,,, (CIP) /. - :, 2001.2 ISBN 7-81060 - 080 - X... - -.R714. 56 CIP (2000) 50521 : : ( 818 200433 ) : 7871092 1/ 16 : 18.25 : 482 898 2001 2 1 2001 2 1 :12 000 ISBN 7-81060-080-X/ R077 : 36.00
, 1961, 1985,,1990 19921993 19951998 Newcastle John H unter, 973,2000 40, J Clin Endocrinology Metab Endocrinology Bio Reprod SCI 11
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21,,,,,, ( placental clock ) ; Halban 1905,, ( hcg)( hgh ),, 20,, 1980 Khodr Science Placental luteinizing hormone releasing factor and its synt hesis,,,, -
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 2000 7 6
( 1) ( 1) ( 6) (12) (14) (17) (20) (23) (23) (27) (38) (41) (43) (50) (59) 17 - (59) 20 - (62) 11 - (63) (73) (73) (75) (76) (78) (80) (84) (84) (90) (94) (97) ( 101) ( 101) ( 109) ( 110) ( 112) 1
( 113) ( 114) ( 120) - ( 120) ( 124) ( 126) ( 128) -( 130) ( 132) ( 135) ( 140) ( 149) ( 160) ( 160) ( 165) ( 168) ( 169) - ( 175) ( 178) - ( 179) ( 181) ( 182) ( 184) ( 185) ( 188) ( 191) ( 192) ( 196) ( 198) ( 205) ( 205) ( 212) ( 216) ( 216) ( 222) ( 226) ( 237) ( 247) ( 247) 2
( 249) ( 253) ( 260) ( 260) ( 265) ( 273) 3
1,,,,, ( fetal membranes) ( placenta) ( amnion ) (chorion ), ( capsular decidua) ( chorionic villi) ( basal decidua) (1-1 ),, 500600 g,, 1820 cm, 2.5 cm,,,,,,,, 1820,,,,,,, ( placenta barrier),, : ; ; ; ; ; ; ;,,,, (chorioallantoic placenta),,,, (chorionic placenta),, ( blastocyst) ( germ layers ) ( ectoderm ) ( mesoderm) (endoderm ) 12
2 1-1 ( morula) (1-2C ),,,, (1-2D),,, (inner cell mass ) (1-2D),, ( 1-2E),,, ( 1-2 H, 1-3 ),,, ( yolk sac) (1-2F ),,,
3 ( omphalopleure),, (1-2F ),, ( exocoelom ) (1-2G ), ( splanchnopleure) ;, ( somatopleure), ( 1-2 H), ( chorion ),,,, 1-2
4 1-3,,, ( yolk sac placenta) ( choriovitelline placenta) (1-2F ),,,,,,,,,, (inverted yolk sac placenta),,,,,,, ( 1-4), - 3,,,, (allantoic sac),,
5 1-4,,, (chorioallantoic placenta) (1-5),,, (1-6),,,,,,,, 1-5 1-5 1-6,
6,,, (),,,,,,, ( ),,, ( placenta diffusa),,, (),,, (cotyledon placentome), ( cotyledonary multiplex placenta), 3100,, ( caruncle),, (),,, ( zonary placenta),, ( hemophagou s organ),,,, 0.1% () ( discoid placenta), ( placenta duplex) 0.1%,
7 ( placenta bilobata), 2% 8 % ; ( placenta succenturia ta), 0.5% 1% 1-7 1-8 1-7 /,,, : (),
8 ( folded type of placenta), ( 1-9a) ( ) ( lamellar placenta ),,,, ( 1-9b ) ( ),,, ( trebacular placenta ) ( 1-9c), 1-8 ( ),, ( villous type of placenta) ( 1-9d) () ( labyrinthine type of placenta),, (1-9e) 107256,,, 1, (intrusive),, ( 1-10c) ; ( displacement),
9, ( 1-10a) ; ( fusion ),, (1-10b ),, ( decidualization ), ( decidua),,,,, Grosser, / ( epitheliochorial placenta) ( 1-11 ),, :, / ( endotheliochorial placenta) ( 1-11 ) ;, / ( syndes mochorial placenta) / 1-9, M: ; T : ; C : ; /,,,,, / ( hemochorial placenta) (1-11 ), / / ( ) / (
10 1-10 ( a)( b) (c) )/ () ; ;,, 1-1 1-1 Grosser ( MB) ( FB) / MB-MCE- MCT- UE UL TR-FCT- FCE-FB / MB-MCE- MCT UL TR-FCT- FCE-FB / MB- MCE----TR-FCT- FCE-FB / / MB----TR-FCT- FCE-FB / MB---- FCE-FB MCE : ; MC T : ; U E : ; U L : ; T R : ; FC T : ; FCE :
11 1-11 / / / / a : ; b: ; c : ; d: ; e: ; f: ; g: ; h:,,, (epithelial pla te),, ( Mr ) 100 000 5 % 10 % (enteroid area),, /,,,,,,
12,, /,,,, (concurrent flow),, ( 1-12),, (counter current flow),, (1-12 ),,, /, 201 (cross current flow), ( simple cross current flow) ; ( double cross current flow) (1-12 ) ; ( multivillous cross current flow ) ( 1-12 ),, / / 91 81 61,,,,, ( syncytiotrophoblast), ( cytotrophoblast),,,,,,,, (1-13a b),,, 7 8 8,,,, ( lacunae), ( trebeculae), 5,,,,,
13,, (chorion) (1-13c) 3 : ( primary chorionic plate) ; / ; (1-13f) 23, /, 12,, /,,,, 12 2,, ( 1-13d),,,,, ( primary villi), ( villou s tree ),, ( anchoring villi), (intervillous space),, ( secondary villi ) ( 1-13e), 1-12, 1820,, ( tertiary villi) ( 1-13d),,,,,, 5, -,
14 1-13 ( a b) (c) ( d) (e) (f ) E : ; EB: ; C T : ; ST : ; E M : ; CP: ; TS: ; D: ; E V: ; BP : ; PB : ; J: ; M: ; R F : Rohr ; N F : Nit abu ch ; G: ; X: : ;,, ; ; ;,,,, 20%,, 50100 m 45 m, ; ; /,, 1 (compound cotyledons lobe)
15,,,, ( microvilli),, - Ca 2 + -A T P 5-,, G, 3 : :, ; :,, ; :,,,, ; 15,,,, 0.51.0 m,,, (epithelial pla te) (1-14 ) ( syncytial lamellae), (1-14 ), 17-,,,, ( syncytial knot) ( syncytial sprout) ( syncytial b ud ) (1-14),, 210 m,, 17-3-, ( Langhan cell),,,, RNA,,,,,
16 1-14 a : ; b : ; c : ; d: ; e : ; f:,,,,,, 20 %,,,,,, 20 %, R h,,, ( ma turation arrest),, 3 2050 nm, 7S,,,,,, ( Hofbauer cells), ( mesenchymal cells ) 2,,,,, 2,, ( reticular cells ),,, 2030 m, ( desmosome),
17, 1030 m,,,,, 18, ; 56, ;,,,,, R h,,,,, ;,,,,,,, : : IgG Fc, /, C3b, ( MH C),,, CD4,,, HIV CD4, H IV, CD14,,, - -1-1 -2, :, ( hcg), hcg, hcg :,,, ( fetal membranes), 2, ( amion) ( chorion ) ( decidua),,,,, (1-15 )
18,,, 3,,,, ( s mooth chorion) 4,, 70%, 1-15 (a) (c), ( d), ( basal decidua) ( capsular decidua) ( parietal dicidua),,, 1520,,, (1-16 ),, ( amnionic mesoderm ),,, 67,, 10,,,, ( placental amnion ) ( umbilical amnion) ( reflected amnion), 6, : ; ; ; ; ;,,, (amnionic cavity),, ( amnionic fluid ),,
19 1-16,,, 1516, 239 ml ; 3334, 984 ml ;, 836 ml,,,,,,,,,,, HLA,,,,,,,,,,
20,,, ( ghost villi),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 61 cm, 71,,,,,, ( ),,,,, (1-17 ) 3,,,,,,,,,,, Wharton ( W harton jelly ),,, ( 1-18 ),,,
21, D2 E2 15,,,, ( median umbilical ligament) 1-17 E M: ; P Y: ; AC : ; T : ; E D: ; E : ; A N: ; GD: ; E C : ; A: ; CS: ; SY: ; C L: 716,,