C++/C [ ] [] 1.0 2001 7 24 [ ] / V 0.9 2001-7-1 V 1.0 2001-7-18 2001-7-18 V 0.9 2001-7-24
4 1 10 1.1 10 1.2 11 1.3 13 1.4 14 1.5 14 2 15 2.1 15 2.2 16 2.3 17 2.4 19 2.5 20 2.6 21 2.7 22 2.8 23 3 25 3.1 25 3.2 Windows 27 3.3 Unix 29 4 29 4.1 29 4.2 31 4.3 if 31 4.4 34 4.5 for 36 4.6 switch 36 4.7 goto 37 5 38 5.1 38 5.2 const #define 39 5.3 39
5.4 40 6 41 6.1 42 6.2 43 6.3 47 6.4 48 6.5 49 6.6 50 7 52 7.1 53 7.2 7.3 55 7.4 7.5 free delete 61 7.6 62 7.7 63 7.8 malloc/free new/delete 64 7.9 66 7.10 malloc/free 68 7.11 new/delete 70 7.12 72 8 C++ 72 8.1 72 8.2 76 8.3 82 8.4 84 8.5 85 8.6 89 9 89 9.1 90 9.2 91 9.3 94
9.4 String 94 9.5 95 9.6 String 96 9.7 98 9.8 99 9.9 101 10 102 10.1 102 10.2 105 11 107 11.1 const 107 11.2 111 11.3 111 113 A C++/C 114 B C++/C 119 C C++/C 125 C++/C N-1
Internet (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) 30 (10) 9:00 5:00 9:00 110 C++/C CAD 3D
1995 2000 10 C++ 3D 3D strcpy 1 2 3 IT
IT 1 2 10 if 14 C++/C IT 1
2 1 2 3 B C++/C 1 2 3 85 C++/C 4 C++/C
Bug CMMI CMMI C++/C 1 2 3 2002 7 CMMI 3 1000
2001 7 1 C++/C implemen definition C++/C.h C.c C++.cpp.cc 1.1 1-1 1 2 3/ 4 /* * Copyright (c) 2001, * All rights reserved. * * filename.h * *
* * 1.1 * * 2001 7 20 * * 1.0 * * 2001 5 10 */ 1-1 1.2 1 1-1 2 3 graphics.h 1-2 1-2-1 ifndef/define/endif 1-2-2 #include <filename.h> 1-2-3 #include filename.h
1-2-1 C++ 1-2-2 extern int value #include myheader.h // 1-1 #ifndef GRAPHICS_H // graphics.h #define GRAPHICS_H #include <math.h> // #include myheader.h // void Function1(); // class Box // ; #endif 1-2 C++/C
1.3 1 1-1 2 3 graphics.cpp 1-3 // 1-1 #include graphics.h // // void Function1() // void Box::Draw()
1-3 C++/C 1.4 BasicFortran C++/C 1 2 1.5 include source INCLUDE API SRC DOC TEST INCLUDE SRC SRC
2 2.1 2-1-1 a 2-1-2 2-1b // void Function1() // void Function2() // while (condition) statement1; // if (condition) statement2;
// void Function3() else statement3; // statement4; 2-1(a) 2-1(b) 2.2 2-2-1 2-2-2ifforwhiledo 2-2a 2-2b int width; int height; int depth; x = a + b; y = c + d; // // // int width, height, depth; // X a + b; y = c + d; z = e + f;
z = e + f; if (width < height) if (width < height) dosomething(); dosomething(); for (initialization; condition; update) for (initialization; condition; update) dosomething(); dosomething(); other(); // other(); 2-2(a) 2-2(b) 2-2-1 int width = 10; // width int height = 10; // height int depth = 10; // depth 2.3 2-3-1 constvirtualinlinecase ifforwhile
2-3-2 2-3-3 ; 2-3-4 Function(x, y, z); for (initialization; condition; update) 2-3-5 =+= >= <=+ *%&& <<, ^ 2-3-6!~++-- 2-3-7.-> 2-3-8 for if for (i=0; i<10; i++)if ((a<=b) && (c<=d)) void Func1(int x, int y, int z); // void func( int x, int y, int z ); // void Func1 (int x,int y,int z); if (year >= 2000) // // if(year>=2000) // if ((a>=b) && (c<=d)) // if(a>=b&&c<=d) for (i=0; i<10; i++) // // for( I=0; I<10; I++ ) // for(i=0;i<10;i++) // for (i = 0; i < 10; i ++) x = a < b? a : b; // // x=a<b?a:b; int *x = &y; // // int * x = & y; //
array[5] = 0; // array [ 5 ] = 0; a.function(); b->function(); // a. Function(); // b -> Function(); 2-3 2.4 2-4-1 2-4-2 2-4a 2-4b void Function(int x) // program code if (condition) // program code else void Function(int x) // program code // if (condition) // program code else // program code //
// program code for (initialization; condition; update) for (initialization; condition; update) // program code // program code While (condition) while (condition) // program code // program code 2-4(a) 2-4(b) 2.5 2-5-1 70 80
2-5-2 if ((very_longer_variable1 >= very_longer_variable12) && (very_longer_variable3 <= very_longer_variable14) && (very_longer_variable5 <= very_longer_variable16)) dosomething(); virtual CMatrix CMultiplyMatrix (CMatrix leftmatrix, CMatrix rightmatrix); for (very_longer_initialization; very_longer_condition; very_longer_update) dosomething(); 2-5 2.6 * * int* x; x int int* y x, y; x y
2-6-1 * char *name; int *x, y; // y 2.7 C /* */ C++/* // 1 2 3 2-6 2-7-1 2-7-2 i++; // i 1 2-7-3 2-7-4 2-7-5 2-7-6
2-7-8 /* * * * * */ if () while () void Function(float x, float y, float z) // end of while // end of if 2-6 2.8 publicprotectedprivate 1 private public 8-3 a
2 public private 8.3 b C++ Biarne Stroustrup class A private: int i, j; float x, y; public: void Func1(void); void Func2(void); class A public: void Func1(void); void Func2(void); private: int i, j; float x, y; 8.3(a) 8.3(b)
3 Microsoft ch p ppch int i, j, k; float x, y, z; int ii, ij, ik; // i int float fx, fy, fz; // f float 3.1 3.2 3-1-1 CurrentValue NowValue
3-1-2 min-length && max-information ANSI C 6 C++/C! maxval maxvalueuntiloverflow i,j,k,m,n,x,y,z 3-1-3 Windows AddChild Unix add_child 3-1-4 int x, X; // x X void foo(int x); // foo FOO void FOO(float x); 3-1-5 3-1-6 float value; float oldvalue; float newvalue;
3-1-7 DrawBox(); // box->draw(); // 3-1-8 int int minvalue; maxvalue; int int SetValue(); GetValue(); 3-1-1 Value1,Value2 3.2 Windows Windows 3-2-1 class Node; //
class LeafNode; void Draw(void); // // void SetValue(int value); // 3-2-2 BOOL flag; int drawmode; 3-2-3 const int MAX = 100; const int MAX_LENGTH = 100; 3-2-4 s_ static void Init() static int s_initvalue; // 3-2-5 g_ global
int g_howmanypeople; // int g_howmuchmoney; // 3-2-6 m_ member void Object::SetValue(int width, int height) m_width = width; m_height = height; 3-2-7 OpenGL gl GL 3.3 Unix 4 ifforwhilegotoswitch C++/C 4.1
C++/C 4-1 + - * ( ) [ ] ->.! ~ ++ -- sizeof + - * & * / % + - << >> < <= > >= ==!= & ^ &&?: = += -= *= /= %= &= ^= = <<= >>= 4-1 4-1-1 4-1 word = (high << 8) low if ((a b) && (a & c))
4.2 a = b = c = 0 2 4-2-1 i = a >= b && c < d && c + f <= g + h ; // 4-2-2 d = (a = b + c) + r ; a d a = b + c; d = a + r; 4-2-3 if (a < b < c) // a < b < c if ((a<b) && (b<c)) if ( (a<b)<c ) 4.3 if
if C++/C if 4.3.1 4-3-1 TRUEFALSE 10 FALSE TRUE TRUE Visual C++ TRUE 1Visual Basic TRUE -1 flag if if (flag) // flag if (!flag) // flag if (flag == TRUE) if (flag == 1 ) if (flag == FALSE) if (flag == 0) 4.3.2 4-3-2 === 0 value if if (value == 0) if (value!= 0) if (value) // value if (!value)
4.3.3 4-3-3 === float double === x if (x == 0.0) // if ((x>=-epsinon) && (x<=epsinon)) EPSINON 4.3.4 4-3-4 === NULL NULL 0 p if if (p == NULL) // p NULL p if (p!= NULL) if (p == 0) // p if (p!= 0) if (p) // p if (!p) 4.3.5 if
if (NULL == p) if (p == NULL) if (p = pnull) NULL if (p = NULL) if (NULL NULL = p) if/else/return if (condition) return x; return y; if (condition) return x; else return y; return (condition? x : y); 4.4 C++/C for while do 4-4-1 CPU 4-4(b) 4-4(a)
for (row=0; row<100; row++) for (col=0; col<5; col++ ) for ( col=0; col<5; col++ ) for (row=0; row<100; row++) sum = sum + a[row][col]; sum = sum + a[row][col]; 4-4(a) 4-4(b) 4-4-2 4-4(c) 4-4(d) N-1 N 4-4(d) N 4-4(c) for (i=0; i<n; i++) if (condition) if (condition) for (i=0; i<n; i++) DoSomething(); DoSomething(); else DoOtherthing(); else for (i=0; i<n; i++)
DoOtherthing(); 4-4(c) 4-4(d) 4.5 for 4-5-1 for for 4-5-1 for 4-5(a) x 0 =< x < N N 4-5(b) x 0 =< x <= N-1 N 4-5(a) for (int x=0; x<n; x++) for (int x=0; x<=n-1; x++) 4-5(a) 4-5(b) 4.6 switch if switch switch if if switch switch switch (variable)
case value1 : break; case value2 : break; default : break; 4-6-1 case break 4-6-2 default default default : break; default 4.7 goto goto goto goto goto state; String s1, s2; // goto int sum = 0; // goto state:
goto C++/C goto goto goto break ; goto error; error: goto goto,, GOTO 5 C #define C++ #define const const 5.1
1 2 3 5-1-1 #define MAX 100 /* C */ const int MAX = 100; // C++ const const float PI = 3.14159; // C++ const 5.2 const #define C++ const #define 1 const 2 const 5-2-1 C++ const const 5.3 5-3-1 5-3-2
const float RADIUS = 100; const float DIAMETER = RADIUS * 2; 5.4 #define const const const const const SIZE class A const int SIZE = 100; // const int array[size]; // SIZE ; const class A A(int size); // const int SIZE ; ; A::A(int size) : SIZE(size) //
A A a(100); // a SIZE 100 b(200); // b SIZE 200 const class A ; enum SIZE1 = 100, SIZE2 = 200; // int array1[size1]; int array2[size2]; PI=3.14159 6 C++/C C pass by valuepass C++ by pointer pass by reference 6.6
6.1 6-1-1 void void SetValue(int width, int height); // void SetValue(int, int); // float GetValue(void); // float GetValue(); // 6-1-2 StringCopy str1 str2 void StringCopy(char *str1, char *str2); str1 str2 strsource strdestination strsource strdestination void StringCopy(char *strsource, char *strdestination); char str[20]; StringCopy(str, Hello World); //
6-1-3 const void StringCopy(char *strdestinationconst char *strsource); 6-1-4 6-1-1 5 6-1-2 C printf int printf(const chat *format[, argument]); 6.2 6-2-1 C void C++ C C++/ C void 6-2-2 C getchar char c;
c = getchar(); if (c == EOF) getchar c char getchar char int int getchar(void); c char [-128127] EOF char if getchar 6-2-3 return C getchar int getchar getchar EOF 1 getchar int return getchar BOOL GetChar(char *c); gechar GetChar putchar(getchar()); getchar 6-2-1 strcpy char *strcpy(char *strdestconst char *strsrc); strcpy strsrc strdest strdest
char str[20]; int length = strlen( strcpy(str, Hello World) ); 6-2-2 class String // String & operate=(const String &other); // friend friend String operate+( const String &s1, const String &s2); private: char *m_data; String operate = String & String::operate=(const String &other) if (this == &other) return *this; delete m_data; m_data = new char[strlen(other.data)+1]; strcpy(m_data, other.data);
return *this; // *this String return *this String a,b,c; a = b; // *this a = b = c; // *this String operate + String operate+(const String &s1, const String &s2) String temp; delete temp.data; // temp.data 0 temp.data = new char[strlen(s1.data) + strlen(s2.data) +1]; strcpy(temp.data, s1.data); strcat(temp.data, s2.data); return temp; String temp temp
c = a + b; a + b c 6.3 6-3-1 6.5 6-3-2 return return return return 1return char * Func(void) char str[] = hello world; // str return str; // 2 3 return
return String(s1 + s2); temp String temp(s1 + s2); return temp; temp temp temp return int(x + y); // int temp = x + y; return temp; int,float,double 6.4 6-4-1 6-4-2 50 6-4-3 C/C++ static static 6-4-4 6-4-5
6.5 Debug Release Debug Release assert Debug 6-5 assert assert void *memcpy(void *pvto, const void *pvfrom, size_t size) assert((pvto!= NULL) && (pvfrom!= NULL)); // byte *pbto = (byte *) pvto; // pvto byte *pbfrom = (byte *) pvfrom; // pvfrom while(size -- > 0 ) *pbto ++ = *pbfrom ++ ; return pvto; 6-5 assert Debug Release assert assert assert assert assert assert
[Maguire, p8-p30] 6-5-1 6-5-2 6-5-1 6-5-2 6.6 C++ m referencem referent int m; int &n = m; n m n m n m m n m 1 2 NULL NULL 3 k i k = j k j k 6 k i i 6 int i = 5; int j = 6;
int &k = i; k = j; // k i 6; C++ Func1 x n x n, n 0 void Func1(int x) x = x + 10; int n = 0; Func1(n); cout << n = << n << endl; // n = 0 Func2 x n n n 10 void Func2(int *x) (* x) = (* x) + 10; int n = 0; Func2(&n);
cout << n = << n << endl; // n = 10 Func3 x n x n x n n 10 void Func3(int &x) x = x + 10; int n = 0; Func3(n); cout << n = << n << endl; // n = 10 7 Bill Gates 640K ought to be enough for everybody
Bill Gates 1981 7.1 1 static 2 3 malloc new free delete 7.2 NULL p assert(p!=null) malloc new if(p==null) if(p!=null)
1 1 for malloc free new/delete 1 2 return 3 free delete NULL 7-2-1 malloc new NULL NULL 7-2-2 7-2-3 1
7-2-4 7-2-5 free delete NULL 7.3 C++/C 7.3.1 7-3-1 a 6 hello 0a a[0]= X p world world 0 p[0]= X char a[] = hello; a[0] = X; cout << a << endl; char *p = world; // p p[0] = X; // cout << p << endl; 7-3-1
7.3.2 7-3-2 a b b = a strcpy b a if(b==a) strcmp p = a a p a p a malloc p strlen(a)+1 strcpy if(p==a) strcmp // char a[] = "hello"; char b[10]; strcpy(b, a); // b = a; if(strcmp(b, a) == 0) // if (b == a) // int len = strlen(a); char *p = (char *)malloc(sizeof(char)*(len+1)); strcpy(p,a); // p = a; if(strcmp(p, a) == 0) // if (p == a) 7-3-2 7.3.3
sizeof 7-3-3a sizeof(a) 12 0 p a sizeof(p) 4 sizeof(p) sizeof(char*) p C++/C 7-3-3 b a sizeof(a) sizeof(char *) char a[] = "hello world"; char *p = a; cout<< sizeof(a) << endl; // 12 cout<< sizeof(p) << endl; // 4 7-3-3a void Func(char a[100]) cout<< sizeof(a) << endl; // 4 100 7-3-3b 7.4 7-4-1 Test GetMemory(str, 200) str str NULL void GetMemory(char *p, int num)
p = (char *)malloc(sizeof(char) * num); void Test(void) char *str = NULL; GetMemory(str, 100); // str NULL strcpy(str, "hello"); // 7-4-1 GetMemory p _p _p = p p _p _p p GetMemory GetMemory free 7-4-2 void GetMemory2(char **p, int num) *p = (char *)malloc(sizeof(char) * num); void Test2(void) char *str = NULL; GetMemory2(&str, 100); // &str
strcpy(str, "hello"); cout<< str << endl; free(str); 7-4-2 7-4-3 char *GetMemory3(int num) char *p = (char *)malloc(sizeof(char) * num); return p; void Test3(void) char *str = NULL; str = GetMemory3(100); strcpy(str, "hello"); cout<< str << endl; free(str); 7-4-3
return return 7-4-4 char *GetString(void) char p[] = "hello world"; return p; // void Test4(void) char *str = NULL; str = GetString(); // str cout<< str << endl; 7-4-4 return Test4 str = GetString str NULL str hello world 7-4-4 7-4-5 char *GetString2(void) char *p = "hello world"; return p;
void Test5(void) char *str = NULL; str = GetString2(); cout<< str << endl; 7-4-5 return Test5 GetString2 GetString2 hello world GetString2 7.5 free delete free delete delete 7-5 p free NULL p p NULL p p p if (p!= NULL) if p NULL char *p = (char *) malloc(100); strcpy(p, hello); free(p); // p p
if(p!= NULL) // strcpy(p, world); // 7-5 p 7.6 7-6 p void Func(void) char *p = (char *) malloc(100); // 7-6 1 2 NULL NULL
7.7 NULL NULL if 1 NULL NULL char *p = NULL; char *str = (char *) malloc(100); 2 p free delete NULL p 7.5 3 class A public: void Func(void) cout << Func of class A << endl; ; void Test(void) A *p; A a; p = &a; // a
p->func(); // p Test p->func() a p a p 7.8 malloc/free new/delete malloc free C++/C new/delete C++ maloc/free malloc/free malloc/free C++ new delete new/delete malloc/free new/delete 7-8 class Obj public : Obj(void) cout << Initialization << endl; ~Obj(void) cout << Destroy << endl; void Initialize(void) cout << Initialization << endl; void Destroy(void) cout << Destroy << endl; ;
void UseMallocFree(void) Obj *a = (obj *)malloc(sizeof(obj)); // a->initialize(); // // a->destroy(); // free(a); // void UseNewDelete(void) Obj *a = new Obj; // // delete a; // 7-8 malloc/free new/delete Obj Initialize Destroy UseMallocFree malloc/free Initialize Destroy UseNewDelete malloc/free new/delete malloc/free new/delete new/delete malloc/free C++ malloc/free C++ C C malloc/free
free new delete malloc new/delete malloc/free 7.9 malloc new NULL 1 NULL return void Func(void) A *a = new A; if(a == NULL) return; 2 NULL exit(1) void Func(void) A *a = new A; if(a == NULL) cout << Memory Exhausted << endl;
exit(1); 3 new malloc Visual C++ _set_new_hander new malloc new C++ 1 2 1 exit(1) exit(1) 32 malloc new Windows 98 Visual C++ 7-9 32 Window 98 32 Unix Windows void main(void)
float *p = NULL; while(true) p = new float[1000000]; cout << eat memory << endl; if(p==null) exit(1); 7-9 7.10 malloc/free malloc void * malloc(size_t size); malloc length int *p = (int *) malloc(sizeof(int) * length); u malloc void * malloc void * u malloc int, float int 16 2 32 4 float 16 4 32 4 cout << sizeof(char) << endl; cout << sizeof(int) << endl; cout << sizeof(unsigned int) << endl;
cout << sizeof(long) << endl; cout << sizeof(unsigned long) << endl; cout << sizeof(float) << endl; cout << sizeof(double) << endl; cout << sizeof(void *) << endl; malloc () sizeof p = malloc(sizeof(p)) u free void free( void * memblock ); free malloc p free(p) p NULL free p p NULL free p UNIX malloc /* coremap swapmap COREMAP 64BYTE SWAPMAP 512BYTE 4KBYTE */ struct map char *m_size; char *m_addr;
malloc( struct map *mp, int size ) register int a; register struct map *bp; for( bp = mp; bp->m_size; bp++ ) if( bp->m_size >= size ) a = bp->m_addr; bp->m_addr += size; if(( bp->m_size =- size ) == 0 ) do bp++; (bp 1)->m_addr = bp->m_addr while(( bp-1)->m_size = bp->m_size ); return(a); return( 0 ); 7.11 new/delete new malloc int *p1 = (int *)malloc(sizeof(int) * length); int *p2 = new int[length];
new sizeof new new class Obj public : Obj(void); Obj(int x); // // void Test(void) Obj *a = new Obj; Obj *b = new Obj(1); // 1 delete a; delete b; new Obj *objects = new Obj[100]; // 100 Obj *objects = new Obj[100](1);// 100 1 delete [] delete []objects; // delete objects; //
delete objects[0] 99 7.12 C++/C C 1 C 1 2 8 C++ C C++overloadedinline const virtual virtual C++ 8.1 8.1.1 C++ C++ 8-1-1 EatBeef,EatFish,EatChicken Eat
void EatBeef(); // void Eat(Beef ); void EatFish(); // void Eat(Fish ); void EatChicken(); // void Eat(Chicken ); 8-1-1 Eat C++ 9 8.1.2 void Function(void); int Function (void); int int x = Function (); Function C++/C Function 8-1-1 Eat _eat_beef_eat_fish_eat_chicken
C++ C C void foo(int x, int y); C _foo C++_foo_int_int C C++ C externc extern C void foo(int x, int y); // extern C #include myheader.h // C C++ foo C _foo _foo_int_intc++ C externc include void Print(); //
class A void Print(); // Print Print :: ::Print(); // Print 8.1.3 8-1-3 output int output float output(0.5) int float # include <iostream.h> void output( int x); // void output( float x); // void output( int x) cout << " output int " << x << endl ; void output( float x)
cout << " output float " << x << endl ; void main(void) int x = 1; float y = 1.0; output(x); // output int 1 output(y); // output float 1 output(1); // output int 1 // output(0.5); // error! ambiguous call, output(int(0.5)); // output int 0 output(float(0.5)); // output float 0.5 8-1-3 8.2 override C++ 8.2.1
1 2 3 4virtual 1 2 3 4 virtual 8-2-1 Base::f(int)Base::f(float) Base::g(void) Derived::g(void) #include <iostream.h> class Base public: void f(int x) cout << "Base::f(int) " << x << endl; void f(float x) cout << "Base::f(float) " << x << endl; virtual void g(void) cout << "Base::g(void)" << endl; ; public: class Derived : public Base
virtual void g(void) cout << "Derived::g(void)" << endl; ; void main(void) Derived d; Base *pb = &d; pb->f(42); // Base::f(int) 42 pb->f(3.14f); // Base::f(float) 3.14 pb->g(); // Derived::g(void) 8-2-1 8.2.2 C++ 1 virtual 2 virtual 8-2-2a 1 Derived::f(float) Base::f(float) 2 Derived::g(int) Base::g(float) 3 Derived::h(float) Base::h(float)
#include <iostream.h> class Base public: virtual void f(float x) cout << "Base::f(float) " << x << endl; void g(float x) cout << "Base::g(float) " << x << endl; void h(float x) cout << "Base::h(float) " << x << endl; ; class Derived : public Base public: virtual void f(float x) cout << "Derived::f(float) " << x << endl; void g(int x) cout << "Derived::g(int) " << x << endl; void h(float x) cout << "Derived::h(float) " << x << endl; ; 8-2-2a C++ 8-2-2bbp dp void main(void)
Derived d; Base *pb = &d; Derived *pd = &d; // Good : behavior depends solely on type of the object pb->f(3.14f); // Derived::f(float) 3.14 pd->f(3.14f); // Derived::f(float) 3.14 // Bad : behavior depends on type of the pointer pb->g(3.14f); // Base::g(float) 3.14 pd->g(3.14f); // Derived::g(int) 3 (surprise!) // Bad : behavior depends on type of the pointer pb->h(3.14f); // Base::h(float) 3.14 (surprise!) pd->h(3.14f); // Derived::h(float) 3.14 8-2-2b 8.2.3 8-2-3 pd->f(10) Base::f(int) Base::f(int) Derived::f(char *) 10 class Base public:
void f(int x); ; class Derived : public Base public: void f(char *str); ; void Test(void) Derived *pd = new Derived; pd->f(10); // error 8-2-3 8-2-3 pd->f(10) Derived::f(char *) Derived f pd->f(10) f 8-2-3 pd->f(10) Base::f(int) Derived class Derived : public Base public:
void f(char *str); void f(int x) Base::f(x); ; 8.3 8-3-1 void Foo(int x=0, int y=0); // void Foo(int x=0, int y=0) // 8-3-2 void Foo(int x, int y=0, int z=0); void Foo(int x=0, int y, int z=0);
8-3-2 output #include <iostream.h> void output( int x); void output( int x, float y=0.0); void output( int x) cout << " output int " << x << endl ; void output( int x, float y) cout << " output int " << x << " and float " << y << endl ; void main(void) int x=1; float y=0.5; // output(x); // error! ambiguous call output(x,y); // output int 1 and float 0.5
8-3-2 8.4 8.4.1 C++ operator Complex Add(const Complex &a, const Complex &b); Complex operator +(const Complex &a, const Complex &b); Complex a, b, c; c = Add(a, b); // c = a + b; // + p44-p47] 8-4-1 = () [] ->
+= -= /= *= &= = ~= %= >>= <<= 8-4-1 C++ 1 2 8.4.2 C++ 1 C++ int,float 2.. 3 C++#,@,$ 4 8.5 8.5.1 C++ C CALL return #define MAX(a, b) (a) > (b)? (a) : (b)
result = MAX(i, j) + 2 ; result = (i) > (j)? (i) : (j) + 2 ; +: result = ( (i) > (j)? (i) : (j) ) + 2 ; #define MAX(a, b) ( (a) > (b)? (a) : (b) ) result = MAX(i++, j); result = (i++) > (j)? (i++) : (j); C++ C++ C++ C++ assert assert Debug Debug Release assert assert Debug Release assert 6.5 8.5.2
inline inline Foo inline void Foo(int x, int y); // inline void Foo(int x, int y) Foo void Foo(int x, int y); inline void Foo(int x, int y) // inline inline inline inline C++/C class A public: void Foo(int x, int y) //
// class A public: void Foo(int x, int y) // inline void A::Foo(int x, int y) 8.5.3 1 2 inline
8.6 C++ C++ 9 A C++ A A(void); A(const A &a); ~A(void); A & operate =(const A &a); // // // // 1 C++ Stroustrup 2 C++
String class String public: String(const char *str = NULL); // String(const String &other); // ~ String(void); // String & operate =(const String &other); // private: char *m_data; // ; 9.1 C C++ Stroustrup C++ Stroustrup ~ void
9.2 class A A(int x); // A ; class B : public A B(int x, int y);// B ; B::B(int x, int y) : A(x) // A const 5.4 u
class A A(void); // A(const A &other); // A & operate =( const A &other); // class B public: B(const A &a); // B private: A m_a; // ; 9-2(a) B A m_a 9-2 (b) B m_a B m_a A A a m_a B::B(const A &a) B::B(const A &a) : m_a(a)
m_a = a; 9-2(a) 9-2(b) F class F public: F(int x, int y); // private: int m_x, m_y; int m_i, m_j; 9-2(c)F 9-2(d)F F::F(int x, int y) F::F(int x, int y) : m_x(x), m_y(y) m_x = x; m_i = 0; m_y = y; m_j = 0; m_i = 0; m_j = 0;
9-2(c) 9-2(d) 9.3 [Eckel, p260 9.4 String // String String::String(const char *str) if(str==null) m_data = new char[1]; *m_data = 0; else int length = strlen(str); m_data = new char[length+1]; strcpy(m_data, str);
// String String::~String(void) delete [] m_data; // m_data delete m_data; 9.5 u String a,b a.m_data hello b.m_data world a b b.m_data = a.m_data b.m_data b.m_data a.m_data a b m_data u String a(hello); String b(world); String c = a; // c(a); c = b; //
String c(a) 9.6 String // String::String(const String &other) // other m_data int length = strlen(other.m_data); m_data = new char[length+1]; strcpy(m_data, other.m_data); // String & String::operate =(const String &other) // (1) if(this == &other) return *this; // (2) delete [] m_data; // 3 int length = strlen(other.m_data);
m_data = new char[length+1]; strcpy(m_data, other.m_data); // 4 return *this; String 9.4 NULL NULL String 1 // // b = a; b = &a; c = b; a = *b; a = c; delete if if(this == &other)
if( *this == other) 2 delete 3 strlen 0 strcpy 0 4 return *this return this return other other other return other 9.7 class A private: A(const A &a); // A & operate =(const A &a); // ; A b(a); // b = a; //
A 9.8 virtual #include <iostream.h> class Base ; public: virtual ~Base() cout<< "~Base" << endl ; class Derived : public Base public: virtual ~Derived() cout<< "~Derived" << endl ; ; void main(void) Base * pb = new Derived; // upcast delete pb;
~Derived ~Base ~Base class Base public: Base & operate =(const Base &other); // Base private: int m_i, m_j, m_k; ; class Derived : public Base public: Derived & operate =(const Derived &other); // Derived private: int m_x, m_y, m_z;
; Derived & Derived::operate =(const Derived &other) //1 if(this == &other) return *this; //2 Base::operate =(other); // //3 m_x = other.m_x; m_y = other.m_y; m_z = other.m_z; //4 return *this; 9.9 C++
Big-Three[Cline] [Meyers] [M 10 ObjectClassInstance C++ InheritanceComposition COM CORBA C++ COM CORBA 10.1 A B A B A public: class A void void Func1(void); Func2(void); ; class B : public A
public: void Func3(void); void Func4(void); ; main() B b; b.func1(); // B A Func1 b.func2(); // B A Func2 b.func3(); b.func4(); C++ 10-1-1 A B B B A 10-1-2 B A a kind of B A ManHuman Man Human Boy Man class Human
; class Man : public Human ; class Boy : public Man ; 10-1-2 OstrichBird Bird Ostrich::Fly class Bird public: virtual void Fly(void); ; class Ostrich : public Bird
; CircleEllipse Ellipse B A A B B A 10.2 10-2-1 A B a part of B A A B EyeNoseMouthEar Head EyeNoseMouthEar 10-2-1 class Eye class Nose public: public: void Look(void); void Smell(void); ; class Mouth ; class Ear public: public: void Eat(void); void Listen(void); ; ; // class Head
public: void Look(void) m_eye.look(); void Smell(void) m_nose.smell(); void Eat(void) m_mouth.eat(); void Listen(void) m_ear.listen(); private: Eye Nose Mouth Ear m_eye; m_nose; m_mouth; m_ear; ; 10-2-1 Head EyeNoseMouthEar Head Eye Nose Mouth Ear Head LookSmell EatListen 10-2-2 // class Head : public Eye, public Nose, public Mouth, public Ear ; 10-2-2 Head EyeNoseMouthEar
11 11.1 const const C++ const const const constant const C++ const whenever you need 11.1.1 const const const const StringCopy void StringCopy(char *strdestination, const char *strsource); strsource strdestination strsource const strsource
const void Func1(int x) void Func1(const int x) void Func2(A a) void Func2(const A a) A void Func(A a) A a void Func(A &a) void Func(A &a) a const void Func(const A &a) void Func(int x) void Func(const int &x) const & 11-1-1 const void Func(A a) void Func(const A &a) void Func(int x) void Func(const int &x) 11-1-1 const & 11.1.2 const const const
const char * GetString(void); char *str = GetString(); const char *str = GetString(); const int GetInt(void) const int GetInt(void) A GetA(void) const A GetA(void) A A GetA(void) const A & GetA(void) 6.2 class A A & operate = (const A &other); // ; A a, b, c; // a, b, c A a = b = c; // (a = b) = c; //
const a = b = c (a = b) = c 11.1.3 const const const const stack GetCount GetCount const GetCount class Stack public: void int Push(int elem); Pop(void); int GetCount(void) const; // const private: int int m_num; m_data[100]; ; int Stack::GetCount(void) const ++ m_num; // m_num Pop(); // const return m_num;
const const 11.2 11-2-1 11-2-2 11-2-3 11-2-4 11-2-5 11-2-6 11.3 11-3-1
&&<= >= 1 11-3-2 11-3-3 11-3-4 11-3-5 11-3-6 11-3-7 I/O 11-3-8 11-3-9 11-3-10 11-3-11 11-3-12
11-3-13 11-3-14 PC-LintLogiScope [Cline] Marshall P. Cline and Greg A. Lomow, C++ FAQs, Addison-Wesley, 1995 [Eckel] Bruce Eckel, Thinking in C++C++ 2000 [Maguire] Steve Maguire, Writing Clean Code 1993 [Meyers] Scott Meyers, Effective C++, Addison-Wesley, 1992 [Murry] Robert B. Murry, C++ Strategies and Tactics, Addison-Wesley, 1993 [Summit] Steve Summit, C Programming FAQs, Addison-Wesley, 1996
A C++/C ifndef/define/endif? Ifforwhiledo * public, protected, private min-length && max-information
if? 1 TRUEFALSE 10 2== = 3=== NULL Case break switch default goto? C++ const const const
return assert assert return const const Use const whenever you need malloc new NULL 1 2 free delete NULL malloc/free new/delete malloc new/delete
C++ C++ 1 2 3 4 1 23 4 *this 1 2 3 virtual 4
1 B A A B B A 2 A B a part of B A A B
I/O B C++/C C++/C C++/C C++/C 90 BOOL, float, if 0, 0.0, FALSE n int if if ( n == 0 ) if ( n!= 0 )
BOOL flag if float x if char *p if Windows NT 32 C++ sizeof 10 char str[] = Hello ; char *p = str ; int n = 10; sizeof (str ) = void Func ( char str[100]) sizeof( str ) = sizeof ( p ) = sizeof ( n ) = void *p = malloc( 100 ); sizeof ( p ) =
25 1 ifndef/define/endif 2#include <filename.h> #include filename.h 3const 4 C++ C extern 5 for // for (i=0; i<n; i++) // if (condition)
if (condition) DoSomething(); else DoOtherthing(); for (i=0; i<n; i++) DoSomething(); else for (i=0; i<n; i++) DoOtherthing(); 20 void GetMemory(char *p) p = (char *)malloc(100); char *GetMemory(void) char p[] = "hello world"; return p;
void Test(void) char *str = NULL; GetMemory(str); strcpy(str, "hello world"); printf(str); void Test(void) char *str = NULL; str = GetMemory(); printf(str); Test Test Void GetMemory2(char **p, int num) *p = (char *)malloc(num); void Test(void) char *str = NULL; GetMemory(&str, 100); strcpy(str, "hello"); void Test(void) char *str = (char *) malloc(100); strcpy(str, hello); free(str); if(str!= NULL) strcpy(str, world); printf(str);
printf(str); Test Test strcpy 10 strcpy char *strcpy(char *strdest, const char *strsrc); strdest strsrc 1 C++/C strcpy
2strcpy strsrc strdest char * 25 String String class String public: String(const char *str = NULL); String(const String &other); // // ~ String(void); // String & operate =(const String &other); // private: char *m_data; // ; String 4 C C++/C BOOL, float, if
BOOL flag if 3 if ( flag ) if (flag == TRUE) if (!flag ) if (flag == 1 ) if (flag == FALSE) if (flag == 0) float x if 4 const float EPSINON = 0.00001; if ((x >= - EPSINON) && (x <= EPSINON) if (x == 0.0) === if (x!= 0.0) >=<= char *p if 3 if (p == NULL) if (p == 0) if (p!= NULL) if (p!= 0) if (p) if (!) Windows NT 32 C++ sizeof 10
char str[] = Hello ; char *p = str ; int n = 10; void Func ( char str[100]) sizeof( str ) = 4 2 sizeof (str ) = 6 2 sizeof ( p ) = 4 2 sizeof ( n ) = 4 2 void *p = malloc( 100 ); sizeof ( p ) = 4 2 25 1 ifndef/define/endif 5 2#include <filename.h> #include filename.h 5 #include <filename.h> fil #include filename.h 3const 5 1 const 2const const
4 C++ C extern C 5 C++C C++ C void foo(int x, in C _foo C++ _foo_int_int C++ C externc 5 for 5 for (i=0; i<n; i++) if (condition) if (condition) for (i=0; i<n; i++) DoSomething(); DoSomething(); else DoOtherthing(); else for (i=0; i<n; i++) DoOtherthing(); N-1
5 20 void GetMemory(char *p) p = (char *)malloc(100); void Test(void) char *str = NULL; GetMemory(str); strcpy(str, "hello world"); printf(str); char *GetMemory(void) char p[] = "hello world"; return p; void Test(void) char *str = NULL; str = GetMemory(); printf(str); Test Test GetMemory GetMemory NULL Test str NULL strcpy(str, "hello world"); void GetMemory2(char **p, int num) void Test(void)
*p = (char *)malloc(num); void Test(void) char *str = NULL; GetMemory(&str, 100); strcpy(str, "hello"); printf(str); char *str = (char *) malloc(100); strcpy(str, hello); free(str); if(str!= NULL) strcpy(str, world); printf(str); Test Test 1 hello 2 free(str);str if(str!= NULL) strcpy 10 strcpy char *strcpy(char *strdest, const char *strsrc); strdest strsrc 1 C++/C strcpy char *strcpy(char *strdest, const char *strsrc);
assert((strdest!=null) && (strsrc!=null)); // 2 char *address = strdest; // 2 while( (*strdest++ = * strsrc++)!= 0 ) // 2 NULL ; return address ; // 2 2strcpy strsrc strdest char * // 2 int length = strlen( strcpy( strdest, hello world) ); 25 String String class String public: String(const char *str = NULL); String(const String &other); // // ~ String(void); // String & operate =(const String &other); // ; private: char *m_data; //
String 4 // String String::~String(void) // 3 delete [] m_data; // m_data delete m_data; // String String::String(const char *str) // 6 if(str==null) m_data = new char[1]; // NULL *m_data = 0 ; else int length = strlen(str); m_data = new char[length+1]; // NULL strcpy(m_data, str);
// String::String(const String &other) // 3 int length = strlen(other.m_data); m_data = new char[length+1]; // NULL strcpy(m_data, other.m_data); // String & String::operate =(const String &other) // 13 // (1) // 4 if(this == &other) return *this; // (2) // 3 delete [] m_data; // 3 // 3 int length = strlen(other.m_data); m_data = new char[length+1]; // NULL strcpy(m_data, other.m_data); // 4 // 3
return *this;