Network Virtual Terminal) OSF (Open Software Foudation) OSI (Open Systems Interconnection) OSPF (Open Shortest Path First) PAWS (Protection Against Wrapped Sequence number) PDU (Protocol Data Unit) POSIX (Portable Operating System Interface) PPP (Point-to-Point Protocol) PSH (PuSH) TCP RARP (Reverse Address Resolution Protocol) RFC (Request For Comments) Internet RIP (Routing Information Protocol) RPC (Remote Procedure Call) RR (Resource Record) RST (ReSeT) TCP RTO (Retransmission Time Out) RTT (Round-Trip Time) SACK (Selective ACKnowledgment) SLIP (Serial Line Internet Protocol) I n t e r n e t SMI (Structure of Management Information) SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol) SNMP (Simple Network Management Protocol) SSAP (Source Service Access Point) SSRR (Strict Source and Record Route) SWS (Silly Window Syndrome) SYN (SYNchronous) TCP TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) TFTP (Trivial File Transfer Protocol)
423 TLI (Transport Layer Interface) TTL (Ti m e - To-Live) TUBA (TCP and UDP with Bigger Addresses) T C P U D P Telnet UA (User Agent) UDP (User Datagram Protocol) URG (URGent) TCP UTC (Coordinated Universal Time) UUCP (Unix-to-Unix CoPy) Unix U n i x WAN (Wide Area Network) WWW (World Wide Web) XDR (external Data Representation) XID (transaction ID) XTI (X/Open Transport Layer Interface) X/ O p e n