(1840 1949),,,,, ( ) 100,,,,,,,, :, 1994, 254, 387 81
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ; 1854,, 19,,,,,, 1883 1898, 100,, ( ), :, 1992, 91 :, 1994, 219 283, 373 :, 1940, 37 42 :, 1988, 52 82
,, :, ;,,,,,,,,, 40,,, 1901 2 19 ;, 20,,,,,,, 1911 11,,, ; 1916, :12, : (), 1986 (), 129, 1901 9 3 1905 8 29 1907 12 25 1909 4 7, 1921 6 16 :, 1984, 1 83
, 8, ; 1923,,, 80, 1,,,,,,,,, 30,, ;,, 30,,, ; ; ;,,,,,,,,,,, 65, 1916 10 11, 1924 2 12,, 1941 :, 1989, 91 92 135 1916 5 11 1919 11 7,, 1934 9 9 84
,,, 1938 10,,,,,,,,, 100 500 1000 30 3,,,,, :,,,,,,, 1946 400, 5,, 1947,,16 6, 1938 6 :, 1995 4, 1940 3 24, 77, 1938 10 27, 1939 5 3 :,, 1949, 3, 1947 4 21 :18, 1996, 302 85
,,,, ( ),,, ;,,,,,,,,,,,, ; ; ; ;,,,, 1912,,,,,,,,, (1933, 1949, 4, 1901 8 6, 1905 7 10 86
) 30,,,,,, ; ;, 1937,,,, ( ),,, 11,,, 20,, :, 1936, 98,5 1, 1932 7, 92 87
;,,, ; 3 21,,,, ;,,,,, 1928, 10,, ; 1930, 31,,,,,,,,,, 41,,,, 1937 5 23, 1937 8 18, 1905 10 31 :, 14, 1928 6 16, 1930 2 6, 1940 3 16 88
,,,,,,,, ( ),,,,, 11 (1),,,, 19 60, ;, 70, ; 19,,,,,, 20,, ;, 1907 10 29 :, 21, 1947, 12 30 1897 6 25 27, 11 13 89
; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ;, 1895 7,, ;,,, ;, 20,,,,,,, ; ; ;, 1900 1911, 1895 7 19,, 1937,,9 7, 1913 7, 1906 1 9 1907 4 13 90
, (2) (1912 1941 ),,,,,,,,, 10 ;,,, 1919,,, 20,,, 1931 3,,,,,,,, ; ; 30,,,,,, 1911 1936,, :, 14 18, 272, 1919 8 16, 1931 3 16, 1935 2 11, 1931 3 5 91
, ;,,,,,, ; ; ; ; ; ; ( 11 ) ; ; ; ;, ;,,,,,, 92
, ;,,, :,,,,,,,, 19, ; 20,,, ;,,,, ; ;, ; 10, :,,, ;, ; ; ;,,, 3,, 1940 : 150, 1990, 37 :, 22, 18, 304, 1911 1937 93
,, (3) 40 (1942 1949 ),,,,,,!,,, 1947,,,,, :,,,,, ;,, 1!, ;,,,,, 21,, :,, 1921,, 1929, :,, 1949, 12 1947 :,, 1949, 4 94
,,, : (, ) ; (,, ) ;,, ( ) (, ), ( ) (),,,,,, ;,,,,,,,,,, ;,, 1921 2 14 1922 7 7 1929 8 9,, 1, 1934 6 9 :, 2 95
,,, ( ) 19,, ( ),,,,,, 20 ;, ;, ( ), ( ) ;,, (, ) ;,,, 1890,, 20,,,,,,, 96
, ( ),,,, 1896, 1913,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ),,, 1937 51, 42 3,,,,, 97
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,!,,, :,,,,, ; ;,,, 1904 10 12, 1936 11 6, 98
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ),,,,,,,,,,,, ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ;,,,,, 1988, 280 99
6 1997 1979 102 11 ( 1 ) ( 4 8 ) 3 3 3 (1840 1949) ( 8 1 ) (103) 3 3 3 (137) 3 3 3 (141) (156) (167) (179) 1 1994-2010 China Academic Journal Electronic Publishing House. All rights res