(CIP) : / :,, :,2000.5 ISBN 7-04 - 008822-3 - - N - 42 CIP (2000)60397 55 100009 010-64054588 010-64014048 / 8501168 1/ 32 7.875

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(CIP) : / :,, :,2000.5 ISBN 7-04 - 008822-3 - - N - 42 CIP (2000)60397 55 100009 010-64054588 010-64014048 http:/ / www.hep.edu.cn 8501168 1/ 32 7.875 190 000 8.40,

( ) 1 16 16 16 18 21 22 24 24 24 39 57 61 66 71 71 71 78 87 89 93 96 96 97 107 1

119 129 132 133 133 133 146 164 166 170 174 174 174 189 191 198 202 205 205 205 210 225 227 229 229 230 235 237 240 242 244 2

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6 : 7 1 3 7 22 16 11 22 12 10 6 12 13 10 6 13 15 14 7 15 18 13 9 18 11 8 6 11 4 2 4 102 72 50 102 : 72,, 72 1,,, 2 3 1: 2

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3 : 4: 1 : 2 : 3 : : : 1, 2,,, 3, : 1 : ; 2;, ; ; 3 7

4 1 : 2 : 3 : 1: 2 ( ) : 3 : 1 : 2 : 3 : 4 : 1: 2: 1 : 2 : : 8

: 1,,, 2,,,,, 3, : 1 ; ; (O2 N2 H2 Cl2 ); ; 2 ; ; 3 4 1: 2 : 3: 9

4: 1: 2 : 3: 1: 2 : 3: 4: 5 : 1: 2: 3 : :,,,, : 1,, 10

2,,, 1, ; ; ; 2 ; 3 4 1: 2 : 3 : 4 : 5 : 1: 2 : 3 :,, 4: 5 : 11

1: 2 3 ATP 1 : 2 : 3 : : : 1,, 2,,,, 3, : 1 2 ; ; ( ) ; 3; 12

1: 2: 3: 1 : 2 : 3: 1: 2 : 3 : 4 : : : : 13

1, 2,, :,,,,, 1 : 2 : 1 2 3 1 2 : 3 : 14

1 : 2 3, 1,,,,,, 2,, 3,, 4,, 5,,,, 15

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;, ;20 4,,,,,,,, 5,, :,,,, ; ;19 ; 20 ; ; ; ; : 1,,,,,, ; 18

, 80 9 2 12 30,,, 1,,,,, 2 :,,,,,,, 1781,,,,,,,,,, 3,,,,, 19

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1 : 2 3 19 : 4, : 5 : 6 : () 1( ) A B C D 2 ( ) A B C D 3( ) A B C D 4( ) A B C D 5, ( ) A B C D () 120 21

2 3? 4 5ST S () 1 2 3 4 5 6 () 1 B. 2 D. 3 C. 4 D. 5 B. () 1 (1 ) :, ;, ; DNA, (2 ) 10,,,,, 22 (3 ),

20,,,, 2, ;,,,,,,, 3 ;, 4, 5 STS STS 23

;,, ; ; ;,,,, ; ( ) ; ;, ph ; (), :,, 1 24,

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,,,,,, :,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 28

,, (), ;,,,, 2,,,,,, 120,,, 3, m(), s( ), kg( ), mol( ),,, 1 000 g 1 000 g, 1 mol NaCl 3 mol O2 0 1 mol H +,, 1 mol, 1 mol C - 12 12 g 29

A N N A (g ) ( mol) N A :,, 1 mol, : (1 ) (2 ) :,, ;,, (3 ) 1 mol NA, 1 mol,, 22 4 L/ mol 4,, C H N S ; C H N S,,,, 30

c( mol/ L) = n ( mol) V (L ),,, ; 1 L, ; ( mol), ( g) 5,,,,,,,,,,,,, F2 > Cl2 > Br2 > I2,,, ;,, 31

;,,,,,, ;,,,,, + 1,,, ;, - 1,,,,,,,,, 0+ 1 ; 0-1, ;,,,, 6, ( ) ( ),,, ; ; 32

,,, ; ; 7,,,,,,,, ( NaCl) ( NaOH ) (Na2 CO3 ) ( NaHCO3 ),,,,,,,,, ph, ph < 7, ; ph > 7,, ph? ph H + OH -? ph? ph H + OH - 33

( ch + ) ( co H - ( K W ) 24 K W = ch + co H -, ), = 110-14 ( mol/ L) 2, ch + > 10-7, co H - < 10-7, ch + > co H -, ph < 7,, co H - > 10-7, ch + < 10-7, co H - > ch +, ph > 7,, ch + = co H - = 10-7, ph = 7,, ph ch + co H - ; ;,, ;, 8,,, ( ), 120,, 120, 12,, 1 8, 20, 1 8 : ( ), 34

,,,,, ;,,,,, 9,,, 10%, 90%,,,,,,, 10 ; ( ),, 35

11,,,,,,, 12,, : ( 1) ; ( 2 ) ; ( 3 ),,,,,,,,, ; ;,,,,,, 36

13,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ),,,,,, 37

, 14,,,,,,, ;,,,,,,,, 15,,,,,,,,,,,, 38

( ), 1,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 5 800,,,, (56 66 )( 87 97 ), (),,,,,,, (5 000 ) 2/ 5,, 6,, 150 39

2,,,,, : ; :,,, 17, 9, 10 5,,,,, 100 0 6, - 55,,, 79 5%,,, 5 500 X,,,,, 50,, 0, 50,, 2035,,,,,, 40

,, 3 (1 ), 2 S 2 - ; 2 - ; d + +,, : S + Fe FeS S + 3F2 SF6 S + H2 H2 S S + O2 SO2 2S + C 1973K CS2 S + 2Cl2 SCl4 4S + 8NaOH 3Na2 S + Na2 SO4 + 4H2 O S + 6HNO3 H2 SO4 + 6NO2 + 2H2 O (2 ) ( ) : 1),, ; E, E 0 82 0 14-0 40-0 72 2) SO2 TeO2, +, H2 SeO3 H2 TeO3 41

, H2 SO3 H2 SO4, SO3,, 4 (1 ) 2-1 2-1 Li Na K Rb Cs 3 11 19 37 55 6 941 22 99 39 098 85 47 132 99 2 s 1 3 s 1 4s 1 5s 1 6s 1 / p m 123 154 203 216 235 / p m 60 95 133 148 169 / kjmol - 1 520 496 419 403 376 / kjmol - 1 7 298 4 562 3 051 2 633 2 230 1, 8,, 42

, Li Cs,, 1,,, (2 ) 2-2 2-2 M + 1 2 O 2 M 2 O M = Li 6 M + N 2 = 2 MN 3 M = Li 2M + O 2 M 2 O 2 M = NaK Rb Cs M + 1 2 X 2 = MX X = M + O 2 MO 2 M = K Rb Cs 3 M + P = M 3 P 2M + H 2 2M H, LiH M + Hg = 2M + S M 2 S, M2 O M2 O2 MO2 ( )MO3 ( ): 3KOH( s) + 2O3 ( g) 2KO3 ( s) + KOHH2 O( s) + 1 2 O 2 ( g), KO3, KO2 O2 : KO3 KO2 + 1 2 O 2 ;, 5 (1 ) (), ( ) ; ; ( 2-3 ) :, () 43

A A ; A 0 2-3 Na Mg Al Si P ( ) S Cl Ar / K 371 923 933 1640 317 385 172 0 4 2 5 2 9 7 ( 10) (2 ) A, ; ;, ; (3 ),,,,,, 6,,,,,, ;,,,,,, 44

7,,,,,, ( ), : 4, 4, R : R ( N H ; H2 N C COOH H C OH ) H O, 2-30, OH H, ( O H C N ),,, 20,,,,,, 8 45

, :,, (DNA) ( RNA) ( 2-33, ) DNA RNA, DNA RNA, ; 4, n 4 n,,,, 9 : ( 1), ( 2),, 10 9 10 13 ( 3 ), ( 4 ),, 10,, 46

,,,,, ;,, ( 2-1 (a) ), ( 2-1),,, 11,,,,,, ( DNA ),,,, 47

: ( 1 ) ; (2 ), ; ( 3),, :, ;,, () 1,,,,,,,, :,,,,, ;,,,,,, 48

:,,,,, ;,,,, 2, 0 40 ( ) 180 40 ( ),,,,, 81% ;,,, 63 9%, 52 7 %, 47 3 % ; 90 5 %, 9 5%,,,,,,, 1, 88 ;, 130,,,, 3,,, 49

, 1971 10, 41 14,, :, 0 012 12 C mol,,,,12 12 C 1,,, 1 12 C 6 023 10 23, 6 02310 23, NA 1, gmol - 1,,,,, 4 ( % ) c/ ( moll - 1 ),,, 50 2-4 c = 1 000% 100m

m c % 2-4 / % c/ ( moll - 1 ) mol g 1 L 100 g / c = / mol / L = 100 %,,, 5, F2 Cl2 Br2 I2 : ( ), CCl4 ( CCl4 Br2 ),, CCl4, Cl2 Br -, Br2, F > Cl > Br > I () (X ) : H 1 1 2 X ( s)1 2 X - ( g), A H 1,,, H 51

1 2 X H 2 (s ) 1 H 2 H1 1 2 X(l) 1 2 H 1 1 2 X 2 2 (g) H X( g) A X - ( aq) H X - (g) 2-5 1 2 H 2-5 H( kj/ mol) 1 2 H 1 2 H A H 1 1 2 H + 1 2 H + 1 2 H + A H H ( H +H ) F 2 79 5-333 - 253.5-515 - 768.5 Cl 2 121.5-348 - 226.5-381 - 607.5 Br 2 15.5 96.5-324 - 212-347 - 559 I 2 7.5 22 75.5-295 - 190-305 - 495 Lee, J.D.,ANew Concise Inorganic Chemistry, 3 rd ed..257( 1977 ) : F2 Cl2 Br2 I2,H, H 1, H F2 > Cl2 > Br2 > I2, : F2 > Cl2 > Br2 > I2, :,,, d, p - df2 FF, ; (H ) H, F 2,,, 52 1

6 : (1 ), ( ), : ClCl h 2Cl( h), CH, : CH4 + Cl CH3+ HCl : CH3+ Cl2 CH3Cl + Cl Cl CH4 CH3 Cl,,, : Cl+ Cl Cl2 CH3+ Cl CH3 Cl Cl, CH3 Cl CH2 Cl2 CHCl3 CCl4,,, (2 ) 53

, ;,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, (3 ),,,,,,,,,, 54

, 7,,,,,,,,, :,,,,,,,,,, 8, 2-6 2-6 ( ) 55

DNA rrna 9: (1 10 ) ( 10 ) DNA,, DNA, 10,,, 56

,, ;, ;, O2 ;,,, () 1,,,, ;, 2 ;,,, ;,,,,, 3 57

, ( ) ( ), 4,,,, 5,,,,,, () 1, 58

,,,,, 1965,,, A B, A 21, B 30 51 ( 2-2 ), A 8 ; 10,,,,,,,, 2 2-2, 59

,, ;, ;,, ;,,,, 3 ( ) (7 2 ) (1 2 ) ( a) ( b) ( a - b)/ a 60 60 149 597 870 152 100 000 147 100 000 6 378 140 6 356 755 1298 257 6 371 110 40 008 6 40 075 7 510 083 042 1 083 320 000 000 5 97610 27 5 52 / 465 / 232 / 24 03 56 6 () 23 56 4 1 ( ) 29 79 / 29 3 / 30 3 /

939 120 000 365.256 4 ( 365 6 9 10 ) 365.242 2 ( 365 5 48 46 ) () 1 2 3 () 1,, 2 3 ; ;, 4 5, 6, 7 8, 61

9 Cl2 I - Br - S 2 - ( ),,, 10 : e NH3 + Cl 2 = N2 + HCl, 11 118, ( ), ; ; 12 :,, ( ), ( ) 13,, ( ), ( ), 14: CH 3 CH 2 CH 3 CH 3 CH 2 OH CH 3 COO H () 1 : ( ) A B C D 2( ) A B C D 3,, 500 ( ) A B C D 4 ( ) 62

A B C D 5,, ( ) A B C D 6( ) A B C D 7 (1 )DNA ( ) (2 ) ( ) (3 )( ) (4 )( ) (5 ) ( ) A B C D E 8 20, ( ) A 1 B 2 C 3 D 4 9 ( ) A CuO + H2 B 2FeCl2 + Cl2 C Ca( OH)2 + CO2 D 4NH3 + 5O2 Cu + H2 O 2FeCl3 CaCO3 + H2 O 4NO + 6H 2 O 10, ( ) A K2 S B. HBr C NaI D FeBr2 11 3, 63

( ) A + 5 B - 3 C - 2 D + 3 12, ( ) A B C D 13,, ( ) A B C D () 1 2? 3 4? 5 2-3, (, ) : (1 ) (2 ) ( ) (3 ) ( ) (4 ) ( ) (5 ) ( ) (6 ) ( ) 6 () 7 ( ) 8 17,??, 9, 64

2-3, ( ) 10, 11,? (1 ), (2 ) 120 130 HgCl2 (3 ) 12,? () (1 ) CH2 CH2 ( 2) CH2 CHCH3 ( 3) CH3CH2 OH O (4 ) CH3 C OH (5 ) CH3 CH2 (6 ) CH3 CH3 13.? () 65

1 0 48 g, 100 ml ( ) () 2 500 ml 2 00% CuSO4, 1 02 g/ cm 3 () 3cH + = 110-8 mol/ L, ph, 4 24pH = 6, H + OH - () 1,,,, 2,, ;,, 3, () 1; 2 ; ; 3 ; ; 4 R 5 ; H2 N C COOH 66 H

6 ; (DNA) ; ( RNA) 7 ; 8; ; ; ; ; 9 S; I2 ; Br2 10 2; 3; 1; 6;NH 3 ; NH 3 Cl 2 11. H ; Na; Na; Cl 12. H2 + S H2 S; 0; - 2; ; 13 ; ; ; 14; ; ; ; ; () 6e 1 A. 2.C. 3.C. 4.D. 5.C. 6.C. 7.( 1 ) A. ( 2) B. (3 )C. (4 ) B. (5 ) E. 8.B. 9.C. 10.D. 11.B. 12. A. 13.C. () 1,, 10, 99 9%, 2,, 35,,, 0 4 %, ;,,,, 68 %, ;,, 31 5%, 3,,,, 4,, 67

5 (1 ) (2 ) (3 ) (4 ) (5 ) (6 ) 6,,,, ;, 7 (1 ), ; ( ) (2 ) ( ),, + 3, + 2 (3 ), 8,, 9 ))) + 17 2 8 7, (1 ),,, AgNO3, ;, HCl, ; (2 ), ;, AgNO3,, 68

10 : ( NH4 ) 2 SO4 2NH + 4 + SO 2-4 H2 O OH - + H + NH + 4 + OH - N H3 + H2 O OH - NH + 4, ch + > co H -, 11 (1 ) CH4 + Cl2 h CH3 Cl + HCl ; (2 ) CHCH + HCl (3 ) C H H2 C Cl H2 HgCl 2 120130 CH 2 + NaOH CHCl ; CH 2 CH2 + NaCl + H2 O 12 ( 1), ( 2 ), (3 ), ( 4 ), ( 5 ), ( 6 ) ; ( 1) (2 ), (5 )( 6) 13,,,,,,,, () 1 xmol/ L, ymol/ L, : Mg + H2 SO4 (g) ( mol) 0.48 0.02 0.02 0.02 MgSO4 + H2 69

1 mol 1 mol 1 mol, 100 ml 0 02 mol; 100 ml 0 02 mol : x = 0.02 1 000 = 0.2 ( mol/ L) 100 y = 0.02 1 000 = 0.2 ( mol/ L) 100 : 0 2 mol/ L 2 CuSO4 cmol/ L c = 1 000% 100m = 1 0001.022 100160 = 0.13 ( mol/ L ) : CuSO4 0 13 mol/ L (: m,, % ) 3 ch + = 110-8 mol/ L ph = - lg ch + = 8 ph > 7 : ph = 8, 4 ph = - lg ch + = 6 ch + = 110-6 mol/ L 24, ch + co H - = 110-14 ( mol/ L) 2 co H - = 110-14 / 110-6 = 110-8 ( mol/ L) : ch + = 110-6 mol/ L, co H - = 110-8 mol/ L 70

, ;, ; ;, (),,,,, 1,,, 71

,, 2,,,, 3,,,, 4,,, ;,,, () 1 72

,,?,,,,,,,, :, 2,,,,,, 3,,,,,,,,,,, : (1 ),, 73

(2 ), ;,,, (3 ),,, 3-5 :,,, ;,,,,,,,,, 4 (1 ) ( ), a = g, :, g,,, ( 1 ), (2 ),, 74

,,,, v 2 / R ( v ), (3 ) ( ), (),,,,, x t v a t, 3-8 (a), (),, (a) ( b), t = / 4t = 3 T/ 4 t = 5 T/ 4, ; t = 0 t = T/ 2 t = T, 5 :, F,, s,, 75

, s,,,,, :,, ;,,,,,,,,,, : Ek = 1 2 mv2 0,, W = Ek 1 - Ek0,,,,,,,, 6,,, mgh,, - Gm1 m2/ r,,,,,, 76

7,,, : I = F t, : P = mv ( F t),, : I = F t = mv - mv0,,, 8,,,, ( ),,, :, ;,,,, 77

,,,,,,, : (, ) ; (, ),,,,,,,,, ;, ;,, () 1 78

, ;, ;, :,,, ;,,,,,, :, af; F, a 1, m Fma, : F = Kma, K,,, K = 1,, m( ) kg( ) s (), F = K ma, 1N( ) = kgm/ s (1 / ), K = 1,, F = ma,,,,,,,, (),,,,,,, 2 79

( ),,,,,,,,,, : ;, ;,, ( ),,,,,,,,,??? 3,,,,, 80

,,,,,,,,,,, 4,,,,, 3-1 ( ) ( ) ( 6 22 ) ( 5 5 ) ( 3 21 ) ( 2 4 ) ( 12 22 ) 5 23 27 N 16 19 N 0 16 19 S 23 27 S (6 22 ) (8 8 ) (9 23 ) (11 7 ) (12 22 ),,,,,,, 81

,, :, ;, 15,, ( 9 10 ),,,, 3-2 12 24 12 0 12 13 27 12 10 33 12 12 12 12 12 10 33 12 13 27 12 0 12 24,, 46,, 365 25, 365, 366, 4 12,, 31 ;, 30 29, 30, ( July ) 4 4, (August), :, 82

( 365 2500 ) (365 2422 ), 0 0078,, 1582, 10 5 10 15,,, 4 1 400 97, 400 3, 365 2500 365 2425,, 0 0003, 3 300,,,, :,, 91, 13 ;, 13, 28, 4 ( ) ( ), (), 1, -,,,,,,, - 83

:,, :,,,,,,,,,?,, : ; ;,,,,, 2,, H S. :, 1974.p28 84

1851 200 60 (, ), ( 49 ) 11,, ( ),,,,, 15 ( 360 ),, ( ),,,, 3,,,,,, (17921843),,,,,,, 15, 1 670, 1 670,, 1 670 A = 2v sin, v,,, 85

,,,,,,, ;,,, 4,?,,,?,,?,,,,,,,, ( ),, 20 24 18 15 16 17, 4 43,, 86

1,,,,,,,,,, : ( ) ( ) :,,? () :, :,,,,,, ; ;,, :,,, 87

: 12,,,,,, ( ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 90, 2 r (3-1 ), AB, ( AC ) O ( CB) 88 AC = d, CB = h, r 2 + d 2 = ( r + h ) 2 = r 2 + 2 rh + h 2, d 2 = 2 rh + h 2 3-1

AB, hrh 2 2 rh, d 2 = 2 rh v, A C t, d = vt h = v2 2 r t2 = 1 2 v 2 r t, a = v2 r t, C B A, a = v2 r A () 1, ; 2,, 3 20 kg 2 m/ s 10 m ( ), 10 m, J( ) 4,, 51 010 7 4 010 4 J( ) m N,, 89 J

6,, 7, 8 m H, h,,,, 9, 10 11 12 20: 00, () 1,,, ( ) A, B, C, 90 D

2, ( ) A B C D 3 ( ) A B C D 4,, ( ) A B C D 5, ( ) A B C D 6, v0,, ( ) A B C D 7, A, B, ( ) C, 91

D, 8 ( ) A B C D 9 ( ) A B C D 10 ( ) A B C D 11 1 1 15 :15, ( ) A 1 1 15: 15 B 12 31 15: 15 C 1 1 3: 15 D 12 31 3: 15 () 1,? 2,,,? 3, 4,,? 5?? 6?? 7?? 8?? () 1 510 4 kg, 2 m/ s, 0 05 s, 92

0 004, 2 300 /, 20 0 5,,,, () () 1 ; 2; 3 1960 ;1960 4 5 0 6; 7; ; 8 mg( H + h ) ; - mgh; mgh 9 10 11 12 2 :00 () 1 B 2 A 3 D 4 C 5 C 6 D 7 A 8 D 9 A 10 B 11 B () 1 2,,,, 93

3,,, ;,,, 4 ( ), 5,,,,,,,,, 6,, ; 7,, 66 34,,,, 8,,,,,,,,, 94 ()

1 :, : F = p t : = mv t = 5104 2 0 05 = 210 6 N f = 0 004510 5 = 210 3 N,, m1, v1, m2, v m1 v1 + m2 v2 = ( m1 + m2 )vm1 = m2 v2 = 0 m1 v1 + 0 = ( m1 + m2 )v v1 = m 1 + m2 v= 2 m 1 2 m/ s = 4 m/ s m1 m1 : 4 m/ s 2 : : F = p t = 0 5 kg300 m/ s 0 2 m/ 300 m/ s = 2 25105 : 2 2510 5 N 95

,,,, ; ; ; ; ;,,,, ; ;,, ; 96

() 1,,,,,,,,,, 2,,,,,,,,,, 3,,,,,,, 97

,,,,,,,,,,,, 4,,,,,?,,,,,,, 5, () 1,,, 98

,,,,,,?,,, (1 ),, ( ),,,, ; ( ),,,,,,, (2 ),, : 1),, ;,, AT P, 2),,, H +, H +, ( NADP ) ( NADPH) 99

3) : AT P NADPH, AT P NADPH (3 ) ( ) ; ;,,,, AT P, NADPH ;,,, :, AT PNADP H,, (4 ),,,, ;,,,,,,,,,, 100

,,,, 2,, (1 ) ( ),,,,,,,, 4-2, A D B1 B2 C (2 ),,,,,,,, (3 ),,,,, (4 ),,,,,,,,,,, 101

,,, 3,,, (1 ), ; ;,,,,,,,, ;,,,,,,,,,,, (2 ),,,,,,,,, (3 ),,,,, 102

,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 9331,,,,, (4 ),,, ( F2 ),,,,,,, (5 ),,, ;,,,,,,, 103

,, XY, X Y; XX, X,,, 11,,, (6 ),,, :,,, : 1) :, ( ), (), ( ),,, 21 2) :, DNA,,,,, O2,, 4,? 104

(1 )?,,?,, (2 ),,,,,, ; ; 8,,,,,,,,,, (3 )?,,, ;, 1) :,, 105

, : ; : ;,,,,,, 2) : 5,,,,,,,, 3) :,, 7,,,, (4 ),, 19,, 106

,,, :,,,,,,,,, () 1,,,, 3 10,,,,, ;,, ;,,,, 2 107

: (1 ),,,,,,,,, (2 ),, : 2H2 O 4[ H] + O 2 4H + + 4e - + O 2, ( NADP ) (NADPH), NADPH, ADP, ATP, ATP NADPH, 3 : (1 ), (5 ) ( 6 ),, (3 - ) : + CO2 (2 ) 3-2 3 - AT P NADPH, 3-3 - 108

2 3 - + 2NADPH + H + AT P 2 3 - + 2NADP + H2 O (3 ) ( C6 H12 O6 ) 3-1, 6 -, 3 -,, 4? :, ;, ;,,, : 4-1 + ( ) + + ( ) 109

, :,, ;,,, ;,,,, 5,,,,,,,,,,, 6,,,,, F1 ( ), F1, ( ), F2 ( ), 31, F 1 ;, F1, F2 110

,, 31, F2, 3/ 4, 1/ 4 : 1 ) ( ), 2 ),, 3),,,,,, ; 4 ),,,, 7 :,,,,,,,,,, 100,,, 10 100 20, 1/ 5,,,,, 111

, :???,, ;,,,,, () 1,,,,,, 2,,,,?,, 18 O( 16 O), 18 O,,,?,?,?? H +?,, ( ) ; 112

,,, ;, AT P NADPH,, AT P NADPH,,, ADP NADP, ( 4-1) 3 4-1,,,,,,,,, P 233 4-7,,,,, 4 (1 ) 113

, 11.5 ; ( 99% ),, ; ; ; (2 ) ( ph0.91.5), 1 52 5 ( ) ;,, ;, (3 ) (ph7 88 4 ), 1 2 ;, ;, (4 ), 0 81.0,,, ;, (5 ) ( ph 7 6 ), 13, 114

,, ; ; 5, 1 500,, : ( ) (1 ),, ;,,,,10,,,, (2 ),, (3 ),, B12 (4 ), A,, (5 ), A, 95 %, 115

D E K B2 ;, D, 2, 5 D (6 ), ;,, 1/ 3 6 : ; ;,, (1 ), 99%,,,, ; ; ;,,,,,,,, ;,, D ; (11, 11 5 ) ;,,,, 116

(2 ),,, 70% 25%,,,,,, ;,,, C (3 ),,,,,, (4 ) 100, ; ; ; 7 DNA 117

1902,, DNA, DNA, DNA DNA DNA 4 000, 40 DNA, ; ;,, ; DNA DNA, 5006 000,,,, DNA 4,,,, 8,,, : (1 ) XY (XY), (XX) (2 ) ZW XY, (ZZ), (ZW), 118

(3 ) XO X, Y (XO), X X, (XX), XX, XO XY, (4 ),,,, 2 n = 32, n = 16,,,,,, () 1 ( ),,,,, 2 ;, ( ) 3 119

, ;, 4,,, 5,,, ;,,, 6 (),,,,,,, ;,,,,, 7 ( ; ; ), 8 120

,,,, F1, F2, 9,, 10,, Y Y ; yy ; Y y F1, 11,,,,, 12 ( R ) ( r ), 13,, 121

,,,, 23,, 22 14 DNA, DNA, 15, 16 ;,,, 17,,,, 18 122

,,,, () 1 (1 ),, ;,,,,, (2 ),,,,,,, 2530 (3 ),, 0 03 %, 0 1%,, 0 005 %, (4 ),,,,,, 123

;,,, 2,,,,, : (1 ),,,,,,,,,,, (2 ),,,,, (3 ),,, 124

,, (4 ),,,, 3 A D (1 ) A B1 B2 C A,,, A :, ;, ; A, A A,,,, A (2 ) D D,,, :,, D, D,,, 400, 10 D,,,,,, (3 ) B1 B1,, 125

, 120, :, ;,, (4 ) B2 B2,,,, : ;,, ;,,, (5 ) C C,,, C, : ; ;, ; ; C ; 4,,,,,, : ;, 126

DNA,, DNA,,, DNA,,,,,,,,,, 5,,,,,,,,, ( 4-2 ),,,,,, ( 4-2 ) 127

:,,,,,,, 4-2 6 ( C.R.Darwin,18091882),,,,,, 128

,, 1831,,,, 5 (18311836) 5,,,,, 1836,,,, 1859,, 1868,, () 1 2,,, 3, ;, 4 5 129

6 7 8( Y Y ) ( yy ),, F1,, F2,,, 9, 10 () 1, ( ) A. B. C. CO2 D. CO2 2, ( ) A.CO2 B.H2 O C. D. 3( ) A. B. C. D. 4( ) A. B. C. D. 5( ) A. B. C. D. 6 ( ) A. B. C. D. 7 DDDd, ( ) A.25 % B.50% C.100 % D.0% 8 ( B), 130

( b),, ( ) A. BBBB B. BBBb C. BbBb D.BBbb 9 ( ) A. B. C. D. 10 ( ) A. B. C. D. () 1, : 4-3 (1 ), A ( e) (O2 ) (2 ) C (3 ) AT P NADPH 2F2 787 ( ) 277 ( ) 5 474 ( ) 1 850 ( ) 6 022 ( ) 2 001 ( ) 651 ( ) 207 ( ) 131

(1 ) (2) F1.... (3 ), ( T t), : P F1 F2 () 1 2 3; 4() 5 6 7 8 Y y 3()1() ; Y Y Y y yy 121 9 10 () 1 A 2 B 3 C 4 B 5 D 6 C 7 D 8 C 9 D 10 C () 1 (1 ) H + ( 2) CO2 (3 ) [ H] 2 (1 ) (2 ) (3 ) T TttTtT T T t tt 132

, ( ) ; ; ; (O2 N2 H2 Cl2 ), (), (),,, ;,, ;, ;,, ; (),,,,,, 133

1,,,,,,, 2 : ( 1),,, (2 ),,, (3 ),, (, ),,,,, 3 : 134

,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 4, (1 ) ; ;, ;, ; ( ), (2 ) ; ;, (3 ) ; ; () 135

1,,,,, ;, ( ) ( ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 136

,,,,,,, 2 ( ),, ; ; 5-6 :, ; ;,,,,, 3 (1 ) 4000,, 1800 ;, 500,,, : ( ) ; 137

; ; (2 ) : ; ; ;,, (3 ) : ;,,,,, 4,,,,,,, ;,,,,,,, ; ;,,,,, 138

;,, ( ) ( ),, 5,,,,,,,,, ( ),,,,,,, :,, ( ),, 139

,,,,,,,,,,,,, ;, 6, ( ),, ;,,,,,,,, 7,,,,, 140

,,,, 5-1 L 220V100W ; T ( 0 5kW ) ; JO401 250V 1A, 110 170 220 240V, V I 5-1, : ; 110V 220V 1/ 4,,, 110V,,, P = W/ t, ( ) N = W/ t,,,,,,, 141

,, 8,,,, -,, (12 ),,,,,, UIt - I 2 Rt =,,,,, ;,,, IU ti 2 R t,,,,,, : E2 - E1 = W,,, ( ) ( ),, 142,

,,,, 9,,,,,,, ( ) :, ;,, ;,,, ( ),,,,,,, 143

:, ; ( ),, 10 ( NaOH ), : Cl -, ; H +, Na + OH -,,, 11,,,, + 3, Fe3 O4, + 2 : 2, 14,,, + 2 ; 1 + 3 CO 144

,,,, 12 (1 ),, ; ;?, ( CO H2 ), 19,,, (2 ),,,, ( ),, 13%,,, ( ),, 13 :,,,, 145

,,, ;, 14,, ;,,,, 1 :,,,, :,, ;,,, 146

,, : ;,,, ;,,,, 2,,,,,,, :,,, ;,,, 147

,,, 3, (1 ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 50 1 000, 20 80 6 000,,,,,, 80, 180, 20%, 24, 148

,, 13 000 km 2 35 83, 9 ;, 17 1 056, 1978 400, 75 % 19491978 2 000, 1978 1954 ;,,, (2 ),,,,,,,,,,,, 2 000, 670, 5 000 80,, 30%, 500 1 000 mm,,,,, 1 900, 19 %, 18%,,,,, ; 149

;,,,, 550 600 mm,,, 1981,,,, 1983, (3 ),,,,,,, ( ), ( ) ( ),, 20 40,, 13% ; 1978, 12 7 % ;1983, 12%,, 12 95%,, 90 1,, 8 9%, (31 3% ) 1/ 3,, 82 5%, 14 2 % 150

, 20%, 40 %, 70, 12 5%, 14 1%, 58, 3%, 19 1%,, 50%, 1981 27 4 %, 26 6, 2 0% ; 40 50%, 1952 35%, 9 %, 35, 2 7% 4 ;, : (1 ),,,, (2 ) 2 % 25%,, 64 % 80 % : (3 ), 1 000,, : 500600,, ( 10% ) 151

(H 2 CH 4 C 2 H 4 CO ) (),, 5 (1 ),, : ( ) ( ) ( ), ( RSH) ( ) S ( RSR ) ( ) ( ) N N, ; : (), ( ), (),, (2 ), 152

,, 220 250, (, ), 360370,,,,, 410, 1 111 kpa,,, 6 (21.007557 + 21.008857 = ) 4.033( ), 4 003 ( ), 4 033 0 03 ( ), < +? : E = mc 2 ( E, m, c ) 1, 0 03 g, ( 0 03( 310 10 ) 2 10-7 = ) 2 710 12 J, 1 2 710 12 J,, ( ),, 5-2 12 5, 153

5-2 ( ) ; 1, 12 000kg 7, 12 5 :,, (1 ) 26,,,,, 154

, ;, : 1),,, 10 2) ( ),,, 3) ( ),, ( 60 % ),, (2 ),,, - ;, -,, -,, 5-3 8 (), :,,,, : (1 ),,, 155

(2 ),,,,,,, 30%,,, 9, ( ),,,,,, ( Ea ) E, E, Ea = E- E (1 ) ( ) 156

,,,,,,,, ( ) : A + B = C + D, v = kca cb v, cacb A B, k, ( ) 1 k,,,,, (2 ),,,,,, k, N2 O5, 25 35, 5 6910-16 2 1710-15, 3 8, 3 8, 10, 24 (3 ),,,, 125126 kj/ mol, 12 5 kj/ mol 157

334 4 kj/ mol,, ; ( 310 7 )480520 10 (1 ) : aa( g) + bb(g) gg( g) + hh( g) Kc = cg Gc h H c a Ac b ( c ) B Kp = pg G p h H p a A p b (pi ) B K : K = ( p G/ p ) g ( ph/ p ) h ( pa/ p ) a ( pb/ p ) b p Kc Kp : Kc = Kp ( R T ) - n n = g + h - ( a + b) : N2 ( g) + 3H2 ( g) 2NH3 (g ) Pa Kc = c 2 N H 3 cn 2 c 3 H 2 ; Kp = p 2 N H 3 pn 2 p 3 H 2 Kc = Kp ( R T ) 2 (2 ) ( ), ( ) T 1 T 2, K T 2 K T 1 : ln K T 2 K T 1 = H m R 1 T1-1 T 2 H m () (3 ) 158

,,, K > 10 5, (4 ) 1), Qc,, : Qc = c g c Gc h H Ac a c A > ca c B > cb, Qc < Kc, ; c G > cg c H > ch 2) b B, Qc > Kc,, Kp : Qp = p g Gp h H p Ap a B b, : : g + h = a + b, Qp = Kp, :, Qp ;, Qp > Kp, < Kp, : : 3) : ln H m K T 2 K T 1 = H m R 1 T 1-1 T 2, T 2 > T1, K T 2 > K,,, T 1 159

: H m, T 2 > T1, K T 2 < K,,, 11, ( ),,, : 2H + + 2e H2, : 2Cl - - 2e Cl2 H2 Cl2,,, : H2-2e 2H + : Cl2 + 2e 2Cl -,, 2 17V, () 3 53 8V 12, ( 1000 ) 5%,, ;, 160 T 1

,, ( SiO2 ),, : C + O2 CO 2 CO2 + C 2CO Fe2 O3 + 3CO 2Fe + 3CO 2 CaCO3 CaO + SiO2 CaO + CO2 CaSiO3 ( ), : (1 ) FeO, FeO CMn S P Si CO, MnO, SO2, P2 O5 SiO2 (2 ) FeO + SiO2 FeOSiO2 MnO + SiO2 MnOSiO2 P2 O5 MnS FeS CaO P2 O5 CaS MnO FeO (3 ), FeO,, FeO,, CO, ( ), FeO, SiO2 MnO Al2 O3 13,,, 161

(1 ),, : : Al - Cu - Mg Al - Cu - Mn,, : Al - Mg - Mn,,,, (2 ),,, : : ( ),, :,,,, 14 (1 ) : H2 S, : Fe + H2 S FeS + H2 FeS, ;,,,,, : CO2 SO2,, H + HCO3 - HSO3 -, : 162

Fe - 2 e Fe 2 + Fe 2 + + 2OH - Fe( OH)2 2H + + 2e H2 : Fe + 2H2 O Fe( OH)2 + H2 H +, OH - Fe 2 + Fe( OH)2, Fe( OH)3 : 4Fe( OH)2 + 2H2 O + O2 4Fe(OH)3 (2 ), 15,,,,, - 66 ( 6 ) (6 ),,, - 6 ( 6 ),,,,,,,,, 100,, 163

1 18,,, :,,,,,,,, 1866,,, 19 80,, ( ), 20,,,, 1939, ; 1942 12, 164

,,,, (),,,,,, 2,,,,, 10,,,,,,,,, (1 ),,,, (2 ),,,, 165

, 1000 80,, (3 ), : () 1 : 2,,, 3 4 5 ( ) 6 7 8,,, 9, ;, 166

10,,,,, 11,,, 12,,,, 13,, 14,, ;, ;, () 1, ( ) A. B. C. 2,, ( ) A. B. C.() D. 3,,, ( ) A. B. C. D. 4 ( ) 167

A. B. C. D. 5 () ( ) A. B. C. D. 6 ( ) A. B. C. D. 7 ( ) A. B. C. D. 8 ( ) A. B. C. D. 9, ( ) A. B.,, C. D.,, 10,, A., B., C., D., ( ) 11 ( ) 168 A., B., C.,

D., 12,, ( ) A. B. C. D. () 1 2 3: (1 ) (2 ) (3 ) (4 ) 4 5 6 7? (1 ) (2 ) () 8,,? 9,?? () 1 40 m, 1 010 4 25%,? 169 kg,

2 220 V160, W?, J? 3 1 0, 100 kw, 400 V, kw? 10 000 V? 4, 1 L 2 0 10 4 J, 0 6 L,? () 1,, 2 3; 4; ; 5 H2 ; CO 6; ; 7 ; ; 8 ; ; 9; 10() ; ; 11 ; ; 12; ; 13 14; ; () 170

1 A 2 B 3 B 4 D 5 B 6 A 7 C 8 D 9 C 10 B 11 A 12 C () 1 :,,, ; ;,,,, 2, 3 (1 ) 4NH3 + 5O2 4NO + 6H2 O (2 ) CH4 + 2O2 CO 2 + 2H2 O (3 ) Fe2 O3 + 3CO 2Fe + 3CO 2 (4 ) :2Cl - - 2e 2Cl,2Cl Cl2 4: :2H + + 2e 2H,2H H2 (1 ), 37 4510 25 kj, 60 (2 ), 17, 3 5 (3 ) : (1 ), (2 ), 171

5: N2 + 3H2,, 500, 310 7 Pa 2N H 3 + : :,, 500, 6 ( ) ; () A. ; B.; C. 7 (1 ) (2 ) 8,, ;,, 9,,, () 172

1 : P = W = mgh t t = 1.0104 9.840 1 P= P25 % = 9.810 5 W 2 : P = U2 R = ( 220) 2 160 Q = Pt = 30360 J = 1.8210 4 3 : W = 303 W J W = 3.910 6 W I = P/ U= 100103 A = 250 A 400 P= I 2 R= 250 2 1.0 W = 62500 W 10 000 V I = P = 100103 U 10000 A = 10 A P = ( I ) 2 R= 10 2 1.0 W = 100 W 4 : N = W t = 2 0104 0.6 60 J/ s = 200 W 173

, ; ; ;,, ; ; (),,,, ATP,,,,,, 1, 2,,, 174

,,, 3,,,,, 4,,,,, 5,,,,, () 1,,,,,,,,,,, (1 ),,, ( ), ( ), 175

,?,,,,,,,,,,,, (2 ) (),,,, (),, 2,,,?,,, :,, ;,,,,, ;,,, 176

6-1, ( ) 3 (1 )?,,,,, ( ),, ;,, (2 ),, :,, 2020 000,,,,,,, (3 ),,,,,,, 177

,,,,,, 4,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ),,,,,, ;,,,,, 178

;,, 6-1 6-1,,, 5 (1 ),,,,, (2 ),, 179

,,,,,,,,,,,,, (3 ),,,,, ;, ;, 6 ( ) (1 ),,,,, :,,,,,,, 180

( ),,,, (2 ),,,,,,,,,,,, 7,,, :, 1994 8 (1 ),,, (,, ),,, 181

,, 1848, T,,,,1960 (273 15K), T, K ( ), t T - T 0, T 0 = 273 15 K, 1, 1 (0K) (2 ) ( ),,,,,, :, Q = mc t, t ;, Q = m Q = m L,,,, (3 ),,,,,, 182

,,, ;,,,,,,, ( ),,,, (, ),,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ),,,, ;,,, 3 10 8 ( ),, ( ),, ;, 183

,,,,, ;,,,, ( ) ( ),,,,, ;, (4 ),,,,,,, 9,,,,,, 184

,, 6-2,,,,, ( P ) ( ) ( A), 6-3,,,,, ;,,,, T R T : R T = R01 + ( T - T 0 ),, R0 T0 ;,, 410-3,, - 5010-3 ;, ( 6-3 ),, 6-3, P, A 10 AT P AT P, :,, ADP ATP 185

AT P,, AT P, AT P AT P ( 6-4 ) 6-4 A T P AT P, ( ), AT P,, ATP,, 1 38 AT P 11AT P AT P, 1 ( + ) ( ),, ( ADP ) (AMP ),, ATP - ADP,, 186

A P P P A M P A D P A T P ADP, AT P, ATP ATP ADP,, 12 (1 ), :,,,,,,,, ;,, (2 ),,,,, 19,,, 20,,,, 187

,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, (3 ),,,,,,, :,,,,,,,, 188

(4 ),,,,,,,, : (1 ), ;, ( 2 ) CD - ROM, (3 ), ( ),, 1,,,, ; ;,,, ;, 189

, :, (),, ;,,, ;, v, n = c/ v, 1 2,?,,, :,,,,,, ( 90 ),, ;,,, 90, ( ), ( ),,,,,,,,,,,,,, 190

, 1,,, 22%, 38 %, 70 %, 2 000,,,, 40 60, 0 16 m 2 400, 100,,,,,,, 0 16 m 2 1 800, 19, 60 1 7, 6 5 110 000,, 2 6-1 x ( Hz) 10 4 1012 3.91014 7.51014 3 10 12 3.910 14 7.510 14 510 16 3 1016 310 20 31019 191

x ( m ) 3 10 4-3 10 4-7 7.710 10-4 7.710-7 410-7 4 10-7 610-9 10-8 10-12 10-11 ( ) L C 3, ( ) ( ) ( ) :, ( ), ;, () (),,, ;, 192

,,, :,,,,,,,,,, ;, ; ;,,,,, 4,,, : ( 1) ( 2 ) (3 ) : ( 1 ), (2 ), 193

(3 ),,, 5 20 50 60,, 6-5 ( 91525) ( 2 45050 ) ( 5 80075 )( 22 125125 ), 915 2 450,,,,,,,,,,, ;,,,,,,,, ; ; 194

:,,,,,, ;,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 6,,,,,,,,,,,,,, :,,,,,,,,,, 195

,,,,, :,, 7,,, ( ),, ; 19,,,,, 20 60, ( ),, 8,, ;, ( E mail) : ( ) 196

,,, : ;,,, 9 (1 ), 20 60,, ;,,,, 1,,,,, ;,,, ( COM), (2 ) 1940,,,,,,,,,, 197

() ( ),,, ( ) () (3 ) 20 80,,, :,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, () 1,, 2, 198

,, 3,, 4,, 5,, 6,, 7,,,, 8, 9, 10 : :, :,, : 11, : ( 1) ( 2 ) 12, 13,,, 199

14, 15,, () : 1, ( ) A B X C D 2,, ( ) A B, C D, 3, ( ) A B C,, D,, 4,, ( ) A B C D 5,, ( ) A B C 6 ( ) 200 D

A B C D 7, ( ) A B C 8 ( ) A, B, C, D () 1? D 2,? 3,? 4,,??? 5,, 6,,,? () 1 5 5,? ( v= 340 m/ s ) 2, 18, 201

30,? 3? ( n = 1 36n = 1 55 ) () 1; 2; ; 3; 4; ; ; () 5 6; 7; ; 8 2 ;20 9; 10; ; 11 ( 1), ; ( 2),, 12; 13 ; ; 14; 15 () 1 C 2 D 3 D 4 B 5 C 6 A 7 C 8 A () 1,,,, 202

2 ; ; 3 ( ) 1/ 10 s, (1/ 10 s),, 340 m/ s, 17 m 4,,,,,,,,,, 5,,,,,,,,,, 6,,,,, () 1 : S = vt = 340 m/ s5.5 s = 1.910 3 m : 1 910 3 m 2 :, 30, 18, : n = sin sin = sin30 sin18 = 0.50 0.31 = 1.6 v 203

v = c n = 3.0108 m/ s = 1.910 8 m/ s 1.6 3 : n = 1.36, n = 1.55, A: sin A = 1 n sin A = 1 = 1 n 1.36 = 0.735 A = 47 3 () sin A = 1 = 1 n 1.55 = 0.645 A = 40 2 () 204

,,, : 1 ; ; ;, 2 ; ;, ; ( ) 3 ; 4 (),,,, 205

1,,,, 2 :,,,, - -,, 3 : ; ;,,,,,,, (),,,, 206

, : 1,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, :,,,,,,,,,,,, 207

,,, 2,,, ;, ;,,,,,,,, :?,,, :,,,,, ;,,,,, 208

,,,,,,?,, 3, : ( ), ;,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 209

,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, (),, 210

,,, ;,,,,, ( ),,,,,,,,,, () ( ),, ( ),,, : 211

1, :,, ;,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 1 852 10 9, 1 68010 9 90%, 1 m 2, 100400, 20100, 212

,,,,, 2,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 50% 1839,,,, 1900 1 000,,,,,,,,,, 3,,, 213

, 1949 16, 1951 20(1958 ), 1963 33 33 70, 1974, 20 ( 17 48),, 1984 10 81 1986,,,, 1987 14 39, 1988 1987 1 541 1989 4 11, 2000 13, 19621975 3 6,,1985,,,, 1986, 1 500, (200 kg ) 30 kg ( 1984 400 kg 1988 360 kg) ; ( 2 m )3 000 ( 1988 40 % ) ; ( 4 m 2 ) 6 000 m 2 ( 1988 40% ) ; 20%,, 2 5,12 45 %,,,, 4 214

,,,, 1 000,,21 20 40,,,2000 3 4,,, 10%, 60% 1990, 20 98, 14 70, 2030 16 3 17, 2050 17 4 18 6, 2100 20,,, 60 1990 1, 2040 3,, 65 7% 60 10% 150, 215

50,, 20,,,, 2000 ( 15 59 )66 204, 59 583 ; 16 773, 11 147, 27 920, 31 66321, 3 3 5,,,,,, 5,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 216

,,,,,,,,,,,, () 1,, ( ) ( ) :,, ( ) ;,,,,, :, 99 %,,, ( CH2 ) ( NH3 ) ( H2 O, 85% ) ( CO2, 10 % ) 3710 8,,, 217

,, CO2, CO2 10,, CaCO3 ;,,,,,,,, CO2, ( ),, 2,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 79%,,,,,, 1 8 9 kg,, 10 000 m 2 100200 kg, 218

90%,,,,,, 40,,,,, 13 200,,,,,,,,,, 3,,,,,,,,,,,, : 17 219

, 2 5 959, 1578 6 069, 1 500 110 ( 2% ) 17 18 1, 1764 2 09, 200 2 5 19,, 4, 1849 4 13, 85,,,,,,,,, 1949 5 4 1990 11 3,, 67 1 22%, 4, : ;, :,,,,,, :,,, 220

,,,,, 19 270 ppm, 1988 350 ppm, 70, 90%, 9002 450 19 60 0 9, 1985 50,, 2040,,, :, 21,, 1 54 5,,, 1/ 3,,,,, 20,,, 100 cm,, 20,,, 1 1%,,,, 221

,,,,, 2025 km,, 90%,,,,,20 70 30, 1/ 3 1/ 2, 3%, 18 000, 2% 5%, 470 000 15 000,,,,,,, 1961 CFCL12 6, 1974 37,, 1 7 % 3 0%, 2 3% 6 2 %, 70, 10, 50%, 40 km 20 10%, 40 20 %,60 30 %, 222

,,,, 0 52,,,,,, 20 80, 1/ 3, 16, 400, 80 18, 50 38% 76 %,, 1/ 3,,,, :, ;,, ;, :, 10 500,,,,,,,, 223

35% 15,, 26 50 70, 1 500 km 2, 11 () 212 () 3 500, 400 500,,,,, 95%,,,, 85% 80 %,,, 32 860 g/ m 3, 500 g, 90 g, ( 22 g, 43 g, 48 g, 46 g), 189,, 4 000, 20,,, 224

, 381, 70%, 2000 800, 70%,,,, 35 1 5 () 1 2 3 4 5 () 1,,, 2 3 4 : 5 6 225

7 () 1( ) A. B. C. D. 2 ( ) A. B. C. D. 3 20 20 ( ) A.1 B.2 C.4 D.8 4( ) A. B. C. D. 5 ( ) A. B. C. D. 6 20 ( ) A.60 B.70 C.80 D.90 () 1? 2 3? 4? 5? 6 226

() 1, 2 3 4,,,,, 5 () 1; 2; ; 3 ; ; 4; ; ; 5,, 6 ; ; 7,, () 1 A 2 B 3 C 4 D 5 B 6 C 227

( ) 1,,,,,,,,,, 2,,,,,, 3, :,, 5 000 4 :, ;, 5 :,,, 6 :,,,, 228

1-1,, 1-2 p2 1-3, 1-4 p23 1-5 p34 1-6 p45 1-7 1-8 p79 1-9 1-10, ;, 1-11 1-12 () 1-13 p1415 1-14 p15 1-15, 1-16 p1617 1-17 p1718 1-18 p18 1-19 ; 1-20 p1920 229

1-21 p2021( ) 1-22 1-23 1-24 1-25 p2425 1-26 p30 1-27 p2829 1-28 2-1,,,,, 2-2,, ;,, 2-3 1000 2000,, 10,,, 1 3,, 0 3 0 6, 2-4,:, 500 km,,;,2 000 km,, ;,,,, 2-5,, 10, 99 9%, 2-6,, 2-7 2-8 2-9, 230

,, 2-10,;,,;, 2-11,, 35,,, 0 4 %, ;,,,, 68 %, ;,,31 5%, 2-12,,,, 2-13,, 2-14,,,, 200 m 2 500 m ;,, 2-15,( 500 m ), ( 200 m), 500 m, 500 m 2-16, 5 2-17 60, 2-18 2-19 1 mol : g/ mol = 2-20 0 5 mol 73 g 2-21 ( 1) :11 2 L ( 2) :0 7 L ( 3) 0 5 L 2-22 0 585 g 231

2-23 0 4 mol/ L 2-24 5 010-3 mol/ L 2-25 4e 2-26 ( 1) 2 Cl 2 + 2H 2 O = 4HCl + O 2 - Cl 2,; H 2 O, ( 2) CaO + H 2 O = Ca( OH ) 2 - ( 3) H 2 + Cl 2 = 2 HCl - Cl 2, ; H 2, ( 4) Na 2 CO 3 + HCl = 2 NaCl + H 2 O + CO 2-2 - 27,,, AgNO 3, ;, HCl, ; 2-28 ph 4 5,,, 2-29,,,, 2-30 2-9,2-10 2-31 : 2-32 A 2-33,157 7 g 2-34 81 5% 2-35 p92 2-36,, 2-37 (), : ; 232

2-38 ( 1) CH 4 + Cl 2 h CH3 Cl + HCl ( 2) C 2 H 4 + H 2 O C 2 H 5 OH ( 3) nc 2 H 4 CH2 CH 2 n 2-39 Cn H2 n + 2 Cn H2 n C n H2 n - 2 H H H H C H H C C H H C C H H 2-40 ( 1) C 3 H 8 O,C 4 H 10 O; ( 2) ; (3 ) 2-41 ( 1), ; ( 2 ), ; ( 3 ), ; (4 ), ; (5),; ( 6), ; (7 ), (8 ), 2-42 : ( 3) (4) (5 ) ( 6 ) ; : ( 1 ) ( 5 ) ; : (2) (3) (4 ) (8 ) 2-43, 2-44 p109 2-45, ( ) 2-46 p107 2-47 p108 2-48 2-49 2-50 2-51 2-52,, 2-53,, 2-54 2-55 ( ) 2-56, 233

2-57, 2-58,, 2-59 2-60,, 2-61 2-62, (p244) 2-63, 2-64 2-65, 2-66 2-67, 2-68 2-69, 2-70 2-71 2-72 2-73 2-74 () 2-75, 2-76 2-77 2-78,2-79 2-80 234

2-81,, 2-82, 2-83 2-84 2-85 2-86,, 2-87, 3-1 ; ; 3-2 ;, 3-3 3-4 3-5 18 5 m 3-6 (4m) 2 3-7 ( 1 ) 0 25 m, 5 ; ( 2 ) 1 25 m2 / s, 6 25 m 2 / s ; ( 3 ) 0 25sin0 75, 1 25cos0 75, - 6 25sin0 75 3-8 20 N 3-9 (1 ) ; ( 2) ; (3 ) ; ( 4) 3-10 3-11 ( 1) 5 6610 3 N; (2) 5 1210 3 N 3-12,3-13 3-14,,, 3-15, ( ), 3-16 ; 3-17,,,, 235

3-18 0 642 m/ s 3-19,, 15,, 3-20,,, ; 3-21,, 66 34,,,, 3-22,, 3, ;, 3-23,,,,,,,,, 3-24,, 3-25,,,,,,,, 3-26 ; 236

, 24, 15, 3-27, 180, 3-28 3-29 3-30 ( ), 3-31,,,,,, 3-32 3-33 3-34 ( 1) 20 ;2 ;8 13 ( 2) 9 25 ; 10 4 ;11 45 ;12 6 ;12 27 ( 3) 12 : 00 ;22: 00 ;2 : 00;24: 00 ;0 : 00 (4 )12 31 15 15 ; 12 31 22 15 ; 1 1 3 15 ;1 1 8 15 ;1 1 11 15 (5 )14 ; 14 ; 12 ; 16 ; 21 4-1 4-2 237

4-3 (1 ), ; ( 2),,; ( 3),,, ; (4 ),,, 4-4 4-5 ; ; ; 4-6, 4-7, 4-8 4-9 4-10 4-11 4-12 4-13 4-14 4-15,, 4-16,, 4-17,4-18,4-19 4-20, ( 1) R r rr r R Rr( ) r rr ( ) R rrr = 11 = 11 ( 2) R r R r R r R R R() R r () r R r () r r ( ) R RR rr r = 121 = 31 238

( 3) R r R R R r R R R ( ) R r () R RR r = 11 4-21 Rr ; rr ; rr, rr, Rr rr 4-22,,,, 4-23,4-24,4-25 4-26 39,38,1 4-27,4-28,4-29 4-30 : ( ) XY, ()X Y ; ( ) XX,X, ( ) ( ) 11 ( ) 4-31,4-32 4-33,, 4-34,,,, 4-35, 4-36 239

4-37,4-38 4-39 5-1,:,, ;,, ;, 5-2 : ; ;; () 5-3 :,, 5-4 :,, 5-5, ; ;,, 5-6,,, 5-7 5-8 :,, 5-9,,, 5-10 p316318 5-11 p321322;,, 5-12,, 240

,,,, p325 5-7 5-13 p325, 5-14 p328-330 5-15 p331 5-16 p326327 5-17 p327 5-18 5-19 5-18 5-20 5-21 ; 5-22 5-23, ; 5-24 ( 1) ; (2 ) v4 65 m/ s 5-25 5-26,,,, 5-27 5-28 5-29 1 45210 6 J 5-30 5-31 1 0810 4 J 5-32 p348349 5-33 : H 2 O + C H 2 + CO : H2 O + CO H2 + CO2, 5-34 p350351 5-35, 241

;,, 5-36 : 2 NaCl + 2H 2 O 2NaOH + H2 + Cl 2 258 240 x 20 000T x = 2 94 T 95% yt y = 29 400 1 0 95 1 2 579T 12 H 2 Cl 2 = 210 7 = 9 310 4 m 3 kg40 kg/ kmol1222 4 m 3 / kmol 5-37 ; ; 5-38 : H2 + Cl2 5-39 2HCl 5-40 : CO : Fe 2 O 3 + 3CO 2Fe + 3CO2 5-41 p360 5-42 p367368 5-43 p363365 5-44 p370 5-45 : CH2 CH2 Cl 2 CH2 ClCH2 Cl - HCl CH2 CHCl CH2 CHn p370371 Cl 5-46 p371372 5-47 p372374 6-1 242

6-2 6-3 2 310 8 m/ s 6-4 91 cm 8 cm 6-5 6-6 ; 6-7 ; ; 6-8 6-9 6-10 6-11,6-12 2 6-13 6-14 20Hz20 000 Hz 20 000 Hz 20 Hz 6-15 6-16 6-17 3 430 m 6-18 2 ; 6-19 ;17 m; 1/ 10 s 6-20 3 s 6-21,;,,, 6-22 ; 6-23 ; 6-24 6-25 6-26 267 W 6-27 6-28 6-29 6-30 p444445 6-31 ADP, ATP ; ATP,, ADP 243

6-32, 6-33 p447448 6-34 ; p450 6-35,, 6-36 6-37 p454457 6-38,,, 7-1, 7-2 ; ;, ; ; 7-3, 7-4,,, ( ) ( ) ( ) 7-5,,,,,,,,,, 244

7-6, 7-7,,, 7-8,,,,,,, 7-9,,, 7-10 :, 3000,, 3000 1760,, 1750 7 5, 1750,, 1999 60 7-11,,, 7-12 7-13 : 1/ 3, ;,, ; ;, 7-14 : ; ;, 7-15,,, 245

7-16 :,, 5000 7-17 :,,, 7-18 :, ;, 7-19,,,,,,,,,,, 7-20, 7-21, 7-22,,,,, 7-23, 7-24,, 7-25 :,,, 7-26 7-27 7-28 7-29 246

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