( )
(CIP) /, :, 2005 ISBN 7-80207 - 297-2 F279 : : 8 11 : ( 010 ) 51915602 : 100038 : : : : 787mm1092mm/ 16 15 5 236 2005 6 1 2005 6 1 : 15000 : 28 00 : ISBN 7-80207 - 297-2/ F285,, : 2 : ( 010 ) 68022974 : 100836
1957,,,,,,,, 21,,,,, 1990,,,,,,,,,,,, ; ; 1
; ; 19,,,,,,,,,,! 2
: ( METRO) 28 3607, 24, 100,,,, 2004, 500 41, 606 57 1964, 1 4 1971, 1976, 1997,,, 40,,, ;,, 1
,,,,,,,,, 20 70, Conradi ( MGI ),,,,,, 35,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 2
,,,,,,, ;,,,,, 1 ( Cash & Carry) 20 60,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 3
,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ;, ;,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, :,,,,,,, 4
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 2, 5
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, :,,, :,,, 6, ;,,,,,,,,,,,,,, :,, 6
,,,, 3 6, 40 %, 60% :,,,,,,,,,,,, ABC A, A,,,,,,,,,, ( ),,,,,,,,,,, 7
15,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 3,,,,,,, :,,,,,,,,,,,,, 8
,, 20% 30%,,,,, 15,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( 10 )(8 ),,, 2,,,,,,,,,,,, 9
,,,,,,,,,,,,, 8,, 8,,,,,, 4, A4,,, :,,,,,,,,,, 3000,,?, :,,, ;, 10
, :,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, :,,,, ;, ;,, 0 6,,,,,,, 11
, 5,,,,, :,, ; 50, 5 1, 700,, 40, 1995 17,, 18,, 300,, 30,,,,,,,,,, 1,, 3 5, 12
,,,,,,,,,,,,,, :,,,,,,,,,,,, ;, ;,, ;,,, 13
,,,,,, 14
: ( CARRE FOUR ),, 9200, 33, 34,,,, 2004, 500 22, 797 74 1959,, 1963, 2 5 500,, 2 44,,, 100 20, 200,, 15
,, 4, 4,,, 20 60,, 1970, 1981,, 1984,,, 1989,,, 2000, 1999 8 30, 159 ( 162 2 ), 53 (Daniel Bernard), 2000, Gruppo GS Spa Marinopoulos, Klepierre 150, GB 72 5 %, 40,, 30 3280,, 8800,, 20, 16
,, 490, 2 2003, 20 5, 18 6% :,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 1 L :, :,,, 17
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, :?, 1000,, 48,,,,,,,,,, ;,, ;,,, ;,, 18
,,, :,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 19
,,,,,,,,,,,,, 2,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 59 %,,, 6500,, 20
,,,,,,,,,,,,, ; ;, ; ;,,,,,,,, 6 86,,,,,, 10, 3%, 8 10% 3000 5000 7000 9000 15000, 12 24 36 48 60,,,,, 21
,,,,, 3 38 : 21,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, :,,, 1976,,, 1985,,,,, 1991,,,,, 22
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, HACCP HACCP,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 434, HACCP,, 23
4,,,,,,,,, ;,, (1 ),,,,,,,, :,, 24400,, 100 20,,, 200,, :,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 24
(2 ),,,,,,,,,,,,, 36% :,,,,, 6,,,, 100,, 120,, 25 %,,,,, :,,,, (3 ), 25
60 60,,,,,,,,,,, (4 ),,, 90%,,, 1985, ;,,,,, ;,,,,,,,,,, 26
,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ET P ) 3,,,,,,,,, ;, : ; ;,,,,,, 27
,,,,,,,,,, 15,,,,,,,,,,,,, :,,,,?,,, 28
:,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, : 10 29
: ( Porsche),, 2001, 13 2%,, 2002,,,,,,,,, 1931 3 6,,,, 1934, 16, 7 5 1947, 1948,, 356, 50 30 30
356 1950,,, 1951, 356 24,, 1952 1 30,, 77, 1954, 1961, 6, 1963,, 911 1969, 1970, 911 1972,, 20 70,, 1100 917/ 30, 924, V8 928 80,, 959, 911 Carrera4, / 911 Carrera2 20 80,,, 1993 Boxster, 1996,, 20 90,, 911 Turbo, 911 Tar 31
ga, 911 Carrera Coupe, 911 Carrera4 1998 3 27,, 50 21, Cayenne SU V,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 1,, 32
,,,, ; ; ; ;,,,,,,,,,,, : ;,,,,, 1990 3, 18, 10 400 10,,,, 20 80, 914, 924, 1978, V 33
928, 15 911, 928,, : CarreraGT 800 ; 911GT2 350 ; 911GT3, :,,, Turbo 50%, 911 23% 29% 250 Boxster S 217,, 8000 Turbo, 16,,,,,, 2,,,,, 34
,,,,,,,, SS SSK,,,, 16,, 8,,, 911 911 1963 40,, 911 356,, 4, 6 BOXER, 130, 0 100 9 1, 210, 911,,,, 35
, 911, 2002 911 4,, 3596, Motronic ME 7 2 Motronic ME 7 8, 6800 /, 320, 4250 / 370, 3800 / 6000 / 360,, 2005 911, 6, 2350,, 7 %, 30% 911,,, 3000 2,,, 911, 1972,, 20 90,,, 4, 2000, 70, ;,, 36
,,,,, 3,,,,,, 911,,, 8, 2 10, SPORTMAT IC,,,,,,, TIP TRONIC,,,,,,,,,,,, 37
,,,, 1994, 911GT2,, 3 GT,,,,, 2001, 310,,, 911 Carrera Boxster, A ; B, 4,, Boxster,,,, SUV,, SUV ( Sport - Utility Vehicle) SU V 20 90, SU V, SU V, SU V, SU V 38
Cayenne SU V Cayenne 4 5,, X5 M SU V,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ;,,, SU V, 5 SUV, Cayenne,, Cayenne, 911, SU V,, SU V, 39
, SU V SU V yenne yenne SU V, S Torbo Cayenne S Cayenne Turbo Cayenne S 4 5 V 8 32, 340 Cayenne Turbo 4 5 V 8 32, 450 Cayenne, P TM,,,, 38 %, 62 %,, Cayenne S Turbo, Cayenne Tur bo 0100 / 5 6, 266 /, SUV, X5 4 6i Cayenne,,,,, :, : ; ; 40
,,,,,, 911,,,,,, ;,,,,,,,, 911,,,,,, SU V,,,,,,,,, 41
: ( Loreal) 150, 283 100, 44 4 8 500,, 2002 18 2004, 500 327, 158 78 1908, 800 1909, 2 5,,,,,,, 1918, 1920, 30, 10 1928,, 1934, 1935, 42
1939, 1000, 300,, 20 50,,,, 1953,,, 3 7 Soft Sheen Carson, 20% 1963, 1982, Mexoryl 1996, 1997, 1999,,, Wondercurl,, 3, 18%,,,,,,,,,,,,, 43
, 1,,,,,,, 45 4 8, 1 2, 400, 40 70 40 35, 49 % 8000, 2000, 14,,,,,, :,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 44
1900, 46%, 10%,, 110 ( HEC) 25,,,,,,, 50% 40, 25% 35 200, 28 80 %,,,, 5 100 3000,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 45
,,,,,,, ;,,,,,,, 2,,,,,,,,, 2000,,,, 3,, 6,,,,,, 46
, 2002, 1 7, 2/ 3 MBA,,, ESADE ( INSEAD),, 150, 50 7800,, 3, 11 26 46 3,,,,,,,,,,, ;,,,,,, :, :, ;,, ;,,,,, 47
,,,,,,,,,,, :?,,,,,,,,,,, MBA,,,,,,,,, 1998,,,,,,,,,, 39 %,,, 48 60
, MBA 4,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 3%, 2000,, 21,,,,,,, 2300,, 49
, 2000 11,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 1996,,, 50
,,, ;,,,, ;,,,, ;,,,,,,, 51
: ( SIEMENS ) 150,, 190, 27 39,,, 2,,, :, 2004, 500 21, 805 01 1847,,, 10 18,, 1845,,, 1846, 52,
1848,,, 1866,,,,, 1867,,, 1881,,,, 1890,, 5500,, 1892,, 76, 1897,,, 2, 1936, 1938,,,,, 1953, 1966, 20 70,, 53
,,,, 1989,, 17, 1990,,,,, 1997,, 150, : 1997, 150,,,, 1,,,,,,, 54
,,,,,,,,,, : 1955,,, 1965,,, 1969,, 1988, 1996, 1995/ 1996 2920, 18 % ; 5200, 1989/ 1990 125% 1995/ 1996, 7 3, 44 %,,,,,,,,, 4 8 10%, 1/ 3, :, 55
,,,, 1980 5 48%, 1998 74%, 2003, 90% 10, 4 92%,,,,, 1983 256 20 90,,, IBM,,,,, 1999 10,,,,,, 18 %,, 2,,,,, 1872 56
, 1866,,,, 20, 21,,,,, (1 ), ( Performance) ; (Motivation) ;, ( Identification),,,,, 300, 1995 4,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 50 %, 3000, 3 (2 ),,,, 57
,,, 1520, 3, : 5, 3, 2,, 1922,, 1, 5%,,, 60% 70%, 20 % 30 % 60,,,, 8, 4000,,,, 800, 3000,,,,, 30, 10, 58,
, ;,,, ;, ( ),, 400, 1/ 4,, 8, 60%,,,,,,,, 80 (3 )EFA,,,,,, E FA,, EFA EFA, E FA 59
EFA,,,,,,,,,,, 80 800, 800 2 6 E FA 3,,, (1 ),,,,, :,,,,, 60
(2 ) TOP +,,, 1998 TOP + TOP + :,,, TOP + TOP +, TOP +,, TOP + 2/ 3, 40, 40 % TOP +,, TOP + TOP +,, 2001, 19, 6 7, 6 (3 ) CPD,,,, ;, ;, CPD, CPD CPD CPD,,,,,, 61
CPD,,, CPD,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 40%,, :,,,,,,,,,, 62
:,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ;,,,,,,, : ;, ;,,,,,,,,,, 63
,,, :,,,, :, ; :,,,,, 64
:, (Bayerische Motor en Werhe AG), 16 100 10,,, 12 2004, 500 74, 469 97 1916 1917,, BMW Bayerische Motoren Werke,, M,,, 1918, 1923, 65
R32 1935, 1 70, 1928,,, 20 30, 1936, 328,, Allach, 1945 1948, 50,, Isetta, 60,,, 20 70 80, M1M535i M5M635 Csi 6 24,,,,,,,,, 20 90 1990, ( BRR ), 1994, 8 MINI, 100, 4 2000, BRR,, 14 22, MINI, 66
2002 5,, BMW X3BMW 6, 105 7, 2003 10, ( PDMA) (OCI)2004 6,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 1,, : 1919, 9760 ; 1937, 279 5km/ h, 14 ; 6 F1 24 BMW 3, BMW, BMW 3 ( the pure drive)bmw 3 67
,,,,, 1999, 18 40 ( Testing & Engine Ex po), 4 6 8 12 2001, 2003, 12 3 16 17 18, MINI Cooper S 1 6 4 BMW 2 5 6 BMW M3 3 2 6 2003 2003 3 4, 2002,, ( PDMA) (OCI), OCI : ; ; 5 ;, OCI,,, 3, 5, 68
7, 8,,,,,,, 2002 1,, 7,, Z4,, 7,,, idrive,, 270 Z8 ( Retro Design ) 2004, ( AT Kearney), 2004,,,, MINIBMW,,, :,,, 100%,, FIRS T 69
() 2, 21,,,,,,,,,, 70 % 5000,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ; 70
, ;,,,,,,,,,, 10%, 70% 40% Web, 2001, BEA WebLogic, 8,,,, 3,,,,,,,,,,,, 71
,,,, (1 ) :,, ( VIA),,,, 2002 31 85 ;, 8 58, 40 43 ( F IZ), 30, 8,, 8000 4000 2,,,,,,, ( CIT ) : De signs/ USA; ; 72
,, 7 idrive,,,,, 10,,, 50 %, 35%,,,,, 200 1800,,,,,,,,,, (2 ) :,,, 73
,,,,,,,,,,, 10 20,, 1000,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 25,, 74
MINI, GPS,,, 5 7,,,,, (3 ) :,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 1996,, X5, :, 6, 6, X3 SU V,, 75
,,, 6,,,, Mi Mi 3,,,,,,, 2003,,, 2008 140,, ;,,,,,, 76
,,,,, :,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 77
SAP : SAP,,,,, 10 7 10 9, SAP 500 80%,, SAP,, SAP ERP 500, SAP? SAP 1972, 5 IBM, 1973, SAP RF, R/ 11976, SAP, SAP GmbH 1977, 1978, RF, 1981, R/ 2, SAP 1984, SAP ( ), 1985, SAP 45 %, SAP 1986, SAP, 78
, SAP 1988 8, SAP GmbH SAP, SAP, 1992, SAP R/ 3, / R/ 3 1993, SAP, R/ 3 Windows NT 1996, SAP R/ 3 3 1, 1997, ( CRM) ( SCM ), 1999, mysap com,, mysap com 2000, SAP 3 6, 1000, 21 2001, Top T ier, SAP Portals 2002, SAP ( SMB)SAP, SAP SAP 30,, SAP 50 2 9, 120 1 88 5 6 1000 SAP 30, : 1996, SAP ; 1999, InfoTech 100 ERP ; 2000, mysap com ; 2001, 100 30, ; 2002, 500, SAP 2001 310 73, 500, 100 42, 79
, 1996,,,,,, SAP,, 30, SAP,, RFR/ 2R/ 3 my SAP com,,, SAP,, 1 SAP,,, SAP SAP 36%, SAP, 7 3, 8 SAP,,, 1,, SAP SAP, 80
, SAP, 11,,, SAP,, SAP,,, SAP 3 6 6,, SAP, SAP SAP 2%, 10% 20 %, 94 %,, 74% SAP,, SAP,,,,, 180 2001 1, SAP 1999 200, : 10 %,, SAP,, SAP,,, SAP 81
2 80%, SAP SAP,,,, SAP SAP,,, 1999, SAP SAP, ; SAP : SAP SAP, SAP IBM, SAP IBM,, SAP SAP, SAP SAP,, SAP, SAP,,, SAP SAP R/ 3, SAP, : 82
, R/ 2,, 19871993, SAP, 3, SAP,, SAP,, SAP,,, SAP, 6 6, :,, SAP,,,,, SAP SAP, 3 :,,,,, ;,,,,, 83
:,,,,,,,,,,,, :,,,,, ;,, :, ;,,, :,,,,, SAP, SAP,,, SAP, SAP, SAP 84
SAP ABAP/ 4, SAP :,,,,,,,,,, : SAP, SAP Hot Packages Hot News,,,, SAP,,,,, 4 SAP,,,, SAP, 2001 11, CEO,,, 85
SAP, SAP SAP,,,,,,,,,,,, SAP,, SAP,, 1997,, 1996 12,, SAP,,, SAP, SAP, Ora cle, SAP SAP, SAP,,,,, SAP,, 19721994, SAP,,,, 14 %, SAP 2000 SAP 62 7, 2000 10 SAP,, SAP 7000 20 86
SAP 2 9, 25% SAP,,,,, 1000 6 0 6%, 10 %, 10%,, SAP :, SAP : SAP,,,, SAP SAP,, SAP,,, SAP SAP,, SAP SAP,,, SAP IT 87
, SAP, 88
: (Daimler Chrysler),,,,,,,,, 2004, 500 7, 1566 02, 1926,,, 1844 11 25,, 1883, (Benz& Co)1886 1 29, 89
,, 3, 15, 1888 8,, 1, 100, 1890,, 603, 341, 1834 3 17,, 38 1882,,, 1885,, 1886,, 18, 1890, 1900, ( MERCEDES ), 75,, 1918,,,,,, T, 1926 6 29,, 1933,, 90
1935, 770, 7655 8, 150, 140 / 1957, 300S, 7,, 3, 1959,, 220220S 220SE, 19651988,, 1992, 1993,,, 3 1998,,, 920, 57%, 43% 2000, ( C Brake), Fleet Board 2002, ( PRE SAF E), S SEMION 2002 50,, 334 25,,,,,, 91
,,,,,,, ; ;,,,, 1,,,,,, :,, ;,,,,,,,,, 1990, 1 5, 10, 4, 500SL, 165, 1939, 5, 33, 5, 92
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 6,,,,,,,, 2325, ;,,,,,, 6000, 0 2 93
,,,,,,, ( CS ),, CS,,,,,,,, 3700,,,, 8 4, 15 100,, 35,,,,,,,,, 503, 2 3, 6000,,,,, 1992, 94
, 12,,,,,, :, 1 2,,,,,,,,,, 5, 1894,,, 4,,,, 1928 4608 6, 1936, 400600, 1938, 260 540K 230 8, 600 95
1953,,, 1973, 450SEL6 9, 1984,,, SClass 45,,, SLK,,,,,, AClass 23,, 3 6,,,,,,, 20 70, 7 190,, 12% 20%,,, 10, 1982 4000, 11 1993,, 190 C 1990,, S, S, 1991 S,,,,, S,, 600SEL S,, 96
600SEL 12, 600SEL 0 100 / 6 3, 140 V12 20% NEDC, 13 4,,,,,,, 1992,, C112 C12,, 3, 20 50,,, SRS, 600, :,,,,, 136 20 60, ABS,,, 1969, 1970, ( ABS) 1978, S (ABS) 1980, 1981 97
, ( ASD) ( ASR) ( 4MATIC) 1985, 1988 1992 ( ABS ) 1995, S600 ( ESP ),,, 1998, 1992, 26/ 1000,,,, 50 %, 30 %, 20 % 1994,,,,,,,,,,,, 95, ( ) 120,,,, 10,, ( ), ( ), 98
,,,,, 1992, 31,,, 20 80,,, 1992, 15,,,,,, 4,,,,, 32 140 3700,,,,,,,,, 99
,,,,,,,,,,,, PDI,,,,,, 5800, 1500 5 6, 25 170 4000, 5 7,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 7500,, 1 5,,,,,, 100
,,,,,,,,,, 8 5, 90% ( World Brand Lab ) 100,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, :,,, 101
,,,,,,, ;,,, ;, ;,,,,,,,,,,,, 102
: ( Volkswagen),, 32 4, 43 9, 13, 7, 23 300,,, 2004, 500 15, 986 37, 1934 1935,, 1938, 630,,,, 1948,, 103
,,,, 8 1952,, 1955, 100, 100 20 50, 40%,, 1960,,, 20%, 60%,, 1965,, 1969,,, 1973, 1974,,, 1981, 40, 2000, T 1982,,, 1984,, 1991,, 2003,, 69 8, 36%, 2003 80 % 20 90,, AB, 1995, 104
,,, 1998,, 1999, 3 TDI, 3 2000, FSI 19% ;, 1/ 4;, ;,,, 1938,,,,,, : ; ;, 1 1994,,, 105
,,,,,,,,,, :, 10, 100, ( 10 / 25 / 35 ),,, :, (, ) ;,,,, ;,,, 5 106
,,,,,,, 70%, 30%,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 55,,,, : ; 100 %, 107
,, 700 35, 100, 8 %, 2%, 57, 6 92,, 64, 64,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ;,,, :,,,,,,,, 1997 2, 98% 7 5, 108
( )1997 1998 5 12 6% 11 8% 1999, 2, 2%, 1/ 3, 2/ 3 50 3 5 %, 5 10, 6 12 % 2,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, SUV,,,,,,,, 109
,,,,,,,, 15,,, 24,,, 50,,,,,,,,,, 2003,, 33,, 4,, 4 110
13,, 20 70, 20 90,,,,,,, : 1973,,,, 1983, ; 1991, ; 1997, 4, 2000, 1 6, 75kW, 192km/ h,, ;, ; ; POLO,, ;,,,, POLO, 111
, POLO,, POLO,,, POLO, :,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 3,,,, :,,,,,, 112
, KVP 2,,,,,,,, KVP 2, K, V, P,,,, KVP 2,,,,,, KVP 2 1994,,, KVP 2,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 113
,, 26,,,,,,,,,,, SAP R3,,,, F IS ; 5S, ; T PM ; QRK SPC 114
, : ;, ;,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 115
,,,,,,,,, 3 21, 8 :, 7 :, 6 :,,,,,,, 80%,,,,, 116
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 117
,,,,,,,,, 4,, 2000,,,,,,,,,,, KVP 2, ;, ; ;,, 118
: ( NOKIA),,, 130,,, 20 90,,,, 500 2004, 500 122, 333 36,,,,, 500, 1865,, 20 60 1960,,, 1963, 1967, 119
,,, 1977, 1981,,,,,, 1982, NMT450,,,, BP,,,,,,,,,,,, 1988 12 2, 1991,, 1990 2, 38, GSM,,,,, GSM,,,,,,,, 120
90%, 1993, 2100,,, ;,, 2000!,,,,, 35, : GSM TDMA PDS 1998,,,, 22 5 %,, 19 5% 15 1% 1999,, 1, 26 9%, 16 9 % 10 5% 1999, 7110, WAP 2000, 54%, 267 52, 37%, WCDMA 2003, 300, 50, 38%, 20 80,,, 121
,, 90,,,,,, :,,, 1,,,, :,, :, :,,,,, GSM,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 122
, 1999 10 8210,,,,,, WCDMA 2000 3, WCDMA, 2000 16 GPRS, 7, GPRS,, ;,, ;,,,, ;,,, ;,,, ; ;,,,,,,,,,, 123
,,,,,, 5 5, 1 7, 31%, 12 44,, 1996, 2005,, 1998, 8 6%, 13 5 ; 1999, 17 55, 9%, 1/ 4 2,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 20 80,,,,,,, 124
,,,,,,,, : ;,,,,,,,,, : ; ; ;,,,,,,,,, ;,,,,,,,, 125
, :,, ;,, ;,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, A,,,,,, V, V,,,,, CEO,,,, 3,,,,, 126
,, ;,,,, ;, (IIP ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 1999, 2000 5000,,,, 127
,,,,,,,,,,, :,,,,,, 90%,,,,,, 1998,,, :, 1996,,,,,,, 1998,,, 4, 128
,,,,, ;, ;,,,,, 36,,,,,,,, 100,,,,,,,, 400,,, : CEO,,,,,, 129
,, ; ;,,,,,,, ;,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 130
,,,,,,,,,,,,, 131
: / ( Royal Dutch/ Shell Group) 60%, 40 %,, 8%, 50, 34, 100, 130,,, 500,, 1993 1996 4 500 1 2004, 500 4, 2017 28 1890,, 1897,,,,, 132
, J B,,, 1907, /,, 60% 40% 1910 1913,, 1913,,,,,,, 1919,, 1920, 10, 5 3% 1922,, 19221929, 1929, 23 5%,,, 1938, 58, 1920 4 8, 10%,,,,, 133
, 87,,,,,, 20 50,,, 1/ 71954, 14%, 50,, 1959, NAM, 1963, 50% 1970, 420, 1938 6 2, 11% 70,, 20 90,,,,, 1070 2000, 1753, 127 2003,, ( ) 100,, 960,,, 1997 2010, 134
67%, 2010 85%,,,,,,, ;, :, 1,, :,, 90, 44%, 19 %, 15% 98%, ; 33%, 24% 1%,, : 50, 34, 150,,,,,,,,, 135
, :, 80%, 85 %,,,,,, 70, 1982,, 52 8 11 6 9 5 7 4 3 7 85 3 ; 6 4,,,,,,,,,, 4 122,,,,,,,, 136
, 260,,,,,, 1995,,,,, 2,,,,, 1991, 16, 6900 ;, 1979 5 64 1990 15, 2000, 10 1, 2,,, 1/ 3,, 3 2,,,,, 137
, 20 4 10,,,,,,,,,,,, 3,,,,,,,, ;,,, ;,, 138
,,, 76 100, 1000,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, :, 139
,,,,,, CAR,, 1/ 3,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 1 + 1 > 2,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 140
, 1987,,,, 1996, 15 3, 70 16 5,,, 3, 3,, 4,,,,, 4,,,, SP - 5500 HSE HSE, SP - 5500,,, 141
:, HSE ;,, ;,, 5,, 1998, 9200,, 9 % ( ),,,,, 2, 1000, 234, 101,, 41,, 3,, 2002,, 1400,,, 5,, 142
, 200,,,,, 20 90, 8 6% 11 9%, 2000 2001 15%,, 20 %, 8 %,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 143
,,,,,,,,,,, 144
: ( Royal Philips Electronics) 100, 60, 130,,,,, 2004, 500 124, 328 63 1891,,, 19 20 1914,,, 1919, 20 20, X 1918, X 1925, 145
1927, 1932 100 1928, X 1939, 20 40 50,,,, Philishave 60,, CCDs (charge - coupled ) LOCOS (),, 1963, 1965, 20 70, PL SL,, 1972, 1974, Magnavox 1975, Signetics 80, GTE Sylvania Westinghouse 1983, 1984, 1 20 90, 10,,,,,, 1995, 3 Philishave,,,,,,,, 146
, 2001, 51,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 1,,,,,,,,,,,,, 147
, 8, 2000,,,,,,,, 2001, PC, PC, PC,,,,,,,, 2003, PCI /, PC, ( NFC),, PDA,,,, NFC,,, BGB201 TrueBlue 148
,, PDA, BGB201 TrueBlue, BGB201, 1000 IC,, IT,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, CRT, 107T 107P,, ISO9241ISO14001,, 2 3,,,,, :, DVD 149
(DVDR ) ;,,, ;,, 5,, 10%, 33 1000 3000, 10,, CD DVD JPEGMPEG ; ; ( UHP )GSM,, 2,,, 38 : 21, 21,,, : ;, 1983,,,, 1983 10,,,, 150
,, 250, 1 5, 150, 6,,,,,,,,, EFQM,, 9, 32,, 2000 4,,,, 3,,,,, 151
,,,,, Lotus Domino/ Notes, I T, 60 10,,,,, 26 600,, 1997,,, Lotus Domino/ Notes,, Domino/ Notes,, Domino/ Notes,,, : ;,, Notes, 50MB,,, Lotus,,, Domino/ Notes Domino Doc 152
,,,,,,,,, Domino Workflow,,,, Domino Doc,,,, Lotus K - station,, 4 21,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 2001,,,,,, 153
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 1992,,, 48, 60 12 24,,, :,,, 1988, 1990,, 85 %,,, 2001,,,, 154
315,, 2006,,, ;,,,,,, :,,, ;,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, CMO, 155
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 156
: ( Bertelsmann), 50, 56, 150,,,,, 2004, 500 266, 190 15 1835,, 1849, 14, 1947,, 1950,,, :,,,, 157
,,,, 1954 100 1956, 1958, 1962, Circulo de Lectores, 1964,, U FA, 1969,,, 11 20 70,, Plaza y Jan s :, 20 80,,,,,, 1986, RCA, RCA, 20 90,, 1997, 1998, 1999, ( BOL )2000, ( ) 2001, : GBL, R TL 67% ; 22% 158
,,,,,,,,,, 1,,,,, 12,,,,,,,,,,,, 159
,,,,,, 20 50,,,, 30 %,,,, 2001 3,, 5, B, 11 5, 9000,,,,, 1959,, 1960,,,,,,,, 160
,,,,,,,,,,, :, ;, ;,, ;,,,,, : ; ; ;,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 161
, 150,,,, 57,,, 6%,, 15% 18, :,,,,,, 2,,,,, 20 50,,,,,,,, :, 162
,,, ;,,,,,,,,,,,,, 1950 6, 6, 5 2 ; 12, 10 1954, 100 1960, 300,, 19,,, 4000,,, 2000, 3,,,,,,, 1977, 163
:, :, 1993, 68 8 %,, :,,,,, CEO, 1997 CEO,,,,, 2005,,,,,, 75% 75%, 57 6%,, : 4,, 1990, 1995, 164
,, 3,,,,,,, 150 :,,,,,, 150, 1998, ( www bbc com cn),,,,, : : :,,,, ;,, ;, 165
, 170,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 1947, 60,,,,,,,,,,,, 166
: ( Nestle), 81 479, 22 5, 8500,, 2 2,,,, 2004, 500 33, 654 15 100, 1876,,,, Nestle Nestle,, 167
, Nest,,, 19 60 1905,,, 1929,, 1936 1938,,,,,,,, 1947,,,,,, 20 70,,,,, 1973, 1977,, 1980,,, 1985 30% 1982, 1988, 168
, 1990, 1991,, 10 1994, 1990 316 1, 2, 1994,, 115 49 2000, 50 22,,,,,,,,,,, 1,,,, ;,,, ;,, 3 Good food, Good life,,,, 169
,,,,, 3 :,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 2,,,,,,,, 170
,,,,,, 6, Good food,, Good life,,,,,, :, A, 3%,, 3 5%, Simmental 4% Simmental,,,,,,,,,, 1982,, 1990,, :,,,,,,, 171
,,,, 10 1989,,,,,,,,,,, 1994,, 1997, 3,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 100, 3,,,,, 172
130,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 8 1938 4 1,,,,,,,, 900, 20, 17, 3500 2000, 10 38, 300 :,,, 2001, 20 7, 2000, 51 2001 11, 173
,,,, 130, 60,,,, 1997,,,,,,,, 4,,,,,,, 7 35%,, 1624, 3000,, 174
, :,, :!,,, 1989 8, :,,,, :,, 8 5, 90 %,,,,,,,,,, 175
,,,,,,,,, 21,,,,, 176
: ( RENAULT),,,,,,,, 2004, 500 89, 424 70 1898, 1898 12 24,,,,,, 6, A 18991903,,,, 60 177
A 1900, B C, L 1903 9 1600,, 1913 5000, 1 1914,,,,,, :,,, :,, 1939, 290 100,,,,,,, 1947, 4CV,,,,,,,,, 20 70, FSM, 1974,, 1978, 22,,, 80,, 200 1982, 150, 50 %,, 1983,, 178
,,,,, Espace, MPV, 1987,, 37 20 90,, 1996 7,, 1998, 17, 1999,, 330 36 8% 22 5%,, 2002 8, Meganell,, 2003,,,,,,,,, 1,, 1996,,, 19982000 200,, 179
,, 1989, 1992, 8 5,,,,,,, 6000,,, 10, 1700 ; CAD ( ), ; 23,,, ( ), ;,,,,,,,,,,,,, 36, 1998, 24 180
, 2024,,,, ( Flins), 50,, : 1993 ( Twingo), ( Clio), 1100 800 2 3, 6500,,,,,,, 8,,, ;,,,, 1997 1998, 4000 1998, 80, 90, EIU 1997 181
, 2,,,,, 13,,, 4CV DAU PHINE 4CV, 20 70,, 4 5, 16,, 80, 24, F1, F1 25 ESPACE, ESPACE 19, :, CLIO 90, 19921997 F1, Megane :, 1996, Espace Twingo,, NCAP Megane, 182
, Megane,,,,,,, 2003 6,,, Premium P rivilege P rivilege, 1 9 P remiummid lum Kerax, 4 6 11, 3, 20 90,,,,,,, 1993,,,, :,,, 183
, 70% 53 %,,,, 5%, 28 %, 20%,,,,,,,,,, 5%, 15% 20%,, 1994, 3 5 1998 1800,, 20,,,,, 1997,,,,,,,,, 54 5 4,,, 2000, 20 90,, 184
,,, RVI, RVI,,, ( ),,, 18,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 185
, ;,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ;,,,,,,,,, 186
: ( UNILEVER), 400, ; 88 300 29 5,,, 2004, 500 70, 483 18 1930, 1885 1920, ( P IC ) ( NV),,,,,,,, 187
,,,,,,, 12 : 20 70,, 65, 10,, 90 300, 150 2002, ; 20 90,,,,, 2000, 4 13 1996, CEO,,, 280, 1998, 80, 1923, 1986,, 1989, 20 90, 188 10 1999
,, 100% ; 14, 2000,, 8, 50, 5,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, GE,,,, ;,,, 1,,,,,,, 189
, :,,,,,,,,,,, 2%, 10 %,,,, 1999,,,,,,,,, : ;,, 2000 400,,,, 2000 400? 80/ 20, 80 % 20%, 2000 400 75% 2000 400, 400 4 6%,, 400, :,,,, 190
400, 20 80,,,, 5, 6%,,,,,, 2 25 FF I,, ( UCI),, UCI 1600,,,, 400,, 400 2,,,,, : (1 ),, 191
, 12,,,,,,,,,, ;, 400,, (2 ),, ;,, ;, 1998,, (3 ),,,,, 1998 100 30, 95%, 192
130,,,, 90 %,,, A,,, ;,, ;, ( ),,,,, 6 1 66, 6000, 3,, :,,, 60 ;,,,,, ;,,, 193
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 2003, 99, 99, 99,,,,,, 10,,,, 100 1996,,,,,,,,,, 194
Brown,, ;,,,,, ;,, ( ), 2005 7 1,,,,,,,, 21,,,,, (1 ), 18, 2 5,, 4000 4500,,,, 195
1993,, 1999,,,,,,,,, 1/ 5;,, 20% ;,, ;,, 1999 14 4, 20%,, 3, 30%,,, 40% 30%,,,,,,,, 37%,,,,,,, (2 ), 1999 8,, 196
,, 20 80,,,,,,, 6%,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 2000, 5000, 600 2001 1000 2002, :,,, 2004,, 197
, (3 ),,,,,,, : ;,,, 13 9 %, 2000 6, 5 700,,,,, 7 ; ;, ;,,,,, 250 50%,, 198
, :,,,,,,,, 400,,,,,, 2000 400,,,,,, :,, ;,,, ;,,,,,,,,,,,,, 199
,,,,, 200
: ( Marks & S pencer), 260,,,,,, 1884,, 1894,, 1915, 1924,,,,,,, ;,, 201
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 20 30,,,,,,,, 20 50,,,,, 1973,, 1977, 20 90,,,, 202
:,,,,,,,, 1,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 203
,,,,,,,,,,,,, :,,, ;,,, ;,,, ;,,,, 5 :,,,,,, :, ;,,, ;, 204
;,,,, :,,,,,,, :,,, 2,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ),,,, 205
, 9,, 1934, 8 : 14,,,,,,,,,,,,, 3,,,,,,,, 90%,,, 1977,, 5,, 1,,, 206
: = /, :,, :,,,, :?,,, :,,, :,,,,,,,, :,,,, 3,,, 207
,,,,?,,,,, :,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, :,, ;,, ;,,,, 208
, : 10,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, :, :,!, :,,,,,,,,,,,!!,,,, 209
:, : ;,,, :,,,,, ;,,,,,,,, :,,,,,,,,,,,, 4 10,,,,,,,,,, 10 : 210
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 211
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 212
: (Groupe Danone), 120,, 100,,, 30,,,,,, 2004, 500 321, 163 77 BSN 1966 2 25, : Souchon - Neuvese lboussois, BSN,,,, 20 70, BSN 1970, BSN,, BSN 1973, BSN 213
1942, BSN,, 20 80, BSN 1981, BSN,,,,, 1986, BSN, 1989, BSN BSN,, 1990, BSN, 20 90,,,, 1993,,,,, 1994, BSN,, 1997,,,,,,, 1998, 1999, 214
, 2000, 2000 3, 60%, ( ),, :,, ;, ;,, 1,,,,, 20 70,,,, BSN 20 BSN, 1981,,,, 1997,, 215
, 1999,,,,,,, : ; Evian LU ; 1998,,, 40 2,,, 1986,,,, 1989, Nabisco,,,, 20, 216
,,,,,, 145, 1906,,,,, FAO WHO,,, 1989 11,,, ;,,,,, Bolshevik 1990,,, danone opivia lu, Zywiec Zdroj ( ), 3 20 90,,, 70, 1970 1973, 20, 217
, 1987 1989, 90,, 3,,,,,,,, 3,, 1 4 :,,, 1996, 6 67,,,,,,,,,,,,, 218
,, 30%, 70% 4, 30,,,,,,, 4 :, 2001 2400, 420 LU Evian Volvic 4 4 50%, :, Aqua, Dannon Villa del Sur Bio Danimals Drinkable Danonino Petit Gervais la Fontaine Volvic Fontvella Brio DANONE Activ, Tiger,,,,,,,,, 1987, 219
,,,,,,,, 1994,, TUC TIKI,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 220
,, :, ;,, ;, Mmm,, 2,,,,,,,,,,,, 1987,,,, 20,,, 1994,,,,,,,,, 221
: (1 ),,,,,,,,,,,,, ;,,,,, 160,,, 100, 50 ; 2000, 1 58, 5000,, 1999 2000, 2000 17, 2001 20,,, 222
30% 50 %, 26 5% 46%,, 70% (2 ),, : ;,,,,,, :,, ;,,,,,,, :,,,,,,, (3 ) 1998, 42 35, 32 %,,,,,,,,,, 223
, 2000 3,, 60%, ( ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 5%,, :,,,, 50 %,,,, 5%,, 224
, (4 ),,, 1989, 1993, 19931998,, 20 1996,, 1998,,,, 100 %,,,, 2000 3,, 60%, ( ),,,,, : ;,,, 225,
, 2001 11, 92 %,,,,, :,, BSN, 40, 1,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 3,, 1,,,,,,, 226
,,,,,,,,,,, :, 227
: ( Michelin ),,,,,, 2004, 500 288, 180 48 1832,,, 1889,,,,, 1891, 228
15, 1894,,, 1895,,,,,,, 4,,,,,,,, 1898, 20,, 1906,,, 1908, Milltown, 1919,, 1923,, 1 5 1930,, 1932,, 3 1934,, 1937,, 1938, 229
,,,,, 1946,,, 1949, X,, 1959, X 1965, XAS, 1968, VR 240 /, 300 /, 1976, TRX, 20,, 74, 6,, 170 12 5 21,,,,,,,,, 230
, 1,,, :,,,, 20 30,,,,,, 3,,,,,,,,,,,,,, X,,, 231
, 4 03, 5300, 59/ 80 R63XDR 104,,, RF ID RFID, RF ID, RF ID,,, RF ID DOT, DOT : DOT, ;,,, DOT, DOT 1, RFID, RF ID 2002, 2003 11,, RFID 2005,,,,,,,,, 232
, ( MRTI ), (), ( XZAZXDA2 ), 3 112 1 3 5,,, ( PAX )PAX, 80 200 PAX,,,,,, 2,,,,,,,,,,,,, 1893,,,, :, 233
,,, :,,!,,,,, : :,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 50,,,,,, 234
,, 4, 1998 7, 28, 6000 3, 500,, 12 5, :,, :,,,,,,,,, ;, ;,,,, ; MBA ; ;, ;, 235
; 2003 ;,,,,,, :,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 236
1898, 100,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 237
1 [ ],, :, 1999 8 2 :, 2000 1 3, :, 2001 11 4 :, 2001 12 5 :, 2002 1 6,, 21 MBA :, 2002 1 7 :, 2002 3 8 ( ) :, 2004 1 9, 20 :, 2004 9 10, 20 :, 2004 10 238