* : ( ( ( ( ( ( ( 1. (Alexander 1978, Carter 1987, Moon 1998 (collocation cit 8 ki 1 chau 2 cit 8 tiam 2 loo 7 ( = Lakoff Johnson 1980 conceptual metaphor metaphor * (NSC 92-2411-H-218-001 1
(= chiu 7 tua 7 iann 2 tua 7 ( = tua 7 cang 5 chiu 7 kha 1 ho 2 im 3 iann 2 ( = tua 7 chiu 7 e 7 im 3 iann 2 chiu 7 tua 7 e 7 im 3 lang 5 tua 7 chiu 7 e 7 im 3 lang 5 tua 7 ching 5 chiu 7 ho 2 im 3 iann 2 tua 7 ong 5 chiu 7 ho 2 im 3 iann 2 (vehicle 1 2 tua 7 cang 5 chiu 7 kha 1 ho 2 im 3 iann 2 chiu 7 kuann 5 khah 4 siu 7 hong 1 1 2 (Chen and Ku 1999:12-2
tua 7 cang 5 chiu 7 phua 3 u 7 cha 5 ( bo 5 hong 1 bo 5 io 5 to 3 tua 7 cang 5 chiu 7 ( (tenor (1 tua 7 cang 5 chiu 7 kha 1 ho 2 im 3 iann 2 ( = chiu 7 kuann 5 khah 4 siu 7 hong 1 ( = tua 7 cang 5 chiu 7 phua 3 u 7 cha 5 ( = bo 5 hong 1 bo 5 io 5 to 3 tua 7 cang 5 chiu 7 ( = cit 8 cang 5 chiu 7 bue 7 kham 1 tit 4 ching 1 to 1 ban 7 to 1 kham 2 cit 8 e 5 lang 5 bue 7 kham 1 tit 4 cheng 1 siann 1 ban 7 siann 1 mann 7 ( cian 5 jin 5 chai 1 chiu 7 au 7 jin 5 khia 7 iann 2 ( = chiu 7 tua 7 iann 2 tua 7 chiu 7 tua 7 cang 5 ciu 7 hun 1 oainn 3 ( = (2 bo 5 chai 2 ho 2 hue 1 chah 4 gu 5 sai 2 ( = sui 2 hue 1 pat 8 lang 5 cang 5 sui 2 boo 2 pat 8 lang 5 pang 5 ( = hua 1 put 4 bi 5 jin 5 jin 5 cu 7 bi 5 ( hue 1 tioh 8 chah 4 thau 5 ching 5 m 7 thang 1 chah 4 au 7 ping 5 3
cian 5 jin 5 cai 1 hue 1 au 7 jin 5 chah 4 = ( lak 4 hue 1 liu 5 sui 2 ( = khuann 3 hue 1 iong 5 i 7 ue 7 hue 1 lan 5 sioh 4 hue 1 chun 1 khi 2 cha 2 ai 3 geh 8 ia 7 bin 5 ti 5 ( sioh 4 hue 1 lian 5 phun 5 sioh 4 kiann 2 lian 5 sun 1 ( gim 2 siong 7 thinn 1 hue 1 ( = ue 7 cui 2 bo 5 pho 7 khang 1 cok 4 long 7 siu 3 hue 1 sui 1 ho 2 put 4 bun 5 hiang 1 ( = be 7 te 5 kong 2 te 5 phang 1 be 7 hue 1 kong 2 hue 1 ang 5 ( = hue 1 bo 5 cho 3 khui 1 ian 5 bo 5 cho 3 tui 3 ( = si 5 kau 3 hue 1 ciu 7 khui 1 ( = (3 bat 4 sng 3 put 4 bat 4 ti 5 thio 3 bi 2 oann 7 ban 1 chi 5 ( = cit 8 liap 8 bi 3 lau 5 kui 2 pah 4 liap 8 kuann 7 ( = cit 8 khuan 2 bi 2 chi 7 pah 4 iunn 7 lang 5 ( = tau 2 bi 2 sann 1 chinn 5 ( = phann 3 chek 4 siu 1 loh 8 ho 2 bi 2 lua 5 ( = ciah 8 bi 2 m 7 cai 1 bi 2 ke 3 ( oai 1 chui 3 kue 1 ciah 8 tua 7 liap 8 bi 2 ( = thau 1 liah 8 kue 1 ia 7 tioh 8 cit 8 pe 2 bi 2 ( = ching 1 cui 2 cu 2 peh 8 bi 2 ( = choo 1 khng 1 chu 2 to 7 u 7 iu 5 4
bo 5 bi 2 kiam 1 lun 7 geh 8 ( (4 teh 8 han 1 ci 5 put 4 cun 2 ngoo 2 kok 4 chau 3 han 1 chi 5 u 1 koe 3 king 1 co 3 sing 1 li 2 co 3 kau 3 gu 5 co 3 sit 4 co 3 kau 3 khioh 4 han 1 chu 5 ( bat 4 sng 3 put 4 bat 4 ti 5 thio 3 bi 2 oann 7 ban 1 chi 5 ( = m 7 bat 4 cit 8 e 5 oo 7 a 2 han 1 ci 5 ( = si 5 kau 3 si 5 tng 3 bo 5 bi 2 cu 2 han 1 chi 5 thng 1 ( = phann 3 chek 4 siu 1 loh 8 ho 2 bi 2 lua 5 ( = hong 1 che 1 phann 3 chek 4 poh 8 hok 4 cia 2 siu 7 ( = tiu 7 sui 7 pa 2 tinn 7 tioh 8 se 7 thau 5 ( = koah 4 i 1 e 5 tiu 7 a 2 be 2 ( = choo 1 khng 1 so 1 soh 4 a 2 ( = si 5 kau 3 si 5 tng 3 bo 5 bi 2 cu 2 han 1 chi 5 thng 1 ( = 5
bat 4 sng 3 put 4 bat 4 ti 5 thio 3 bi 2 oann 7 ban 1 chi 5 ( = han 1 chi 5 khuann 3 cue 3 oo 7 ( = m 7 bat 4 cit 8 e 5 oo 7 a 2 han 1 ci 5 ( = ciah 8 oo 7 a 2 thoo 3 han 1 ci 5 ( = lam 5 cu 2 han 3 thoo 5 tau 7 hu 1 ( = cai 7 sing 1 ciah 8 it 4 liap 8 thoo 5 tau 7 khah 4 iann 5 si 2 liau 2 pai 3 cit 8 e 5 ti 1 thau 5 ( = ciah 8 hi 5 ciah 8 bah 4 ma 7 tioh 8 chai 3 kah 4 ( = chai 3 nih 4 khioh 4 tioh 8 bah 4 ( = ke 3 tioh 8 ti 1 ang 1 bo 5 iu 5 cu 2 chai 3 ia 7 phang 1 ( = a 1 mi 5 to 5 but 8 ciah 8 chai 3 bo 5 pai 3 hut 8 ( = ciah 8 chai 3 ciah 8 kau 3 too 7 cai 5 ui 5 kai 3 ( = lak 8 goeh 8 kua 3 chai 3 ke 2 u 7 sim 1 ( = cap 8 li 7 geh 8 koa 3 chai 3 : u 7 sim 1 ( = kua 3 chai 3 bo 5 peh 4 put 4 sing 5 cang 5 ( = koa 3 chai 3 tui 3 lai 7 peh 4 chut 4 lai 5 ( = ciah 8 png 7 phoe 3 chai 3 poo 2 khiam 7 cin 5 khai 1 ca 1 poo 2 ( = ang 1 a 2 boo 2 ciah 8 chai 3 poo 2 ( = tit 8 ka 2 na 2 chai 3 koe 1 6
chiu 1 ( = ke 3 tioh 8 poah 8 kiau 2 ang 1 chit 8 chiu 2 kuann 7 bah 4 cit 8 chiu 2 kuann 7 chang 1 ( = ke 3 tioh 8 be 7 chai 3 ang 1 sann 1 tng 3 m 7 si 7 chai 3 ciu 7 si 7 chang 1 ( ciah 8 bo 5 sann 1 pe 2 hing 3 chai 3 ciu 7 beh 4 chiunn 7 se 1 thian 1 ( = ang 5 ku 1 pau 1 kiam 5 chai 3 ( = 3 ciah 8 iu 7 a 2 pang 3 he 5 bi 2 ciah 8 pat 4 a 2 pang 3 cheng 3 ci 2 ( 4 na 5 put 8 a 2 boe 7 ciunn 7 toh 4 ting 2 ( = na 5 put 8 a 2 ciunn 7 sam 1 kai 3 toann 5 ( = 5 chap 8 li 7 geh 8 kam 1 chia 3 to 2 be 2 tinn 1 ( = kam 1 cia 3 lau 2 thau 5 tinn 1 ( = kam 1 cia 3 siang 1 thau 5 tinn 1 ( = bak 8 ciu 1 hoo 7 ling 5 ging 2 khak 4 uann 7 khi 3 ( = ciah 8 kue 2 ci 2 pai 3 chiu 7 thau 5 ( = bo 5 kin 1 bo 5 ti 3 ( 3 4 5 (2000:906 7
= cam 3 chau 2 ti 5 kin 1 ( = hioh 8 loh 8 kiu 2 ciu 1 kin 1 tong 5 it 4 chu 3 ( = chiu 7 thau 5 koo 3 hoo 7 cai 7 m 7 kiann 1 chiu 7 be 2 co 3 hong 1 thai 1 ( = cian 5 jin 5 chai 1 chiu 7 au 7 jin 5 khia 7 iann 2 ( = tua 7 cang 5 chiu 7 kha 1 ho 2 im 3 iann 2 chiu 7 tua 7 cang 5 ciu 7 hun 1 oainn 3 ( = ching 1 ki 1 ban 7 hioh 8 ( = senn 1 ki 1 hoat 4 hioh 8 ( = u 7 ki 1 bo 5 hioh 8 ( = cho 7 ka 1 u 7 ki 1 u 7 hioh 8 ( = he 7 cha 5 thiam 1 boe 2 ( = phoa 3 cha 5 lian 5 cha 5 tiam 1 ( = hoainn 5 cha 5 jip 8 cau 3 ( = hue 1 bo 5 cho 3 khui 1 ian 5 bo 5 cho 3 tui 3 ( = si 5 kau 3 hue 1 ciu 7 khui 1 ( = au 3 hue 1 ma 7 e 7 khui 1 ( = hua 1 hong 5 liu 2 liok 8 ( = iu 2 i 3 cai 1 hoa 1 hoa 1 put 4 hoat 4 bo 5 sim 1 chah 4 liu 2 liu 2 sing 5 im 3 ( = siam 5 hua 1 bun 7 liu 2 ( chiu 7 mui 5 u 2 ( inn 5 a 2 hue 1 m 7 cai 1 bai ( cit 8 ki 1 chau 2 cit 8 tiam 2 loo 7 ( 8
= ciam 1 chau 2 cu 7 cue 3 ciam 1 ( = chau 2 te 7 ( 6 chau 2 kau 5 ( = 7 ( si 1 kue 1 tin 5 tah 4 ti 4 chai 3 kue 1 pinn 5 nih 8 ( = kua 1 tian 5 put 4 lap 8 li 2 li 2 ha 7 put 4 cing 2 koan 1 ( = ( ho 2 hue 1 chah 4 ti 7 gu 5 sai 2 piann 2 ( = u 7 hue 1 bo 5 chah 4 thau 5 cing 5 khiok 4 chah 4 ka 1 ciah 4 au 7 ( = ( e 2 khau 2 ciah 8 khoo 2 kue 1 ( = hoo 5 cio 1 loah 8 bian 2 ce 7 6 ( 1977:66, 1992:67 7 ( 1992:72 9
( han 1 ci 5 a 2 ( bak 8 ciu 1 hoo 7 ling 5 ging 2 khak 4 uann 7 khi 3 ( = ( ang 5 kam 1 khak 4 he 7 ti 7 ham 5 khang 1 kak 4 ( = (ang 5 kam 1 khak 4 (ham 5 khang 1 kak 4 beh 8 khoann 3 cho 3 ku 2 chai 3 ( = 8 (beh 8 (beh 8 loo 7 gio 5 chang 1 bo 5 ciann 5 soan 3 ( = (bo 5 ciann 5 soan 3 (bo 5 ciann 5 soan 3 loo 7 gio 5 chang 1 ke 2 tua 7 pan 7 ( = (tua 7 ban 7 9 (tua 7 pan 7 cai 7 sing 1 ciah 8 it 4 liap 8 thoo 5 tau 7 khah 4 iann 5 si 2 liau 2 pai 3 cit 8 e 5 ti 1 thau 5 ( = (tau 7 (thau 5 io 5 chin 5 chiu 7 io 5 tit 4 koann 5 senn 1 kiann 2 senn 1 sun 1 tiong 3 ciong 7 goan 5 ( = si 2 niau 1 tiau 3 chiu 7 thau 5 si 2 kau 2 pang 3 cui 2 lau 5 ( thiau 3 chai 3 koo 2 chua 7 ho 2 hu 7 bo 5 ciah 8 oo 1 tau 7 kio 3 i 1 pang 3 oo 1 tau 7 sai 2 ( = sit 4 loan 5 ciah 8 king 1 cio 1 phe 5 ( = ciah 8 bo 5 sann 1 pe 2 hing 3 chai 3 ciu 7 beh 4 chiunn 7 se 1 thian 1 ( = chenn 1 a 2 cang 5 ( = 8 (1998:51 9 /tua 7 ban 7 / /tua 7 pan 7 / 10
cit 8 ki 1 chau 2 cit 8 tiam 2 loo 7 ( tua 7 cang 5 chiu 7 kha 1 ho 2 im 3 iann 2 ( Low (1988, Newmark (1988, Fontecha & Catalan (2003 (2001:214-, 2003 (values long 5 sim 1 kau 2 hi 3 ( = lan 2 gu 5 to 1 sai 2 lio 7 ( = kau 5 si 2 gin 2 a 2 ( = chi 7 niau 2 chi 2 ka 7 poo 3 te 7 ( = si 2 ah 4 a 2 nge 7 chui 3 phe 2 ( = hai 2 ling 5 ong 5 si 5 cui 2 - ke 2 se 3 ji 7 - ( - (a view of life; a philosophy ka 1 ki 7 cing 2 cit 8 chang 5 khah 4 iann 5 khoann 3 pat 8 lang 5 ( = tua 7 cang 5 chiu 7 phua 3 u 7 cha 5 ( cian 5 jin 5 chai 1 chiu 7 au 7 jin 5 khia 7 iann 2 ( = ciah 8 kue 2 ci 2 pai 3 chiu 7 thau 5 ( = sioh 4 hue 1 lian 5 ki 1 sioh 4 ( = kah 4 kiann 2 oh 8 siu 5 m 7 thang 1 kah 4 kiann 2 pe 5 chiu 7 ( = 11
bok 8 oan 3 thai 3 iong 5 phian 1 cu 7 kun 7 ki 1 bu 5 hioh 8 ( = tiu 7 sui 7 pa 2 tinn 7 tioh 8 se 7 thau 5 ( = cit 8 khuan 2 bi 2 chi 7 pah 4 iunn 7 lang 5 ( = lam 5 cu 2 han 3 thoo 5 tau 7 hu 1 ( = inn 5 a 2 hue 1 m 7 cai 1 bai ( ling 5 hui 1 hong 7 bu 2 ( = chi 7 niau 2 chi 2 ka 7 poo 3 te 7 ( = ( cit 8 khuan 2 bi 2 chi 7 pah 4 iunn 7 lang 5 [ = ] beh 8 ge 5 ko 1 chiu 2 cian 5 jin 5 cai 1 hue 1 au 7 jin 5 chah 4 [ = ] 12
Alexander, R. J. 1978. Fixed expressions in English: a linguistic, psycholinguistic, sociolinguistic and didactic study (part 1. Anglistik und Englischunterricht, 6:171-88. Carter, R. 1987. Vocabulary. London: Allen and Unwin. Chen, Shih-Huei and Ku, Chih-Hsiung (. 1999. Aboriginal Children s Conceptions and Alternative Conceptions of Plants. Proceedings of the National Science Council ROC (D 9.1: 10-19. Fontecha, A. F. and Catalan, R. M. J. 2003. Semantic derogation in animal metaphor: a contrastive-cognitive analysis of two male-female examples in English and Spanish. Journal of Pragmatics 35: 771-797. Hsieh, S. C-Y (. 2001. Tiermetaphern im modernen Chinesischen und Deutschen: Eine vergleichende semantische und soziolinguistische Studie. Doctorial dissertation. Tübingen: Tübingen University.. 2003. The Corpora of Mandarin Chinese and German Animal Fixed Expressions: A Cognitive Semantic Application. Paper presented at the Interdisciplinary Workshop on Corpus-Based Approaches to Figurative Language, Lancaster University, England, March 27, 2003. Lakoff, George and Johnson, Mark. 1980. Metaphors We Live By. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Low, Ge. D. 1988. On teaching metaphor. Applied Linguistics 9(2: 125-147. Moon, Rosamund. 1998. Fixed Expressions and Idioms in English. Oxford: Clarendon Press. Newmark, P. 1988. Approaches to Translation. Hemel Hempstead: Prentice Hall.. 1992. I. 1992.. 1998.. (. 2001.. 1993.. 1993.. 1998. 185: 72-77 13
. 1999. 03: 12-17. 1996.. 2000.. 1998.. 1975..1977.. 1914. (. 1932. 14
A Semantic Analysis of Taiwanese Botanical Fixed Expressions: Core Meaning and Lexical Cognition Shelley Ching-yu HSIEH Southern Taiwan University of Technology This paper collects popular botanical fixed expressions (BFE in Taiwanese and examines their core meanings, underlying conceits and people s cognition of using BFEs. Most BFEs are generated from four core meanings, i.e. as tall as a tree, as beautiful as a flower, as common as a sweet potato and as valuable as rice. These core meanings are allocated to collocations to express people s thoughts and outlooks on life. The metaphorical vehicles of BFEs are grains (rice, peanuts, sweet potatoes, taros, vegetable (leaf mustards, radishes, snake melons, green onions, fruits (guavas, water melons, tangerines, sugar canes, longans, bananas, trees and flowers. The underlying conceits seed in: (1. the growth characteristics and the cultivation, e.g., the leaf mustards have no hearts in June, and the sugar cane that is close to the root is sweet in December; (2 the outer features of the plants, e.g., small peanuts, seedy guavas, big trees, sweet flowers; (3. the usability of the plants, e.g., the shallow of a tree, firewood, flower arranging; (4 the edibility of the plants, e.g., vegetables, grains; and (5 homophones and mentality. Cognitively, most BFEs are vocabulary of neutral statements used to express people s outlook on life and the society peacefully. This is different from animal fixed expressions that are for the most part abusive words used to utter people s values rudely. Key words: Botanical fixed expressions, Taiwanese plant metaphors, metaphorical vehicles, metaphorical tenors, Cognitive Semantics 15