21
,,,,,, (CIP) /, :,2005 7 (21 ) ISBN7 5623 2218 X Ⅰ Ⅱ 1 2 Ⅲ Ⅳ 1 F590 7 2G245 CIP (2005) 028081 : ( 17, 510640) :020-87113487 87111048 ( ) E mail:scut202@scut edu cn htp://www scutpress com cn : : :787 960 1/16 :12 625 :278 :2005 7 1 1 :1 3000 :21 00
21 (, ) (,, ) (,, ) (, ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
20 70,,, 20,,,21,,,, 200,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 21, 20 21, 1
,,,, :(1),, (2),,, (3), (4) ( ),,, Powerpoint,,, 2004 12 2
,,,,,,,,,, 2008 2010,,, ( ) 1 2 4 7 8 9 10, 3 5 6,,, 2005 1 1
1 (1) 1 1 1 2 (1) (1) 1 2 1 (1) 1 2 2 1 3 (2) (3) 1 3 1 (3) 1 3 2 (3) 1 3 3 (4) 1 3 4 (4) 1 3 5 (4) 2 (7) 2 1 (7) 2 1 1 (7) 2 1 2 (8) 2 1 3 (8) 2 2 (9) 2 2 1 (9) 2 2 2 (10) 2 2 3 (11) 2 2 4 (13) 2 2 5 (18) 2 3 (21) 2 3 1 (21) 2 3 2 (22) 1
3 (26) 3 1 (26) 3 1 1, (26) 3 1 2, (26) 3 1 3, (27) 3 1 4, (28) 3 1 5, (28) 3 1 6, (28) 3 1 7 (29) 3 2 (32) 3 2 1, (32) 3 2 2, (32) 3 2 3, (33) 3 2 4, (33) 3 2 5, ( ) (33) 3 2 6, (33) 3 2 7 3 2 8, (34), (34) 3 3 (35) 3 3 1 (35) 3 3 2 (36) 3 3 3 (37) 3 3 4 (37) 4 (39) 4 1 (39) 4 2 (40) 4 2 1 (40) 4 2 2 (42) 2
4 2 3 (43) 4 3 (44) 4 3 1 4 3 2 4 3 3 4 4 (44) (46) (47) (47) 4 4 1 (47) 4 4 2 (49) 4 4 3 (53) 4 5 (55) 4 5 1 (55) 4 5 2 (56) 4 6 (58) 4 6 1 (58) 4 6 2 (58) 4 6 3 (58) 4 6 4 (60) 4 6 5 (61) 4 6 6 (61) 5 (69) 5 1 (69) 5 1 1 5 1 2 (69) (72) 5 2 (72) 5 2 1 5 2 2 (72) (73) 5 3 (79) 5 3 1 (79) 5 3 2 (79) 5 3 3 (83) 5 4 (86) 3
5 4 1 (86) 5 4 2 (89) 5 4 3 5 5 (90) (91) 5 5 1 (91) 5 5 2 (92) 6 (98) 6 1 (98) 6 1 1 (98) 6 1 2 (99) 6 2 (101) 6 2 1 (102) 6 2 2 (103) 6 3 (106) 6 3 1 (107) 6 3 2 (109) 7 (111) 7 1 (111) 7 1 1 (111) 7 1 2 (112) 7 2 (113) 7 3 (114) 7 3 1 7 3 2 7 3 3 7 3 4 7 3 5 7 3 6 (114) (115) (115) (115) (115) (115) 7 3 7 (116) 7 3 8 (116) 8 (118) 4
8 1 (118) 8 1 1 8 1 2 (118) (118) 8 2 (119) 8 2 1 (119) 8 2 2 (119) 8 2 3 (120) 8 2 4 (120) 8 2 5 (120) 8 2 6 (120) 8 2 7 (120) 8 2 8 (121) 8 2 9 (121) 8 3 (122) 8 3 1 (123) 8 3 2 (123) 8 3 3 (124) 9 (126) 9 1 (126) 9 1 1 9 1 2 9 1 3 9 1 4 9 1 5 9 1 6 9 1 7 9 1 8 9 2 9 2 1 9 2 2 9 2 3 (126) (131) (134) (137) (139) (141) (142) (143) (145) (145) (146) (147) 5
9 2 4 9 2 5 9 2 6 9 2 7 (149) (150) (153) (157) 10 (164) 10 1 (164) 10 1 1 (164) 10 1 2 (165) 10 2 (167) 10 2 1 (167) 10 2 2 (167) 10 2 3 (167) 10 2 4 (167) 10 3 (168) 10 3 1 (168) 10 3 2 (168) 10 3 3 (168) 1 (172) 2 ( ) (176) 3 (180) 4 (181) 5 (183) (187) 6
1,,, 1 1, :,,,,,, (convention & exhibitionindustry),, 1 2,, ( ) 1 2 1,,,, ( ) ( ), 1
,, 1-1 1-1,,,,,, 1 2 2,,, ( ),,,,,,,, COMMUNICATION,,,,,,,, 2
1 3 1 3 1,,,,,, : (1),, (2),,,,, (3), 1 3 2, : (1),, IT,,, (2) GPS,,, 3
(3),,,,,, 1 3 3,,,,,,,,,,, 5 1 3 4,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 1 3 5,,,,, 4
,,,,,,,,,,, [ 1-1] : (Hanover),,,( CeBIT) ( ) ( ), ( EMO), 203, 51 4,,,,,,,,,, 2/3,,,,,1947,,,, 5
,,,,, CeBIT, 3, 60,, 1., 2., 3., 6
2,, :,,,, 2 1 2 1 1,,,,,, 2 1 1 1,,,,, 2 1 1 2,,, 2 1 1 3, 7
,,, 2 1 2 2 1 2 1,,,,,,,,, 2 1 2 2,,, 1984,,, 10 1984,, 2 227,,,,,,, :,,,, 2 1 3 2 1 3 1, 8
,,,, 2 1 3 2,,, 2000,, 2 2 2 2 1, ( 800 700 ),,, 8,,,,, 1165,1894, 1918 1240 1798, (Exposition Publique des Produits de I Industrie),, 1851 (TheGreatExhibitionoftheIndustriesofAlNations),, 10,, 17000, 50%, 50% 40, 10, 141, 6039145, 9
,,,,,,,, 20 60,, 1945 1966, 400,,,, 4000 2800,, 1%,, 20,,,,, 2 2 2, ( ) ( ),,,,, ( 782 ),,,,,, 10
, 1905 1909 1910 (, ) 1921 ( ) 1926 1929, 15, 2000,,, 1937 1949 74 (1944 ) :,,,,,, ( ),,, 20%, 60, 0 05%, 9%,, 500 600,,, 25% 18% 8%,,,, 2 2 3 2 2 3 1,,, 95%, :,, 4 6,,,5 10,2 20, 1, 50%, 600 11
, 160,, 2 2 3 2, 1985 15 1990 20 1995 39 1999 46 2000 55 1985 8,1990 14 1,1995 35 9,1999 52,, 20 80 90 20% 50%,,,,, 20 80, 1987,, 20,,,,,,,,,,,, 250, 99 32, 99 11 5, 1 225, 2 2 3 3, 158, 322, 221 7 12
,,1985 2 5,1988 3 8,1994 5,1999 6,,,, 70,, 43, 39 5, 49%, 40 40, 2, 6 16, 13, 8, 5 10200, 2 2, 1800, 400 2 2 3 4,,, 197, 196 ( ) 20 80,,,, 40%, 20 80,,, 2 2 4 2004, 2004,, 2 2 4 1, 20 21, 7%,2004 GDP 1 6,, 20%, 13
, 2003 80, 2001,,,2003 ( ) 2600, 543,2003 260,, 2 2 4 2 2003,,,, 2003 2003 6 17, 2000 11 7, 2004 WTO,,2004,,,,, 2 2 4 3 WTO,,, :,,,,, 2003 8 12 15, 14
:,,,,2004,, CEPA,,,,,,,, 100,,,,, 20, 5,,, 2008,,2004,, 2 2 4 4, 2002,, ( ), : 2003, 158, 322, 221, 2004,, 2004 15
2006,,,,,2004, 2005 2002 292,,,,2005 2 2 4 5,,,,,, 2000,,,,, 2 2 4 6, 21,, (1), UFI,2003 16 (2),,,, (3), (4),, CeBIT (5),2003 16
2 2 4 7, 2004 CEPA 2006 WTO, 2004 CMP,, TCS 2004,,,,2004, 3 5 2003,,,,, 2 2 4 8 WTO,,,,,,,,, 20% 2 2 4 9 CEPA,, 17
2003 6 29, (CEPA),CEPA CEPA,,CEPA 18,,, 2 2 4 10,,2003 9, 20 10,,, 20 10, 2010,,, 2 2 5 2 2 5 1,,,,,, 2 2 5 2 20,,, (SBHM),, 18
, BATIMAT, STAL, EMBALLAGE, SIMA 2 2 5 3,,,,,,,,,, BATIMAT STAL SIMA EMBALLAGE VINEXPO EUROPAIN AERONAUTIQUE POLLUTEC 2 2 5 4,, (1), :,,,,, ( 60% ) (2),, 180 200, 4500,2001 3400 2003 2006 3350 (3), 19
, 2 2 5 5,,,,,, (CEIR),,,, 50%, 1/4, 87%, 89%,,,IT,,,,,,,, 2 2 5 6,,, WTO,,,,, 20
,, 20%, 2 2 5 7,,,21,,,,,,, 2 3 2 3 1,,,,,,,,,,,, (AUMA),2000, 3%, 4 5%, 2000 7000, 3%,, 2%, 1 5%, 21
,,,,, R Rapidity Relationships Results, (Rapidity),, (Relationships),,,, (Results),,,,,, 2 3 2 2 3 2 1,,,,,, 2 3 2 2,,,, 22
,,,,, 2 3 2 3,,,,,,,, 2 3 2 4,,,,,,, 2 3 2 5 :,, :,, 2 3 2 6, FAQ ( ) BBS,,,,, 23
2 3 2 7,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 2 3 2 8,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 24
1., 2. 3., 25
3,, 3 1 3 1 1,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 3 1 2, 26
:20%, 20%,20%,,, 30,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 3 1 3,,, 3 5,,,,, ( ), 27
,,,,, 3 1 4,,, 3 1 5,,,,,,,,,, 1988, 100 1 5, 140, 1994 151, 11 15 3 1 6, 6000 6000 12000 12000 28
3 1 7 3 1 7 1 (UFI) ( 3-1) 3-1 UFI A A1: A2: A3: B1: B2: B3: B4: B5: B B6: B7: B8: B9: B10: C C1 : C2: :,2004 3 1 7 2 29
3 1 7 3 ( 3-2) 3-2 (1) : (2) : (3) : (4) : 1 (5) : (6) : (7) : (8) : (9) : (10) : (1) : 2 (2) (3) (4) (5) : (1) : 3 (2) : (3) : (1) : (2) : 4 (3) (4) : (5) : 30
5 (1) : (2) : (3) : (4) : (1) (2) : (3) : 6 (4) : (5) (6) (7) (8) : (9) (1) : 7 (2) : (3) : (4) : (1) 8 (2) : (3) : (4) : (1) : 9 (2) 10 (1) : (2) 11 (2) (3) (1) : 31
(1) : (2) : 12 (3) : (4) : (5) : (1) : 13 (2) : (3) : (4) : 14 (1) : (2) : 15 16 :,2004 3 2 3 2 1,,,,, 3 2 2,,, 32
3 2 3,,,,, 3, 10, (InternationalCongress & ConferenceAssociation, ICCA), :, 3 50,ICCA 3 2 4,,,, 150,, 1 1, 300 1 (TheUnionofInternationalAssociations, UIA) : 3, 300 40%, 5 3 2 5, ( ),, :1 2 3 3 2 6, ( ), 1 : :,2004 33
, 3 2 7,, 3 2 8, : (assembly):,,, (conference):, convention (congress): (convention):,,, : (lecture):,, (paneldiscussion):, (seminar) (10 50 ),, (forum):, (symposium):,,,,,, (workshop):, 34
3 3 3 3 1 (LargeEvents) (Smal Events) (ArtsFestivals) (SportingEvents) (Fairs) (Parks & Recreation Events) (CityEvents) (CVB) 1,, 2 3 3 1 1 (SpecialEvents),, 3 Getz,, :1 2 3 4 5 6 7 3 3 1 2 (Mega-events) Marris (IATE), 100, 5,, Rooney : 1 :,2004 23 : :,2004 35
Hal, Getz, 100, 5,,,,,, 3 3 1 3 (HalmarkEvents) Meyer,, Ritchie,, Getz,,,,, Burns Mules,,, : (1),, (2),, (3) (4),, ( ) 3 3 2, : (1), 36
,, (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) 3 3 3, : (1),, (2),,,,, 3 3 4, : (1), (2), ( ) (3),, (4),,,,, 37
,,,, 1.UFI 2. ( ), 3. 38
4,,, :,, 4 1,, :, :,,,, :,,,,,,,,,, 39
, (International ExhibitionorExposition), ( ),,,, (Commodity Exchange), 4 2 4 2 1 4 2 1 1,,,,,,,,,, : 1, 2,,, 40
3,, ( ), 4,, : (1) (2) (3) (4) (5), 5,, 6, 7, 8,,, 41
4 2 2,,, 4 2 2 1 20,,,,,,, 4 2 2 2,,,,,,,,,, 4 2 2 3,, 4 2 2 4, : (1),, (2),,, 42
(3),, 4 2 3 4 2 3 1,, 4 2 3 2,,,,,,,, : (1),, (2), (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8), 4 2 3 3,,,,, 43
4 2 3 4,,,,,, :, 4 3, :, 4 3 1,, 4 3 1 1 (1) : (2) : (3) : (4) : (5) : (6) :, (7), (8) : (9) : (10), 4 3 1 2 (1), : (2) : (3), 44
,, (4) (5) : (6) : 4 3 1 3 18 (1) : (2) :, (3) : (4) : (5) : (6),, (7),, 4 3 1 4 12 (1) : (2) : (3) :,, (4) : (5),, (6) :, (7) : (8) : 4 3 1 5 6 (1) (2) 45
(3) : (4), 4 3 1 6 3 (1) : (2) :, (3) : (4) :,, (5) : (6) : (7) : (8) : (9) : 4 3 1 7 1 2 (1) : (2) : (3) :1 2 (4) : (5) : (6) :,,,, (7) : (8), 4 3 2 3 : (1) : (2), (3), (4), 46
(5), (6) : (7) : (8) : (9) : (10) :,, 2 4 3 3,,, : (1) (2),, (3) (4), (5) (6), (7),, (8) (9), (10) 4 4 4 4 1 4 4 1 1 1 (1) :, (2),, (3), 47
(4),,, 2 (1),,,,,,,,,, (2),,,, 2003 30 2004 30 (3),,,,, ( ),,, 800, 5 2001 (4),, 4 4 1 2 1 2, ( ) 1 5 48
, 7, 46500,,, 24 30,,, 4, 2km, 20,,,,,,,,,,,, Internet IDD, 3,,,,,,,,,,,, 4 4 2, 90 ( ), 4-1 4-1 1 2 3 12 4 5 6 49
7 8 9 12 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 9 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 8 27 28 29 30 31 32 8 35 36 37 38 7 41 25 33 39 26 34 40 50
42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 ( ) 75 76 77 7 4 4 3 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 51
78 79 2 80 81 2 82 83 2 84 1 85 1 86 1 87 1 88 1 89 1 90 1 28,,2004,, 118,,,,,, 4-2 4-2 12 3 3 2 2 2 3 2 2 1 1 1 1 4 8 9 2 8 2 1 7 2 4 2 3 1 2 1 :2004 : 52
4 4 3 4 4 3 1 (1) (2), (3) (4) (5), (6),, (7) (8), (9) (10) 4 4 3 2 (1) (2) (3) (4) ( ) (5) 4 4 3 3 1,,,, ( ), ( ) :, :, ( ), :, CRM,, : 53
2, (SNIEC) 2001 11,SNIEC 84, 190, 39070 300 2004,SNIEC 60, 170 SNIEC, : (1) (2),SNIEC,,,, SNIEC,,SNIEC, (3) SNIEC SNIEC,,, SNIEC,,,2003 11 7, (Suntec Singapore) (NipponConventionCentreInc) (AsiaPacificVenuesAliance APVA), (4),,,,, SNIEC,,,,,, SNIEC 3,,, 2, 54
4, 2 4,, 1, 24 4 5 4 5 1,, (1) (2) (3), (4) (5) (6), (7),, (8),, (9) (10) (11) (12) (13) (14) (15) (16) (17), (18), (19) 55
(20), 4 5 2 4 5 2 1 12 (1),, (2) (3) (,, ) (4), 4 5 2 2 9 (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) 4 5 2 3 6 (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) 4 5 2 4 3 (1) (2),, (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) 4 5 2 5 4 (1) (2) 56
4 5 2 6 3 (1) (2) (3), (4) (5), (6), (7) 4 5 2 7 2 (1) (2) (3) (4) 4 5 2 8 1 (1) (2) (3) 4 5 2 9 (1) (2) (3) (4), (5),,,,, (6) (7), 4 5 2 10 (1) (2) (3) 57
4 6 4 6 1 (1) (2), 200, ( ), (3), (4), (5), (6),,, 4 6 2 1 2 : (1) (2),,, ( E-mail ), 4 6 3, : 58
,,,,,,,,,,, : (1) (2) (3), (4) (5) (6), (7),, (8), (9) (10) (11) (12) (13), CIF FOB CIF,,FOB (14) (15),, 59
(16) (17),, (18), 4 6 4,,,,, : (1) (2), (3),, (4) (5), (6) FOB CIF (7), (,, ) (8),,, (9),,,,, (, ),,,, 60
,,, 6 12,, 2-10-1 4 6 5,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 4 6 6 4 6 6 1, ( ), : (1),,, (2),,, (3),,, 1988, (4) :1 :A B, C D 2 61
3, 4 6 6 2,,,,,,,,, 4 6 6 3,,,,,,,,,, : (1),,, (2),, (3),, :, ( ),,, 10% 4 6 6 4, : (1), (2), (3),, (, 62
) (4),,,,,,,, 1980,,,,,,, :,,,,,,,, [ 4-1] 2003 6 4 8, 27 30, 49, 2002 10,, ( ), 2003 6 2 9, 2003 4 3, 5 16,, 5 22,6 63
3 9 300, 5 27 6 1, 6 2, 3,6 3,,, 4 13,, 5,5 7:00,,,,, 5,,,,,, 6, 6:45,, 7,,,, :1, 2,,,,,,,, 5 :,, [ 4-2] 9,2002 1988 1997 5 7,, 2000, 64
320 15 23 32, 110 100,,, 2000 2002 : : 1 (, ),, 20,,,, 2, 16 (, ), 3,, 2003 12,,,, 2004 5 26 6 4, 10 100,,,,,,,, (INTEXShanghai) 65
P&OB V,, ISO9002 12000, 8 1m 2001 5 FTTB+LAN, INTEX ISO9002 1992, INTEX 180, 150,, 560 49 2%, 13 2, 600,, 1997 9,,, (UPI) (IAEM),, 1985, 350,, 31, 2, 1 3 4,,,,, 5 2 1,1 3000,,,, 10 66
5 20, 20,, 43, 3 16, 16, 10200, 2 2,, 70, 25, 39 5 16, 3 16 : 3, 8, 5 12 130 90,,,,, 5, 13, 12,,, 23,,, 6, 126 6,,,, 1800,, 500,, 2 2,,,,,, 10, 5,,,,,, 67
:,,, 20,,,,,, 1. 2. 3. 4. 68
5, 5 1 5 1 1, :,,, 1, 2, (meeting),, :,,,,,,,, 1 2 :,2003 :,2004 69
5-1 1997 2001 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 1 223 233 200 178 58 2 138 165 156 98 35 3 185 179 153 165 53 4 147 162 149 128 54 5 134 146 129 108 40 6 129 132 113 97 39 7 129 109 103 140 74 8 74 86 100 65 31 9 124 115 97 107 50 10 91 112 90 80 49 11 79 77 79 81 41 12 67 94 78 59 24 13 71 102 75 72 23 14 43 50 73 73 26 15 39 44 71 49 18 16 58 43 64 43 22 17 65 87 61 47 21 18 63 59 53 39 25 19 69 66 50 45 12 20 40 47 48 21 22 21 36 49 45 38 22 22 39 56 42 38 22 23 51 48 40 25 10 24 43 33 38 27 6 25 43 73 37 31 17 633 590 482 450 223 2813 2957 2626 2304 1017 :ICCA 70
5-2 1997 2001 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 1 Vienna 45 76 63 34 16 2 Copenhagen 43 66 50 34 19 3 Madrid 46 76 48 31 13 4 Budapest 31 35 46 35 14 5 Helsinki 38 39 42 29 15 6 Stockholm 36 57 41 44 10 7 Berlin 20 35 40 28 16 8 Seoul 29 34 40 16 18 9 Barcelona 52 41 39 29 10 10 Sydney 46 31 38 46 27 11 Amsterdam 47 52 37 40 23 12 Edinburgh 35 35 35 32 16 13 Paris 50 47 33 40 17 14 London 52 35 32 45 10 15 Prague 38 27 30 19 16 16 HongKong 40 16 29 31 13 17 Roma 31 25 26 16 8 18 Singapore 23 42 25 22 10 19 Vancouver,BC 21 17 25 14 10 20 Brussels 32 27 24 20 3 21 Melbourne,VIC 28 27 24 35 19 22 Oslo 21 22 24 16 10 23 Munich 16 14 23 14 12 24 Bangkok 26 18 21 15 5 25 Istanbul 21 14 20 14 15 26 Taipei 24 25 20 17 11 27 Tokyo 20 26 17 11 9 28 Manila 20 22 16 17 6 29 Beijing 18 11 14 16 15 30 Washington,DC 19 14 14 9 5 :ICCA 71
5 1 2 300, 300,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 1999 2001 APEC,,, 5 2 5 2 1,,, :,,,,,,,,,,,,, 1817, 1 50 72
1936 17 :, 1 5 2 2,,,,, 2 5 2 2 1 1,,, 2,,,,,,,, 3,,, 5 2 2 2,,,,, 3 : 1 :,2003 23, :,2001 73
(1),, (2), (3),, (4),,, : (1),, (2), (3), (4), (5) (6),, (7),,,,,, 74
,, ( ) (BVAC), 68, 40 50, 3 BVAC, 10, 68, 1 (HistoricConferenceCentresofEurope),, 12 :,,, [ 5-1] 2001 APEC (,Asia-PacificEconomicCooperation APEC) 20 80,,, 1989 1, 1989 11 6 7,, 1991 11,, :,,, 1 JohnSwarbrooke,SusanHorner BusinessTravelandTourism :,2004 75
APEC 21, : APEC, APEC APEC,, 1993 11 20,,, ( ),,,,,, APEC 2001,, 55% APEC 21, 1 3, 20, 9, 4180, APEC 2 8, 2 APEC, 71% 68% 40% APEC, 2001 APEC,, 4 5, 1 5, 3 11, 7 3 250, 600 2001 APEC 2000, 2001,,, 76
,, 4 5 18 3,,,,, 1000,, APEC, 1,, 16500, 5, 2 1 800 5000, 520 ISDN,,,,,,, 24, 170 400,,,,, :,,, :182, 40,4800,100,, :, 77
, 2001,,, 200,,, APEC,, ADSL GPS 2,,,,, 24, 2000 82001 APEC,, 1300, 3,,, APEC,,, 2000 3, APEC,, 1000, 2001 3, APEC,,,, :,,,, 70%, 30%, APEC :,,, 78
, APEC 5 3 5 3 1,,,,,, 2001 APEC,, : :, APEC, APEC,, : (1),, ( ),,, (2),,, (3), 5 3 2,,, ( ) ( ),, 300 500, 12 16, : (1),,, 79
, (2) (3),,,, :,,,, (4), 5-1 80
1, :, : :, 2, :,,, :,, :,,, :, :,,,, 3, : :,, :, : 4, : :,,, :,, :,, 81
:,, /, :,,,, 5 : :,,,,,,, :, / /,, 6 : :,, :, : :,,,, [ 5-2] 1,, 2,, 3 (1), 26 (2) 5,, (3), 82
4 : (1) (2) (3) (4), (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12) (13) 5 3 3, 5 3 3 1, : (1) (2) ( (3) (4) (5) (6) (7),,,,,,,,, 83
( ) 5-2 5-3 5-2 5-3 5-2, 5-3,,,, 5-2,,,,, 5-4,,, 5 3 3 2, 84
5-4 : =,,, : = : C=N T P C N T P,, k, : n k=1 n C k = k=1 N kt kp k,,,, : (1) (2) (3), 85
5 4 5 4 1 5 4 1 1, 1 (1),,,,,, WTO (2) (3) (4), (5) (6), (7) (8), (9) 2 : (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) 86
3 (1) (2) (3) (4), (5) (6) (7) / (8) (9), (10), (11) (12) 4 (1), (2), (3) (4) 5 (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) 5 4 1 2 1, : (1), :1, 2,, 3, 5-3 87
5-3 / /m 2 10 16 1 1 15 24 1 1 20 32 15 1 25 40 19 1 30 48 23 18 40 64 30 24 50 80 38 30 75 120 57 45 100 200 75 60 125 230 93 75 150 2 112 85 200 2 150 115 300 2 2303 175 400 2 3003 235 500 2 4003 300 1000 2 7453 600 1500 2 11203 900 2000 2 15003 :1, 2 3 :,2003, 1000,, 1000 100, 1 1 1 2 100 300, 1 0 1 1 300, 0 93 1 0 0 7, 100, 2 0 2 1 100 300, 1 9 1 95 300 88
, 1 6 1 7,,,,,,,, (2),,,,, (3), 2,,, ( ),,,,, 5 4 2 5 4 2 1 :,, 5 4 2 2 1,, 89
,,,, 2,, 3,,,, 5 4 2 3, 1, 24,,, 2,,,, 3,,,,,,,,,, 5 4 3 1,, 90
, 2 : / / ( ), 3 :,,,, 5 5,, : 5 5 1,,,,,, 1 (1) (2) (3) (4) 1 LeonardNadlerZeaceZedler : :,2003 91
(5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12) (13) ( ) (14) (15) (16) (17) ( ) (18) (19) (20) (21),,,,, 5 5 2,,,,,,,,, 92
[ 5-1] (WorldEconomicForum) 1971, (European ManagementForum),,,, 1000, 4,,,1976, 1987,,, 30, :1979,,, 1982 17, 1983 1987, 1988, 1989, 1990, 1992,, 1994 1999 2000 ( ) (GAVI) 93
: : :, 1000,,,,, (Forum Communities): (GLTs) (TechPioneers), 100, (ForumFelows),,, : (Foundation) (Forum Council) 94
,, (ManagingBoard), 4,, 120,,,, : (1) 7, (2) (3), 1,,,, 1000,, 2,, ( ), ( ), 95
, 3 :,,,,,,, 1996 (GlobalEventManagement) (, ), 4,,, :www weforum org, (WorldLink), CNN,,, : APEC, 1.,, 1000, ( ) 2. 300, 96
( : ) (1) 10000 (2)300 (3)300 (4) 5000 (5) 5000 (6) 3000 (7) 8000 (8) 1000 (9) 3000 (10) 1000 (11) 8000 89000 ( : ) (1) 250 75000 (2) 3000 3000 2000 15000 ( 50) 30000 ( 100) (3) 5000 (4) 1000 89000 97
6,,, 6 1 Event, 1 2 FSE (Festivals & SpecialEvents),, Event,,,, 6 1 1,,,, : (1) (2) (3), (4), ( ) (5) (6), 1 2 :,2004 :,2003 98
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 6 1 2, 5,1998 21%, 3100, 50, 1,,, : 1,,,,,,,, 2000,, 10 2, 1,2003 99
,, 3,,,, : (1),,,,,,1998 9%, 8%, 55 1,, (2),, 1050, 1000, 7 98 21 2 (3),, 4,,,, 1991, 30 12, 200 2002, 50, 64 68, 3 8 1981 1988, 12 4% 1996, 7 7, 12,2003 100
51 1, 2008, 2010 2010,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 6 2,, 1 :,2004 101
6 2 1 102 6 2 1 1,,,,, (1),,, (2),,,, (3),,,,,,,,, 1810,, 6 2 1 2, (1),,, (2), 2003 10,, 2004
,,,,,, 2004 11,,, 6 2 2,,, : 6 2 2 1,,, : 1,,,,,,,,,,,, 2,,,,,,,,, 103
3,, 6 2 2 2 1 1,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 2, 2,,, 12 :,2002 104
3,,,,, 4 ( ) :,,, 5, :,,,,, 1984,, 1972 10,1976 24,1980 90, 1984,,,,1998 ( 68 ) 9%, 105
6 12 1 (IEG)1999 9, 47%, 25% 2 6, : 3 (1),, (2),,, (3),,,,,,,,, 7,,,, 8, :, 6 3, 1972, 11 2000, 2004,,, 12,2003 3 :,2002 106
,, 6-1 6-1,, (Ⅰ),,, (Ⅰ) (Ⅱ), (Ⅳ), (Ⅲ) 6 3 1 6 3 1 1, : ( ), 1 : (1) (2) (3),,, 1 :,2004 107
108,,,, 6 3 1 2,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 6 3 1 3 (1),,,, (2) (3) (4), (5),
,,, 6 3 2,,,,, EliasCaneti, : 1 (1) (2), (3),,EliasCaneti : (1), (2), (3), (4), (5),,, (6) EliasCaneti, :,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 1 EliasCaneti :,2003 109
,,,,,,, 1968 7 1975, 4, :, 1. 2. ( ), 3. 110
7,,,, 7 1 7 1 1 2004 8,,,,,, :,,,,, ( ) : ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ), : ( ) ( ) ( ) 111
7 1 2 1 ( ),,, 2,,,,, 3, 4,,, :, 5 ( ), 6, :,,,, 7 ( ) 112
, :,,,,, 8,, : 7 2, 7-1 7-1 1,, 1,2003 113
( ), 1 9 ( 1 10), 2000 13000, 120, 1250, 1 10 2000 45, 450, 10 37 1%,10 48 2%, 17%, 5, 2 1999 10,, 70, 200, 60 47,,, :,, 7 3 7 3 1,,,,,, (oficalcarrier), 114
, (nationalcarrier),,,,, 7 3 2 7 3 3,,, 3 7 3 4,,,,,,, 7 3 5, (welcomereception) (farewel party),,, 7 3 6,,,, 115
,,,1991 1992,,,, 7 3 7,,, (projectionequipment), 7 3 8,,,, : ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ), [ 7-1] WTO, (ICCA),, 10100,3 10, 100 116
, 50% 1990, 22 4% 33 8%, 800 1000 700, 2000, 3000,, 10%, 1% 2%,,, 20% 40,,,,,,,,, PCO DMC ( ),, 10,,,,, ICCA,, 10100,,,, 1 2 3 117
8, 8 1 8 1 1,,,, (CCPIT),,, 8 1 2,, 29, 4,15 10 2004 11 22, 118
8 1 2 1 29, 12, 2, 5, 9, 1 8 1 2 2 12, 9 ( ), 3 ( ) 12 : 2 ( ), 5 ( ), 4 ( ), 1 ( ) 8 1 2 3 12, 1 ( ), 6 ( ), 1 ( ), 1 ( ) 8 2 8 2 1,, 31 1928,, 1931,,,,, 2 3, 8 2 2,,, 119
,, 8 2 3 1955, ( ),,, 8 2 4, 1985 5 7,1996 36 73,,,,, 8 2 5,,, 8 2 6,,, 8 2 7 120 1992,,, 1993 14, 200, 800, 30
8 2 8 1989, 24,, APECC 8 2 9,,,,,, 1939,, 31 1928, 1948 1966 1972, A 1 A 2 B 1 B 2 A 1 : 1851 1853 1855 1862 1867 1873 1876 1878 1889 1893 1900 1904 1915 1926 1930 1933 1934 1935 1937 1939 1940 1939 1958 1962 21 1964 1965 1967 1970 1975 121
1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1990 1992 1992 1993 1998 2000 2005 1982,, 9 : 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1992 1992 1993 1998, 1988 1992 1993,, 8 3,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 122
8 3 1,, WTO, WTO,,,, ( ), :,,, :,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 8 3 2,,,,, 123
,,, (2004),,,,,,,,,, 8 3 3,,, 1 9, 1, 1, 10%,,, 12%,,,, 2,,,,, 1 2003 (11):28 2 [ ] E :,1998 124
,,, 2010, 1. 2., 2005, 3. 125
9, 9 1 9 1 1 9 1 1 1, 23,, 10 8, 240 4, 3 9-1 ( ) 469700 290000 286000 234000 160000 140000 133000 101200 64900 59500 58000 50640 : :,2003 126
9-2 ( ) 1997 2213967 1998 2330922 5 3% 1999 2385152 2 3% 2000 2445881 2 5% 2001 2484357 1 6% 2002 2561636 3 1% :,,,2003 : 1947 310000 1986, CEBIT CEBIT 7200, 365000 EMO (IAA) (LIGNA) AMBIENTE TENDENCE,, (IAA) (ANUGA) (PHOTOKINA) ( ) (ILA) (DRUPA) (INTERKAMA) (INTERQACK),1998 (BAUMA) (DRINKTEC) (ISPO),, (AUMA), AUMA, 127
128,, : 150, 120, 690, 17, 48%, 10, 6, 240, 4, 3 23,, 10 8,, 5,,, 9 1 1 2 1,, 2000, 42 5,,,,,, 180 200, 5000,1999, 7000, 2 AUMA,, 1907,, AUMA,,AUMA, AUMA, AUMA, AUMA,, 3,,, 1975, IMAG,
20 1995,,,,1997,,,, ( ), 17, 20, 5, 2000 ( ), 4 :,,,,,,,,, 10, 47, 21, 5,2001, CEBIT 1150, 30,, 26,, 5, 10, 70% 49 8%,, 1997, 50, 4 7 ( 20 ), 4 MESSEFRANKFURTGMBH, 550, 64, 103 129
130 15,, 1964,, 1998,, 28 40,, 90 3 150 250 6,,,, 6,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, (AUMA),2000, 3%, 4 5%,2000 7000, 3%, 1 5% 7,,,, AUMA,, 2 5,
, 8,,,,,, : 9,,,,, 5 6,,,,,,, 9 1 2 9 1 2 1 2003 5, 19 5, 625, 64, 3 9 24 15, 83 6, 3, 589 18 58, 8 59, 2003 1 9 29 McCormickPlace 20 43, 2007 5 57 493 N MORAL 2006 4 86, 14 86, 447, 3 9, 13 131
9 1 2 2 1,, 2,,,,,,,, 3 9 11,,, 2001,,,,,,,,,,, 4,,,,, 5,,, 132
,,,, 3 4, 1 2, 6,, 300 400, 75 100, PENTON, ( ), PENTON 5 6,, 7,PENTON,, 9 11,,,,, 8,,, 60% 90%,,, 9, 2002 20%,,,,1998 30, 20, 10, 1998 5, 78, 100 85%, 5 32% 1999 2000,, 12 6 40 133
,,,, 10 2001, 9 50%, 3 2002, 3,, 6,, 9 1 3 9 1 3 1 134 1400 ( ) 100 ( ) 175, 120,1995 175 621, 5 77, 212 6 1995, 33%, 8%, 50%, 15%, 70% ( ), 80% 160, 80 55 4 75 ( 13 ), ( ) 5%, 75, 2/3, 56,,, 1, 35 40 ( 67%) 1500, 20
,,,,, 150, 3 65, (Promosalons), 20,,,,,, 9 1 3 2 1,,,,,,,,, 65,,,, 50 65 50,,, 65,, 135
136 2,,, : (1), 175 1995 621, 5 77, 33%, 8%, 50%, 15% 1997 RATIMAT 140687, 19978, 14%,, (2),,,,,, BATIMAT, STAL, EMBALLAGE, SIMA, VINEXPO EUROPAIN,,AERONAUTIQUE,POLLUTEC VINEXPO,,1999 6 VINEXPO 121 52518, 3, :,,,13 2/3,20,,, (SBHM),,,, :
4, 1, 35 40 ( 67%) 1500, 20,,, 5,, :,,, 1999 4 (AgroFoodtechChina), 2000,,,,,, 9 1 4 9 1 4 1 :,,,,,, 42%,,,, 137
138,,,,,,,,, 9 1 4 2,, DTI, DTI 12,,,,,, 9 1 4 3,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
9 1 5 9 1 5 1 20,, 23 500 10700, 700 130 29% 89%, 346, 108 80%, 45% ( 34%), 4%, 11%, 5% 88%, EXHIBITSURVEY 85% 72% 61%, 3 74, 63%, 10 4 CEO,, 24%,59% 1, 62% 3700 10700, 4 6, 5 500, 350,150 107, 106, 360, 120 2540,, 9 1 5 2 1986,, 139
,,,,,,,,,, 225, 8,,,2002,2002 25, 7000,, 9 1 5 3 106, 122, 3500, 5,,,, ( ),, ( ) 1982, 250, 15, AUSTRONICS ELECTNX AUTOMATE FINFOODAUSTRALIA HO - TELAUSTRALIA IMPEX ( ) 46, 32 430, 15 6 900 140
9 1 6 9 1 6 1,,,,,, 1898, 3 700 17 5, 6, Marmomacc 6, 1100, 40% 1/3 SIBA,,,, Birra MIA 9 1 6 2,,,,,, 9 1 6 3, 8, MACEF CHIBI,, IT 40, 2005, 34 5, 6 141
, 12, (FIERA-MILANO) 80 1996 3 1 250 17, 3, 4 7,,,,, 21 (BolognaFiere), 30, 15 1996 18449, 219237, 110106 74,11, 1,, (BERONAFOERE), 12,20 3, 9 7,, (EA-FIERA-DEL-NEBANTE),, 30, 20, 5000, 200 : 1998 9, 2500, 70 9 1 7,,,,, 1997, 2200,,,,,,,,1996 63 142
,,, 30 4500 5000,, 341, 6,, 1996 1997, 26 5%,,,,, :,,,,, 9 1 8 60,,,, 6, 2000 5000, 40,, 9 1 8 1 1974,,,,,,,, 143
144, 9 1 8 2, 1, 10 6, 9 1 8 3, 2 5, 250,,,, 11, 64, 50 154 9 1 8 4, : (1),,,, 11,,, (2),, 440, 900,,, (3),,,,
,, 9 2 9 2 1,,, 1947,, 50,, 1947 8, ( ),,,,,,,,,,,,, 120 ( ),,,, 21, 5,2000 4 154, 49 8%,,, 1997, 50 4 7 ( 20 ), 4 20, 1 2 145
1947, 50 1986 30,,,,,, 20 80,, 2000 CeBIT,, 75, 52 7802, 100 41, 55,,, 20 90, 40%,,,,,, 1999,,, 1998,,,, 3 9 2 2,,, 46 5, 29, 146
17 5,, 60%, 40%, 30 50, 13, 5, 80%, 60%, 200 MESSEFRANKFURTGMBH, 550, 64, 103 15,, 9 2 3 9 2 3 1,,, 2001, 15, 30, 2001 2001 2001 12 14,, 2001, 20%, 13,, 80, 420, 3 7 20 80, 1988, 16 1997, 48, 6 4,, 147
,,,,,,,,,,, ( ),, 2 2 500 2000, 2300, 101 77, 2001 615 2001, 4%,,,,, 5,,,,,, 10,, 20,,, 9 2 3 2 1 1/3,,,, 2 10,, 15000, 800 148
3, 25, 6 4, 1/4, 3/4,, 550,, 4000,,, 4,,,,,, 5 1997, 48,,,,,, 9 2 4 9 2 4 1,,,,, 2 90% 2001 93,, ( ) 300 / ( ) 340 / ( ),, Uniplan ( ), 149
20 70,,,,,,, cebit 6 200 9 2 4 2,,,, 20 60 70,, 20 90,,,,,,,, 20 60 70,,,,,,,,,,,,, Uniplan,,,,, 9 2 5 150 9 2 5 1 2004 2004
253,, 107, 43% 46 61 39,,2004,3 5 8 9,1 2 12 6,,,,,,70% 10 ( 9-3), ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( IT ), (53%) 9-3 9-3 2004 ( 10 ) ( ) 16 15 5 4 40 ( ) 19 2 8 4 33 ( ) 13 0 10 0 23 ( ) 4 5 5 5 19 ( IT ) 10 3 1 5 19 ( ) 9 1 3 3 16 ( ) 8 2 1 2 13 9 2 1 0 12 4 2 0 2 8 ( ) 1 1 4 1 7 10 93 33 38 26 190 107 46 61 39 253 10 (%) 87 72 62 67 75 : 151
152 9 2 5 2 1, 10, 20%, 1 9,,, (UFI),,,, 2 70% ( ),, 3 1998,,,, 4 6, 12,,,,, 5 10, 10, 12 15,, 10, 20, 30
9 2 6 9 2 6 1 20 90, 20%,1990, 40, 10 2003, 330, 18, 45%, 2003,,, 99 APEC, 500, 700 2004, 60,2004 2004 F1 18, 9, 2010 2002, 6023 ( ), 480 ( 9-4) 9-4 55 15 14 84 9 0 4 13 12 365 6 383 76 380 24 480 : 2003,, 600 24, 5000 154, 70% 80%,, 15 9 2 6 2, 20% :,2002 262, 153
2003 330 2002 162 07,2003 224 35, 1 40,, ( ), ( 3 9 ), 6 5, IT 9 2 6 3 1, 1, 4 11,, 17 25, 15 9-5 IT CeBIT ( ) 154
( ) IP/BC&E2004 ( ) ( ) ( ) :, 100,,, APEC, 20 80,, (UFI), GDP GDP 100%,,,,,, 20 90, 20% 2 2001, 200, 60 500,2001, 30 700, 102, 10, 21, 100,,2001 155
156 15%,, 1999 25,,,, 1 10, 1000,,,2000 10, 20, 200 40,,,,,,, 4000 4500, 6 3300 3500,, 3,,, 20 90, 2 3,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
,,,,,,,,,, 9 2 7 9 2 7 1 1,, ( ),,, :,,, 2, 1/3,2010 2000 2010, 70%, 6, ( ) ( ) 6,,,,,,, 3,,,, 20 90, 10,, 157
158, 2004 6, 200 353, 2000,2001 21, 2, 4,,,,,,, 5,, 1999,,, 70,,,,,,,,,,,,, 9 2 7 2 : ( ) ( ) : 2, 2, 1 40%, 40%, 20%, :1,, ( ),
,, 2,,,, 2003 30 2004 STEPEXHIBITIONLTD 3,,,, :,, ( ), :2 4 3, 60%,10 2, 40%,, 2 10, :2004, 21, 9 16, 6 18, 8 90% 9 2 7 3 2004,, 2004, 1 14, 13 13, 5 2010,,,, 2004 60,,, 30, 50, 7 9,8 9 11 10,,,, 2003 9 2004 6, ( ) ( ) 116, 2004 159
55, 27, 58 8% 1628, 985 3% 37, 184 6%, : 10, 9%, 6, 5% 5, 4% 14, 12% 9, 8% 5, 4% 10, 9%, 9 2 7 4,, 5, 3 9-6 (%) A 1 1 B 3 3 C 7 6 D 4 3 E 10 9 F 6 5 G 4 3 H 5 4 I 5 4 J 6 5 K 4 3 L 14 12 M 9 8 N 5 4 160
(%) O 1 1 P 6 5 Q 10 9 R 13 11 S 3 3 116 100 9 2 7 5,,,,,, 9 2 7 6,,,, : 1,,, :,,,,,,2004, 17,,,,, 161
,,,, 2,,,,,,,,,,,,,2002 5,5 25,,,,, 3 :,,,,,, 20 4,,,,,,,, 162
,,, 5,,,, 353 (, 1362 ), 20 30, 8000,, SWOT 1. 2. 163
10,,, :, 10 1 10 1 1 164,, 1500 2001, 85 3320 15404 1660, 30 104 18,,,,,,,,, (, ),, 80%,, ( ),
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 10 1 2 10 1 2 1 2003 15, 7, 8, 2800 1 9, 2 5,, : 700, 2000, 3000 1999 1, 40 100 3000,, 2000,,,,,, :,,,, :, 165
( ),, 20 50 :,,,,,, (Schmdt M) : 10 1 2 2,, 10 1 2 3,,,,,,,,,75%, 1/3 10-1 10-1 /% /% 85 1 14 9 75 0 25 0 78 7 21 3 37 8 62 2 57 6 42 4 34 4 65 6 33 3 66 7 166
10 2 10 2 1, 1998 2001, 4, 60, 152, 10 2 2,,,,,,,,, 10 2 3,,,, 1 5 1 10,,1998 75, 9000 1999 9 27 ( 99 ), 1999, 1000, 1 7 115, 44% 10 2 4,,,, 167
,,, 10 3 10 3 1,,,, 99, 99, 10 3 2,, 1500 96 272, 11%,, 108 2 10 3 3,,,,, 300,, 99,,, 20 90, 20% 168
2000, 1000,,,,,,,, [ 10-1] :,,,,,,, 1000,,,,,,,,,, : 2003 10 : 169
: : : : :400, 15 :50 :60 :450 :20 9 15,20,25 2003,, :,,,,,,,, : 10 7,, :,, 10 8 6 30, 400, 7 00,,,,,, 170
,,,,,,,, ( ),,,,,,,,, 1., 2., 3., 171
1,, : ( ), ( ) ( ) ( ), ( ),,,, ( ), : 1. ( ) 2., ( ) ( ), ( ( ) ), ( ), ( ) (, ), 172
,, ( ) ( ),, ( ), ( 2 2 ),, ( ), ( ), ( ) ( ), ( ), ( ) 20% ( ) ( ) ( ) 1,, 1000 ( ), ( ),, ( ), ( ),, ( ),, ( ), ( ) ( ),, ( ),, ( ) 6,, 173
2 2,, : ( ), ( ),,, (, ), ( ),, 12 : ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ),, 1000,,,, : ( ),, 2 ( ) ( ),,,,,,, 174
, 1000, 1000,,,,,,,,,,,, ( THECHINESEEXPORTCOMMODITIESFAIR, CANTONFAIR, CECF), 1998 10 1,, 175
2 ( ) ( ), ( ),, ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ), ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ),, ( ), ( ),, ( ),, ( ), 176
, 1 2 ( ) ( ), ( ) ( ) ( ),,, 2, 4 9 ( ), 7 12, 3 ( ) 1 ( ), 4 10, 5 11 7 12,,, ( ) ( 15 ) 1, 2 ( ),, 177
4, : : ( ) ( ) ),, :,,, 1,,, 1 1 ( ),,,,,, ( ),,,,,, ( ), ( ),, 178
,,,, ( ),,, ([1993] 406 ), 179
3,, ( ),,, 500,,,,, 500, ( ) 180
4,, 1998 1 1,,,,,,,, ( ) ( ),,,, : ( ) ( ) ( ),,,,,, : ( ) ( ), :,, 181
,, ( ) ( ) ( ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ),,, ( ),,,,, ( ), ( ), ( ), 1998 1 1 182
5,,, ( ) ( ) ( ),, 20% ( ) : ( ),, ( ),, ( ), ( ),,, 6, 12,, ( ) 150, ( ) 150,,, 183
( ), 1000 ( ) 1000, ( ) 1000, ( ) 1000, ( ),,, ( ) ( ), ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ),,,, 15,,, : ( ),, 2 ( ) ( ), ( ), 1000 184
: ( ) ( ) 3 ( ) ( ), ( ) ( ),,, : ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ), ( ),,,,,,, ( ),, ( ) ( ), 1000 2,,,,,,,, 185
,,,,,,, 2002 1 1,, 186
1 :,1999 2, :,2003 3, :,2001 4,, :,2001 5 : :,2004 6 :,2003 7 :,2002 8 :,2004 9 :,2004 10 JeAnnaAbbot,AgnesDeFranco :,2004 11 www un org 12 [ ],, :,2002 13, :,2003 14 JohnSwarbrooke,SusanHorner BusinesTravelandTourism :,2004 15 :,2003 16 :,2004 17 :,2004 18 LeonardNadler,ZeaceNadler : :,2003 19 :,2003 20 www boaoforum org 21 22 23 24,2003 25 :,2003 26 :,2004 27 EliasCaneti :,2003 28 [ ] :,1985 29, :,2004 30, :,2004 31 MiltonT Astrof & James R Abbey ( ) :,2002 32 [ ] :,2003 33 :,2004 34 :,2003 35 :,2003 187
36,, :,2004 188