2 ka * (, 100875;, 730000. *, E-mail: fhchen@lzu.edu.cn; mrqiang@ires.cn). 210 Pb, AMS 14 C 14 C, 2 ka.. δ 18 O, δ 18 O ; δ 13 C,., 2 ka, 5 : 0~190 AD, ; 190~580 AD, ; 580~1200 AD(MWP), ; 1200~1880 AD(LIA), ; 1880~1950 AD, 20 50,. 2 ka, 2 ka. 2 ka,, (PAGES)., [1~3] [4] [5,6] [7~11] 2 ka,, 20., 121000 km 2,.,, ; [12~17]., 2 ka.,, 2 ka 50 a, 2 ka,. 2 ka. 1 (38 51 N, 93 54 E) ( 1),, 2800~3200 m. 2.75, 18.7 mm, 2967.2 mm,.,,.,.,,.,., 8~15 km,,. 103.68 km 2, 2.5 m, 5.0 m. 31.83 g/l, Cl-SO 4 -Na-Mg, ph 8.5, 2.18 m/s(25 )., HCO 3 Mg 2+ /Ca 2+, 683.5 mg/l 21. [18],,. 2000 12, Piston, 5. SG001227-C, SG001227-D SG001227-E, 38 51.19 N, 93 54.09 E, 4.6 m. SG001227-C 8.52 m, 8.34 m. SG001227-D SG001227-E, 3.0 1.2 m.,. SG001227-C www.scichina.com 1385 转载
1 1, 2, 3 : 852~473 cm, ; 473~178 cm, - ; 178~0 cm,.,. SG001227-C, 1~2 mm, 1~2 cm, 785. 60,. SG001227-E 1 cm, 110,, 210 Pb 137 Cs., (Ruppia Maritima) AMS 14 C. GRAB 36, 3~5 cm. 2002 1, 16, 1 1 1 13. 2,. 210 Pb 137 Cs, 5 g,, 100. 5 ml, EG & G Ortec Ortec 919 IBM 16k γ. 14 C,, 5, LKB-1220. MAT-252, CO 2 -H 2 O, 0.05, SMOW. SG001227-C, 250 cm 29.7%~89.1%, 49%.., 2, 125 38.5 µm; 125 µm,, (vital effects). 38.5 µm,. X (XRD). ( 1),, 50%, (<8.2%).,,. Mg/Ca,,, Victoria [19].,. 1386 www.scichina.com
,,,,,.,.,..,.,.,,. 1 (<38.5 µm) XRD /cm /% /% /% /% SG-C-000 0.5 56.4 0 53.4 3.0 SG-C-051 56.1 52.1 0 48.3 3.8 SG-C-107 117.2 56.6 23.7 24.7 8.2 SG-C-207 226.3 53.8 27.2 18.6 8.0 Delta Plus, [20]. 20~30 mg, 1 ml 100%, 90 20 min, CO 2,. δ 13 C δ 18 O 0.054 0.153, R = (R R )/R 1000 (PDB, R = δ 13 C/ δ 18 O). 29 cm, 1 cm; 29 cm, 4 cm. 2 2.1 SG001227-E 210 Pb 137 Cs 2. 210 Pb (CRS),, [21,22]. 210 Pb, 0.31 cm/a, 26.6 cm 1845. 210 Pb 155. 137 Cs, 1963, 210 Pb, [23], 137 Cs [24]., 210 Pb.,, 4 AMS 14 C.,,,,, [25]. KIA18572, δ 13 C 18.29 ( 2).,,, 2 210 Pb 137 Cs www.scichina.com 1387
2 SG001227-C AMS 14 C / /cm δ 13 C/ 14 C /a BP /Cal a BC KIA18567 SG-C-090 3 98.6 10.15 2950±35 1209; 1200; 1191; 1177; 1163; 1140; 1131 KIA18568 SG-C-117 5 128.1 9.47 3050±25 1369; 1360; 1347; 1344; 1316 KIA18569 SG-C-144 5 157.5 12.80 3264±49 1521 KIA18571 SG-C-378 3 422.4 15.43 5612±43 4455; 4415; 4414 KIA18572 SG-C-529 1 580.7 18.29 7004±32 5873; 5855; 5843.,, 14 C. AMS 14 C ( 2) : 98.6 cm, 14 C (2950 35)a BP., 0.31 cm/a, AMS 14 C. [26] ( 2), 210 Pb, 2200 a., 14 C. PM 0.9951 0.0077, 2594 a. δ 13 C 16.2, PM 1.0147 0.0075, 2433 a. AMS 14 C 14 C, AMS 14 C (2200 a).,,,. δ 13 C., 2 ka, 212 cm 2000 Cal a BP. 29 cm 9~11 a, 29 cm 42 a. 2.2 SMOW : δ 18 O 20.79 ~ 29.36 ; δ 18 O, 4.33 4.30 ; 2.98 ; δ 18 O 2.40 ~ 5.85, 4.00. 3. δ 18 O 8.47 ~ 3.90, 0.99.,, 5, 190, 1200, 1370, 1460 1720 AD. 3.27 ~ 2.06, 0.08. δ 13 C 5, 0~190, 580~1200 1960~2000 AD; 190~580 1200~1960 AD. : 320 450 AD, 1.10 0.37 ; 1330, 1420 1590 AD, 0.56, 0.06 0.69. 580~1200 AD,,, 800 AD. 580~800 AD, ; 800~1200 AD. 3 3.1 δ 18 O [27,28]., δ 18 O, δ 18 O (P/E) [29~31]. [32] : ( ).,., (Inflow/Evaporation). δ 18 O,., δ 18 O I/E [33]. (0.0355 1 ) (TDIC) [34], δ 13 C 1388 www.scichina.com
3 2 ka (a) 1800~2000 AD, 9~11a(b) 1~5, TDIC [35]. TDIC [29,36] : CO 2, CO 2,., Rhodes [29], δ C < 2, ; δ C +2, CO 2,. [36] 2 δ 13 C, 2., CO 2, δ 13 C [37]., TDIC. δ 18 O, 2 ka, ( 3), ( ), 2 ka Mg/Ca,,., TDIC., TDIC CO 2.,, 11 3, CO 2. δ 13 C [33]. ( 60 km), 1957, 11 3 2 ( 4): 1957~1980 1980~2000, www.scichina.com 1389
0.7. 1957 δ C, 2 ( 4).,. 3~5, δ C, 5,, (r = 0.64),. 4 1957 11~3 δ C 1957~1980 1980~2000 [33] 580~1200 AD ( 3). δ C δ 18 O CO 2 [38,39]., 18 O ;, CO 2, TDIC 13 C. 580~1200 AD.,. ;,,. 3.2 2 ka, 2 ka 5 ( 3): 1(0~190 AD),,,. 2(190~580 AD) 190 AD,, δ 18 O, 190 AD,. δ C 190 AD, 280 AD, 320 450 AD, 1. 500 AD., δ C, 320~450 AD. 2. 3(580~1200 AD),. 800 AD,,. 800~1200 AD 580~800 AD. (MWP). 4(1200~1880 AD) 4,.,. (LIA),, 3, 1200, 1370, 1500 1810 AD. 5(1880~2000 AD) 1880~1950 AD, δ 18 O, δ C,. 50,, δ 18 O,. 60 δ C, 20 [9]. 2 ka -,,,,. 190 AD. 0~190 AD (206 BC~220 AD),, Yang [40],, δ 18 O. [41] 670~760 880~1260 AD,, 1390 www.scichina.com
. Quelccaya [42] Mook [43]. [1] [6] [41]. 20 [6], 20 80, [44]. Yang [45], ( 5), 2 ka 240~600, 1400~1920 AD; 0~240, 600~1400 1920 AD~,. [9] 2000 ( 10~30 a) ( 5), 0 s~ 200 s AD, 570 s~770 s AD, 930 s~1310 s AD, 1920 s AD~ ; 210 s~560 s AD, 780 s~920 s AD, 1320 s~1910 s AD. δ C 0~190 AD 190~580 AD MWP LIA 20, ( 5). δ C. 3~6 2 1. 1230~1250 1180 AD, δ C. 210 s~560 s AD [9], δ C 190~580 AD 1200~1880 AD., 3 20 ( 5).,,, 1200 AD, 100~200.,. 2 ka [10], 280 s AD 1230 s AD,, δ C 280 AD 1200 AD., 360 s AD, 490 s AD ; 560~580 AD, 1230 s AD, 880 AD, δ C., 2 ka. 5 2 ka δ C ( 1) [45] ( 2) [9] ( 3) 3 3 www.scichina.com 1391
, 2 ka 3~6 MWP LIA 20,,. 4, ;,. 2 ka 5 : 0~190 AD, ; 190~580 AD, ; 580~1200 AD,, ; 1200~ 1880 AD,, ; 1880~1950 AD, 20 50,,. 2 ka,,., 2 ka,.,., (TIMS),., - -. Leibniz AMS 14 C 210 Pb 137 Cs XRD.,,. ( : 40125001, 40301051, 40301050, 40421101). 1. 2000., 1997, 1: 52~59 2,,,. 2ka., D, 1996, 26(4): 348~353 3, Thompson L G. 5ka., B, 1992, (10): 1089~1093 4, Graumlich L J, Sheppard P. 1835., 1997, (1): 70~75 5,,. 2 000., 1997, (1): 62~67 6,,.., 2001, 21(6): 508~513 7. 1380., B, 1990, 20(5): 553~560 8.., 1995, 3: 202~211 9,,,. 2000., 2002, 22(2): 166~173 10,,,. 2000., B, 1994, 24(9): 998~1006 11. 500., 1980, 25(6): 270~272 12,.., 1991, 46(3): 327~335 13,,,.., 1990, 10(4): 89~99 14,,.., B, 1990, (5): 652~663 15, Bowler J M.., B, 1985, (5): 463~472 16 Yang W B, Spencer R G, Krouse H R, et al. Stable isotopes of lake and fluid inclusion brines, Dabusun Lake, Qaidam Basin, western China: Hydrology and paleoclimatology in arid environments. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Paleoecology, 1995, 117: 279~290 17 Phillips F M, Zreda M G, Ku T L, et al. 230 Th/ 234 U and 36 Cl dating of evaporite deposits from western Qaidam Basin, China: Implications for glacial~period dust export from Central Asia. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 1993, 105: 1606~1616 18,.. :, 1992. 9~12 19 Deckker P D, Last W M. Modern dolomite deposition in continental, saline lakes, western Victoria, Australia. Geology, 1988, 16: 29~32 20 McCrea J M. On the isotope chemistry of carbonates and palaeotemperature scale. Journal of Chemical Physics, 1950, 18: 849~857 21. 210 Pb., 1997, (3): 230~ 239 22,,,. 210 Pb 1392 www.scichina.com
CF., 1990, (4): 327~332 23,,,. 150., D, 2001, 31(7): 601~607 24. 137 Cs Crawford., 1995, 7(4): 307~313 25. ( ). :, 1992. 83~85 26 Stuiver M, Reimer P J, Braziunas T F. High precision radiocarbon age calibration for terrestrial and marine samples. Radiocarbon, 1998, 40: 1041~1083 27 Craig H. The measurement of oxygen isotope palaeotemperatrue. In: Tongiorgi E. ed. Stable Isotopes in Oceanographic Studies and Palaeotemperatrue. Cons Naz Rich Lab Geo Nucl, Pisa, 1965. 161~182 28 Stuiver M. Oxygen and carbon isotope ratios of freshwater carbonate as climatic indicators. Journal of Geophysics Research, 1970, 75: 5247~5257 29 Rhodes T E, Gasse F, Lin R F, et al. A late Pleistocene~Holocene lacustrine record from Lake Manas, Zunggar (northern Xinjang, Western China). Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimate, Palaeoecology, 1996, 120: 105~121 30 Lister G S, Kelts K, Chen K Z, et al. Lake Qinghai, China: closed~basin lake levels and the oxygen isotope record for ostracoda since the latest Pleistocene. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Paleoecology, 1991, 84: 141~162 31 Leng M J, Marshall J D. Palaeoclimate interpretation of stable data from lake sediment archives. Quaternary Science Reviews, 2004, 23: 811~831 32 Fontes J C, Gasse F, Gibert E. Holocene environmental changes in Lake Bangong basin (western Tibet). Part 1: Chronology and stable isotopes of carbonates of Holocene lacustrine core. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimateology, Palaeoecology, 1996, 120: 25~47 33,,.., 2004, 24(5): 598~599 34 Romanek C S, Grossman E L, Morse J W. Carbon isotopes fractionation in synthetic aragonite and calcite: effects of temperature and precipitation rate. Geochimica et Cosmochima Acta, 1992, 56: 419~430 35 Gasse F, Fontes J C, Plaziat J C, et al. Biological remains, geo- chemistry and stable isotopes for the reconstruction of environmental and hydrological changes in the Holocene lakes from North Sahara. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 1987, 60: 1~46 36. δ 13 C., 1993, 38(22): 2069~2071 37 Gasse F, Arnold M, Fontes J C, et al. A 13000~year climate record from western Tibet. Nature, 1991, 353: 742~745 38 Li H C, Ku T L. δ 13 C~ δ 18 O covariance as a paleohydrological indicator for closed~basin lakes. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 1997, 133: 69~80 39 Li H C, Bischoff J L, Ku T L, et al. Climate variability in eastern~central California during the past 1000 years reflected by high~resolution geochemical and isotopic records from Owens Lake sediments. Quaternary Research, 2000, 54: 189~197 40 Yang B, Braeuning A, Shi Y F, et al. Evidences for a late Holocene warm and humid climate period and environmental characteristics in the arid zones of northwest China during 2.2~1.8 kyr B.P. Journal of Geophysical Research, 2004, 109(D2), doi: 10.1029/ 2003- JD003787 41 Chu G Q, Liu J Q, Qing S, et al. The Mediaeval Warm Period drought recorded in Lake Huguangyan, tropical South China. The Holocene, 2002, 12: 511~516 42 Thompson L G. Climatic changes for the Last 2000 years inferred from ice~core evidence in tropical ice cores. In: Jones P D, Bradley R S, Jouzel J, eds. Climatic variations and forcing mechanisms of the Last 2000 years. Berlin: Springer~Verlag, 1996. 281~296 43 Laird K R, Frits S C, Maasch K A, et al. Greater drought intensity and frequency before AD 1200 in the Northern Great Plain, USA. Nature, 1996, 552~554 44.. :, 2003. 18~20 45 Yang B, Braeuning A, Johnson K R, et al. General characteristics of temperature variation in China during the last two millennia. Geophysical Research Letters, 2002, 29 (9), doi: 10.1029/ 2001- GL014485 (2004-10-08, 2005-02-28 ) www.scichina.com 1393