1 / 1 / 1 / 1 / 7 / 9 / 13 ( 18951945 ) / 17 / 17 / 19 / 22 / 24 / 28 ( 19311945 ) / 32 / 33

2 / 40 1937 / 42 / 46 / 51 / 55 / 59 / 60 / 64 / 65 : / 66 ( 19351945 ) / 73 / 75 / 77 / 81 / 86 : / 88 / 90 1940 / 94 1941 / 98 1942 / 101 1943 / 105 / 108 / 111 / 113 ( 19351945 ) / 117 : / 118

3 19351937 / 122 / 125 / 129 / 132 / 138 / 142 / 144 / 152 / 157 / 162 / 164 / 167 / 168 / 171 / 176 ( 1937 1945 ) / 182 / 183 / 185 / 191 / 194 / 197 1939 6 / 205 / 210 : / 215 1939 6 / 218 / 221 / 226

4 / 229 / 231 / 233 ( 19381945 ) / 241 1934 / 241 / 243 / 246 / 250 1937 / 256 / 257 / 260 / 261 / 273 1912 1 23 / 273 1925 2 11 / 279 1925 2 19 / 281 1931 7 13 / 291 / 305

1, 1 10 1 917 2 00 5 8 1 5 60

2 895 1 945 : ; : ( 1 912 192 5 1 931 ) [ 1] [ ] :, 1984 204 [ 1] ( ), 8 [ 2] [ ] :, 4 1995 [ 2]

3 : 1 937 [ 1] [ 1 ], 10 1948 11 11 ; 2 0 8 0 31 [ 2] 1 985 1 939 194 2 ( 12 ) ; [ 2 ] 1896 1922 1941 4 6 14 1942 10 27 1981 7

4 1 937 1 945 1 995 90 25 2 7 2 9 31 ( 199 6 6 ), ( 19 97 6 ), ( 1 998 6 ), ( 19 99 6 ) 4 19 93 3 [ 1], 1995 1 995 [ 1]

5 ( 1 99 6 1 2 ) ; ( 1 99 7 ) ; ( 1 99 7 ), 2 00 1 6 2 6 6 :,,,,, ( 199 1 ) 21 0 ( 1 99 8 ), 1 0

6 : ; ; ; ; 2 0 0 5 3

1,??? ( Pap aver Som nife rum ), 2 3 4 12 ( Op ium ), : ( Mor-

2 ( Code ine ) : ; [ 1] :,, 1995 5 [ 1] [ 2] :,, 1993 5 [ 2]

3 2 3 179 6 : [ 1] ( morphin e ), 18 06 [ 1 ] :, 1988 F. W. A. 196 5 % 15 %, 20 %

4 [ 1] :, 1988 198 : ; [ 1] ( H eroine ), ( Diac etylmorph ine ), 4 8 1 898 ; ; 2 4,, : ; [ 2] :, 1988 [ 2] : 198 ; ;

5 : ( ), : ; [ 1],,, [ 1 ] :, 1988 197 : ;

6 ( Coca ine ),, 2. 4 5 : ; ( m arijua na ), ( C ann ab is sa tiva )

7 ( TH C), ( ha sh ish ) 4 6 ;, 1 85 9 190 6 10 00

8 [ 1] :, 1997 258 00 0 [ 1] 2. 5 %, 5 % ( ) 18 98 19 03 ( Ph ailip pine s Opiu m Comm ission ) 1 908 19 06 9 20 ( Bishop Cha rle s H en ry Brent ) [ 2], ( 1900 ) 1909, [ 2] 19 09 2 1 13 41 ( ),

9 9 : 9 [ 1] [ 1] :, 1997 286 292 ( H am ilton W right) 1 91 1 1 2 1 1 2 ( ) ( ) 191 2 23 ( t he Ha gu e Inte rn ationa l Opiu m Con ve ntion) ( )

10 25 5 4 :, [ 1], [ 1] 5

11 [ 1] [ 1] :, 1997 343 348?? 12 1 91 3 6 1 2 3 4 3 2 19 14 7

12 9 14 12 31 11 1 920 1 91 2, 191 2 1 2 3 12 [ 1] :, 1936 111 [ 1] 19 21 ( ) 15 193 3 :

13 5 ( the In terna tion al Op ium Confe renc e ) 1 924 1 1 3 1 92 5 2 1 1 : ; ; ( ) ; ; [ 1] 19 24 11 1 7 9 0 1 92 5 2 19 [ 1 ], 1925 2 11 4 1, :

14 ( th e Cen tra l Boa rd), 8 5 193 3 : 39 19 31 5 27 5 7,

15 1 1 1 : ( ), : [ 1] 192 5 [ 1 ], 1931 7 13 5 1 93 3 1 933 :

16 8 191 0 ; 191 4 192 0 192 5 1 933!???

( 1895 1945 ) 17 ( 18951945 ) 186 7 18 70 9? [ 1 ], 1 89 5 4 : ; [ 1] [ 2],, 790 [ 2 ]

18 1 893 20 790 0 22 869 0 ; 2 60 600 286 783 ( 18 93 26 157 3 3 01 600 ) [ 1] :, 1895! [ 1] 1898 1 3 1978,, 1 896 3 189 8, : 80 3 240 ; ; [ 2] [ ] : 1910, 12 252 ; [ 2], 100, ;

( 1895 1945 ) 19 20 17 6. 3 % :, ;, 3 0 % 60 % [ 1] [ 1 ] [ ] :, 14 ( 1925 ) 178195 1 904 :, 19 02 1 904 1 90 8 1 92 9? 1 91 8

20 8 00 193 1 450 189 7 194 1 1 950 85 147 1 1 1 897 1941 ( : ) ( a ) ( a ) / ( c)1 00 ( c ) 1897 1610210 30. 9 5315879 5959013 1898 3467339 40. 3 2491690 3984510 1899 4249577 41. 8 10153651 3000000 1900 4234979 32. 4 13062920 2598611 1901 2801894 23. 9 11714647 2336689 1902 3009483 25. 3 11876853 2459763 1903 3620335 29. 2 12396007 2459763 1904 3714012 23. 0 16170335 1905 4205830 19. 4 21699928 1906 4433862 17. 3 25656672 1907 4468514 15. 5 28850117 1908 4611913 17. 2 26832437 1909 4667399 15. 2 30606087 1910 4674343 11. 3 41364163 1911 5501648 13. 0 42393795 1912 5262685 12. 4 42530920 1913 5289595 13. 8 38330994 1914 5226495 13. 4 39007619 1915 5870405 15. 3 38347436 1916 7132520 15. 4 46220937 1917 7970107 15. 8 50335536 1918 8105278 14. 8 54700182

( 1895 1945 ) 21 ( a ) / ( c ) 10 0 ( c) 1919 7641054 11. 5 66630150 1920 7847739 9. 5 82263551 1921 7533625 10. 7 70438196 1922 6440441 7. 9 81832456 1923 5873518 6. 8 86124027 1924 5575020 6. 5 82255818 1925 4120954 4. 5 92052322 1926 4252699 4. 4 96288353 1927 4377444 4. 7 93215763 1928 4411567 4. 2 104399526 1929 4027936 3. 7 107581500 1930 4349813 4. 4 98516544 1931 4483138 4. 3 103499069 1932 3460008 3. 6 96583189 1933 2895264 2. 9 100644080 1934 2558371 2. 3 110614520 1935 2567588 2. 1 123407834 1936 2161203 1. 6 138144215 1937 2752389 1. 8 153455476 1938 2613053 1. 5 176713772 1939 2878636 1. 3 216356142 1940 2278542 0. 9 245853437 1941 1841522 0. 7 265864601 : 2 261 1898 40. 3% 8603819 19 43

22 2 9 46 950 33 100 00 2 1 902 1945 1902 0. 510 1936 0. 394 1914 0. 500 1937 0. 290 1925 0. 500 1938 0. 270 1929 0. 460 1939 0. 250 1931 0. 389 1940 0. 240 1932 0. 323 1941 0. 230 1933 0. 257 1942 0. 220 1934 0. 378 1945 0. 003 1935 0. 498 18 97 5 190 0 16 575 2 6. 1 % ; 1 902 190 6 13 ( 3 )

( 1895 1945 ) 23 ( 1 3. 75 ) ( ) 1897 50597 1. 9 13616 1898 95449 3. 9 42435 1899 130962 5. 0 52634 1900 165762 6. 1 53446 1901 157619 5. 7 36572 1902 1906 133203 4. 5 38643 1907 1911 107014 3. 5 34399 1912 1916 77011 2. 3 27012 1917 1921 52617 1. 5 19905 1922 1926 36677 1. 0 12170 1927 1931 25029 0. 6 9270 1932 19532 0. 4 7311 1933 17820 0. 4 6100 1934 16190 0. 4 5301 1935 14644 0. 3 5060 1936 13278 0. 3 4649 1937 11960 0. 3 4369 1938 10788 0. 2 4154 1939 9613 0. 2 3777 1940 8665 0. 2 3456 1941 7717 0. 1 3128 1 90 6 ; ( 4 ), 1 918

24 [ 1],, 1989 158 162 [ 1],? 4 1 907 1917 ( : ) 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 610 711 828 1583 1956 487 724 694 1568 1666 276 698 686 1559 1652 388 450 510 939 1326 591 709 868 1245 1360 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 2000 3800 6925 9465 11500 2300 4180 6830 10000 13000 : : 18821931, 1985 143 184 19 06 5 1 0

( 1895 1945 ) 25 0 %, 191 7 191 1 47 1 91 6 9, [ 1] 4. 2 5 % ( 20 00 ) 5. 5 4 [ 1 ] [ ] :, 11 [ 2] 1 905 19 07 [ 2] [ ] : 1910,, 12 1989 257

26 80 0 10 00 100 00 19 12 1 91 4?? 19 14 35 1 8 17? [ 1] 1 900, 31747 ( [ ] :, 3 200 0 [ 1], 10? 19 17 17 1995 21 ) 18 190 2 190 8 9 190 8 9 2 8 190 9 1 [ 2],, 428 [ 2]?

( 1895 1945 ) 27 1 907 18 98 1 907 91 976 59 1 976 6 5 189 8 1 907 ( : ) ( ) ( ) 1898 13376 1903 25849 1899 6324 1904 12730 1900 25570 1905 23201 1901 13795 1906 32713 1902 17668 1907 25433 18981907 9197659 :, 1920 4 28 1 90 7 1 91 7 6 002 28 1 917 ( ) 19 16 19 21? 6 191 6 1 921 ( : ) 191 6 1917 1918 1919 1 920 19 21 2403 116 3876 3392 1986 792 1 364 2333 2721 5537 102 20 926 452 156 1049 : : 18821931, 1985 143 187

28 1 0 ( ), [ 1] [ ] :, 200203 [ 1] 1 897 : 1910, 12 260,! [ 2] [ 2]

( 1895 1945 ) 29 1 91 5 4 [ 1] 19 15 19 18 920 0 1 ( 1 6 ) [ 1 ], 16 1 1919 15 202 2 80 [ 2] [ 2] [ ] : 1910, 12 1989 257, 4 700 0 1 0 % 7 250 0 KK 192 9

30 93 4 5 10 [ 1] [ ] :, 1995 [ 1 ] 25, [ 2 ] P aul Samuel R einsch, 1869 1923, 1898 1901 1913 1913 1919 [ 2] :

( 1895 1945 ) 31 [ 1] : 19 18 2 [ 1 ], [ 2] [ 2 ] 1918 2 15 2 25 : 1910, 12 1898 262 263,

32 ( 1931 1945 ) 1 9 0 4 2 6 ; 1 90 5 6, ; 12, 1 9 07 1 2 2

( 1931 1945 ) 33 [ ; 1] 19 3 2 3 1 1 4 [ 1 ] 1931 19 32 19 45 1 006 920 0 2 3 19 44 1 00 50 1 20 2 70 20 2 50 15??? 1 91 8 :

34 [ 1],, 1918 12 17 [ 1] 1 905 1 907 1 917 17 647 000 2 88 235 00 7 1 907 1920 ( : ) 1907 31000 1912 102000 1917 5314000 1908 73000 1913 132000 1918 4638000 1909 83000 1914 204000 1919 1948000 1910 86000 1915 2288000 1920 2138000 1911 89000 1916 2521000 19 15

( 1931 1945 ) 35 19 15 2 288 000 11 ; 1 917 531 400 0 19 18 : 278 5 6 200 ( 1 16 ) 5 3 10 00 19 16 19 20 1 278 40 1 3 191 9 3 50 0 ( ) 100 0 ; 1 200 ; 5 00 40 2 000 0 ( 1 440 0 ) [ 1] [ 1 ],, 16 1 1919 1 91 3 19 18 15 202 ( ) 6 5 640 9 940 2 ( ) 90 0 1 0 1,

36 1 913 1918 ( : ) ( ) ( ) 1913 2583 2078 491 14 1914 5124 2776 2169 179 1915 10164 8390 589 1100 85 1916 15842 15279 428 135 1917 17016 16973 42 1918 4680 3394 1040 246 1913-1918 56409 48890 3249 2610 659 : : ( 3 ), 1999 30 1 9 2 0 1 9 1 4 7 [ 1] [ ] :, 14 ( 1925 ) 3 0 0 [ 1] 429 : ;

( 1931 1945 ) 37 ; ; : [ 1] [ ] 1 91 6 1 92 0 5 6 854 0 45 00 ( 900 ), 6 600 64 040 6 700 [ 1]? 1 1 [ 2] 1 919 8 19 20 3 7 2 865 00 [ 3] [ 4] 1 920 : ; ; :, 23 1995 [ 2 ] ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 1918 8 :, 684 1998 [ 3 ],, 1921 2 23 :,, 1919 10 3 [ 4 ],, 16 1 202 1919 15

38 ;? 186 0 10 19 18 [ 1],, 1918 12 17 [ 2] [ ] : 1986 740 1 8 [ 1] 19 18 11 21 19 19 2 14 191 8 6 2 8 : [ 2] [ 3] 41 9 8 ( 1919 ) 2 20 83 19 19 2 : 18 [ 3]

( 1931 1945 ) 39 3 19 28 19 29 7 1 1 931 6 30 1 04 7 324 9. 9 3 288 99 200 10 ; 5 00 10 00 ; ( ) 20 00 50 00 21 1 6 1 10 0 40 000 20 1 910 1 930 7 9 70 : [ 1] [ 1 ] 1930 9 :, 1998 962

40 192 3 7 7 23 2. 5 2. 1 4. 1 6 2 150 0 6 8 3 2 3. 5 60 1. 9 [ 1], 724 [ 1] : 20 [ 2] [ ] :, 19 1995 [ 2] 191 8 ;

( 1931 1945 ) 41 93 2 2 2 50 1 50 1 93 3 3 19 33 3 ; 4 4 [ 1] 9 8 [ 2] 1 93 2 1 1 30 2 2 [ 1 ] : :, 12 1992 11 29 [ 2 ], :, 1998 1523

42 25 [ 1], :, [ 1] 1998 1523 25 : [ 2] : ( A ) BC G ; ( B) ; ( C ) [ 2], ; 1937 ;

( 1931 1945 ) 43 93 3,, 2 0 80 4 : ; ; ;, 1 933 2 2 3 6 3 8 19 34 10 : 33 500 0 ; 25 000 ;

44 0 500 0 665 000 19 37 10 4 103 000 0 63 130 0 3 98 800 63. 2 % 44 200 2. 8 [ 1] :,, 1989 3 282 80 2. 52 [ 1] 179 : 6 20 10 13 36 ( 19 35 16 1 31. 25 ) 1. 5 ( 19 36 1 50 ) 8 250 101 0 ; 1 933 30 0 19 36 4 000 19 33 340 2. 2 4 ; 1 936 10 30 1. 92 193 3 12 0 [ 2] [ ] F. C. : 1931 ( M anchur ia 4. 58 ; 193 6 1 010 3. 82 [ 2] ( 9 ) Since 1931 ), 1959 131

( 1931 1945 ) 45 193 3 1 936 ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( % ) 1933 2. 24 3400000 4. 58 1200000 370000 0. 2 1936 1. 92 10300000 3. 82 10100000 13310000 5. 0, 19 34 1 40 0 8 1 5 1 93 3 4 00 ;

46 19 06 184 15 714 1 056 86 0. 57 % 193 2 [ 1], :, 300 0 2 0 [ 1] 193 6 1998 1521 1 00 3 % 100 0 1 93 9 150 5 % 19 33 86 0 ( 500 ), 3 46 25 000

( 1931 1945 ) 47 500 0 400 00 1 600 00 16 % 1 93 5 18 00 19 35 : [ 1] [ 1] [ ] :, 1995 : 27 [ 2] [ 2] [ ] :, 1995 6 00 29 5 0 % 40 % 10 % 9 00 5 00 40 0 500 ;

48 9 32 2 Kita sk y 50 0 13 00 [ 1] 1910 1919 [ 2] ( 1937 3 189 9 [ 1] 1 933 1 93 6 1 12 38 384 0 18 1 1 93 6 8 40 0 [ 2] 19 33 568 04 1 937 8 11 005 ) 39 6 1 4 10 1933 193 7 1 933 1 934 1935 1936 1 937 56804 115447 317600 491965 811005 [ 3 ] [ 4 ] T homa s D. R eins, China a nd I nter na - tiona l Politics Opium, 1900-1931 : T he I mpact of Reform, Revenue and the Unequal trea ties, Ph. D. D isser tation, Clar em ont G r a dua te School, 1981, p. 260. [ 5] :, 1989 3 184 16 000 00 5. 3 % [ 3] 19 39 900 000 0 30 % [ 4] 1 941 600 000 [ 5] : 80

( 1931 1945 ) 49 1 75 2. 2 74 359 1 36 4 0 % 3 2 0 1 4 6 5 4 80 11 2 00 70 4 5 1 934 2 24 ( Th e Sa turda y E venin g Post ) : 20 [ 1] ( W illiam R. Lan gd onz) [ 1 ] [ ] :, 1984 50 223224

50 [ 1 ] J ohn R. Pr itechar d a nd Sonia M. Z a ide. eds., T he Tokyo War Crimes T ria ls: T he Comple te Tr anscripts of the Proceedings of the I nterna tiona l Militar y T riburna l for the F ar E ast, V ol. 2, N. Y. : G ar land P ublishing I nc., 1981, p. 4702-4703. [ 2], 1938 6 3 1] : [ 2] 19 193 8 7 1 0 74 0 2 ( 56. 7 ), 194 6 [ 3] L ea gue of Na tions, The Advisor y Committee on Tra f- fic in Opium a nd D angerous D ruge, Minutes of the 22 nd Session, G eneva, M ay 24 - J une 12. 1937. p. 56. [ 4] L ea gue of Na tions, The Advisor y Committee on Tra f- fic in Opium a nd D angerous D ruge, Minutes of the 22 nd Session, G eneve, M ay 24 - J une 12. 1937. p. 62. 193 7 5 2 0 2 0 ( Stua rt J. Fu ller ) :?! [ 3] ( Sir Thoma s W. Ru ssell ) 22 : [ 4] :

( 1931 1945 ) 51 1] [ 1 ] L eague of Na tions, The Advisor y Committee on Tr affic in Opium a nd Dangerous D ruge, Minutes of the 22 n d Session, G eneva, Ma y 24 - J une 12. 1937. p. 62. 1 937 10 12? :

52 : [ 1], :, 1998 1517 [ 1],? ( ) : : : [ 2] ( ) :, :, [ 2] 710 1993 ;, : 1 938

( 1931 1945 ) 53, 1 937 [ 1] [ 1 ] 1938 1430 1939 1612 1940 1686 1941 1631 1942 1579 :, :, 1 1 19 41 1993 685 28 157 210 222 34 121 42 6 36

54 9 32 28 54 57 24 56 42 8 306 95 1643 :, : 1991 826 [ 1], :, 1991 833 [ 1] 193 8 3 6 5 15 12 8 8 6 4 2? 50 10 0? 194 3 12 8

( 1931 1945 ) 55 1] : [ 1 ] [ 2],, 1998 1564 1565 [ 2] 1 93 8 60 ( 99 99 99 ), 440 00 [ 3] 193 9 82 ( 2 0 ) [ 4] 2 0 120 0 9 60 54 1 5 800 6 50 20 0 200 1 30 [ 5] 11 80 9 60 2 20 1 93 8 3 432 8 12 00 960 0 [ 3 ], :, 1519 [ 4 ] :, :, 685 1993 [ 5 ] :, :, 682 1993 61 68 200 67 40 2 680 9 00 0 [ 6] [ 6 ], 1938 1 83 1 0 4 ;

56 2 12 1933 194 2 ( : ) 1933 580000 361000 941000 1934 393000 40000 1115200 1548200 1935 310000 10000 370000 690000 1936 600000 50000 230000 880000 1937 700000 50000 280000 1030000 1938 650000 60000 710000 1939 650000 60000 710000 1940 500000 60000 560000 1941 440000 60000 500000 1942 300000 60000 360000 1943 680000 1944 730000 1933 1944 9339200 : :, 1991 850 :, :, 1993 706 [ 1] 1918 1935 ; 1939 ; 1940 7 1945 8 15 1956 20 1957 19 41 100 [ 1], 2 4, 4

( 1931 1945 ) 57 [ 1] 1 943 68 1 94 4 7 3 [ 2] 1 94 2 1 94 2 1 94 5 [ 1 ], :, 1998 1517 [ 2 ] :, :, 706 1993 ( 13 )! 1 3 19 42 1945 ( : ) 1942 6500 6500 3900 16900 1943 9100 9100 6500 24700 1944 13000 13000 9100 35100 1945 17500 17500 13000 48000 46100 46100 32500 124700 :,, 1998 1519 :, :, 1993 703 1 13 1 94 3 4 1 0 ( 19 32 3 ) 1 0

58? [ 1], :, 1991 839 [ 1] ; ; 5 4 19 33 1 944 93 392 00 19 42 1 945 194 4 73 19 33 1 945 13 100 69 200 2 0 30 2 3 3 [ 2] 7 1 50 140000 19 44 7 00 60 [ 2] 19 44 10

( 1931 1945 ) 59 30 [ 1] 1 94 4 2 [ 2] [ 1 ] 10 1500 1945 8 1 00 8 00,, 2 1000, :, 1519 1998 [ 2 ], :, 1998 1518 : ( ) 0. 5 1 94 4 50 0 : 193 8 20 0 6 7 44 000 9 396 000 27 400 0

60 9 44 4 : 4 50 0 7 0 %, 1, 2, 8 8 00 3, 4, 5, [ 1] :, 6, 1 [ 1] 1991 848 : :, 1995 101

( 1931 1945 ) 61 1 933 194 5 12 6 820 19 36 1 50 3 410 3 0 22 733 33 1 93 8 : 1 300 1 / 3 20 35 7 0 % [ 1] 1 944 1 00 [ 1 ],, 1938 6 3 5 0 1 20 2 70 2 0 2 50 [ 2] 3 000 9 % [ 2 ], :, 1998 1521 [ 3] 19 39 [ 3 ] 1 /40, 1 /20 2. 5% 5 % :, 1997 258 1 94 4 6 740 00 1 93 2 1 93 8 7 7 19 33 19 44 1 3 15 [ 4] 400 0 1 945 8 9 00 [ 4 ] : 1938 14 15 25 310

62 90 % 19 36 : 193 3 1 19 34 1. 05 ; 19 37 : 1 937 1. 3 0 194 4 2 194 5 2. 40 13 140 % 1 933 4 0 1 945 [ 1] [ 2 ] :, :, 700 1993 [ 3] [ ] :, 28 1995 [ 4] [ 5] :, :, 1993 681 [ 6 ] John R. Pr itchar d a nd Sonia M. Z a ide, The T okyo War Crimes Trials: T he Complete Tra nscr ipts of the Pr oceedings of the Inter - national Milita ry Tr iburnal for the F ar E ast, vol. 2, N. Y. : G a r la nd P ublishing I nc., 1981, p. 4750 150 27 5 % [ 1] : 193 2 3 700 00 0. 2 %, 19 34 546 500 0 2. 6 %, 1 93 7 26 480 000, 8. 5 %, 1 939 339 32 000 5. 6 %, 50 %, 19 40 1. 2 6 [ 2] 193 6 133 1 5 % ; 1 939 33 93 5. 6 % [ 3] 19 35 1 936 6 0 20 120 0 ( 960 24 0 8 96 600 ), 500 0 [ 4] 19 38 : 8 120 0 9 600 3 432 616 8 2 00 67 40 ( ), 2 680 [ 5] 1 937 4 780 193 8 710 45 200 193 9 909 084 00 [ 6] 193 2 1 94 096 37 1 93 6 376 92 641 [ 7] :, 1980 [ 7] 19 45 22 701 320 0 424 ( 14 )

( 1931 1945 ) 63 4 1 944 194 5 194 4 19 45 ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 94896000 3954000 123750000 3000000 28854000 5329250 5578000 248750 4079250 906 4920000 600 840750 1250000 500 658000 350-592000 40000 250 98800 260 58800 510000 600 4331100 1200 3791400 13765610 930800 81000000 2000000 70231360 1297440 3674000 2376560 121197550 227013200 105845650 : :, 1991 851 852 19 32 19 40 737 452 20 ( 15 ) 19 44 1 94 5 1 5 19 32 1945 1932 370000 19409637 370000 119510 1933 3000000 3000000 771000 1934 5465000 5465000 2065770 1935 5000000 5000000 2490000 1936 13310000 37692641 13310000 5244140 1937 26480000 47850000 26480000 7679200

64 938 61680000 71045200 61680000 16653600 1939 33932000 90908400 33932000 8482000 1940 126000000 126000000 30240000 1941 1942 1943 1944 121197550 121197550 1945 227013200 227013200 : I,,, 1993 683 701 : : 1937 3 139 II J ohn R. Pr itchar d a nd Sonia M. Z a ide, eds., op. cit., p. 4750 ;, 481 II I I I I 2 1 944 19 44 160 19 45 18 0 19 45 18 0 1 0 15

( 1931 1945 ) 65 1 90 0 1 92 0 10 1 93 2 1 94 5 : ;, ;

66 500 [ 1] [ 2], :, 1998 1517 [ 1] 19 43 10 00 [ 2] 19 44 12 194 5 1 1 945 3 12 ; [ 3] 1963 2 3 12 1978 10 ; 18 [ 3] :

( 1931 1945 ) 67 1 94 3 30 60 7 0 1 50 18 0 [ 1] [ 1 ] :, :, 716 1993 4 6 ; ;, ;, :

68 ) ; 1 935 19 39 [ 1 ] 500 1000 2000 200 3700 100 3 700 00 [ 1] 370000 1 944 100 0 4 70 53 0 100 20 0 230 14 00 500 90 0 300 600 [ 2], :, 60 360 00 [ 2] 1998 1568 19 41 2 194 1 7

( 1931 1945 ) 69 [ 3] [ 3 ], :, 1991 845 5 00 19 41 7 5 00 10 10 3 5

70 ( 1 15 ), 19 41 200 00 [ 1] :, :, [ 1] 719 1993 200

( 1931 1945 ) 71 1 94 1 194 3 3 25 5 00 300 00

72

( 1935 1945 ) 73 ( 1935 1945 ) 1 93 7 : 193 7 9 4, 10 15, 10 28 193 7 11 2 2 [ 1] [ 1 ] ( 1875 1962 ), 1909 1928 8 1932 1 28 193 8 7 1 93 8 10, 12 1 5, 193 9 3 1 0 4 1933 1936 1939

74 9 39 9 1 2 ( ) 5 ( ) 194 1 8 4 50,, ; ;

( 1935 1945 ) 75 1 928 193 5 7 ; 1 93 5 4 1 [ 1] 19 36 1 94 0 [ 2], [ 1],, [ 2 ] 1935 4 :, 1998 1093 1094

76 ; ; [ 1], :, 1937 1140 [ 1] ; [ 2], :, 1937 1141 [ 2] 193 5 ( ) 193 5 19 37 9 492 5 12 977 8 [ 3] : 23 78 [ 3] 1936 1 7 ; 7 193 5 10 [ 4] :, 1987 92 19 36 [ 4] 19 38 9 2

( 1935 1945 ) 77 93 5 7 2 193 6 16 19 37 19 34 13 19 35 19 1 93 6 12 2 3 1 937 6 193 5 1 665 20 9 3 391 98 ; 1 936 37 303 99 3 15 750 ; 19 37 41 60 285 3 190 24 [ 1] 19 35 19 39 [ 1 ] : 4 5, 1936 1 93 5 ( 1 6 ), 1 935 4 17 19 39 1 4

78 16 1935 ( : ) 110514. 593 83000 44975. 99 101773. 845 71063. 166 21500 111059 88000 21500 31336. 906 84000 50287. 4 20414 6454. 546 118400 20000 59197. 11 3176. 8 1047653. 356 :, : 1937 1 : :, 1998 1139 [ 1 ], 1937 2 [ 2], :, 1998 1141 [ 1], : [ 2]

( 1935 1945 ) 79 45 [ 1] [ 1 ], :, 1142 1 93 4 11 436 1 175 64 ; 1 935 981 0 909 26 ; 1 93 6 6 828 6 530 7 1 93 7 1 93 7 193 8, 11 11 : 4 5 4 ; 4 6 5 9 1 ; 6 0 3

80 19 38 19 38 10 3 ; [ 1], 1938 10 3, 1938 11 16 :, 1998 11891190 [ 1] 19 39 2 22!! ; ; [ 2], :, 1998 12051206 [ 2] 193 5 ( 1 7 ) 1 935

( 1935 1945 ) 81 [ 1] [ 1 ], 1 7 19 34 1936 ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 1934 11438 117564 32887 462500 19927 373625 1935 9810 90926 24070 338481 11900 223125 1936 6928 65307 20036 281753 5934 162007 :, :, 1998 1190 1 93 1 19 33 2 5 6 9 1 93 5 5 3 0 4 6 5

82, 12 19 35 12 [ 1] : ;, 1936 11 17 [ 1] 1 936 9 ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ), 18 5 ( 1 8 28 80 ) 170 80 12 [ 2] :, 1938 45 48 [ 3] 15 9 12 9 5 5 ( :, 1986 247 ) 80 50 40 [ 2] [ 3] 19 36 ( )

( 1935 1945 ) 83!! E. M. 1 936 19 37 4 ( Stua rt J. Fulle r) 19 36 20 3 42 1 70 50 [ 1] 1 93 7 [ 1 ] L eague of Na tions, The Advisor y Committee on Tr affic in Opium a nd Dangerous D ruge, Minutes of the 22 n d Session, G eneva, M ay 24 - J une 12. 1937. P. 56.

84 ; 5 ; 2 0 ; 50, : 19 37 2. 2 2. 3 19 38 10 6 7 59 20 11 80 18 1938 ( ) 435000 125000 30000 590000 ( ) 8700000 2500000 600000 11800000 1 433 468 5 4 47 990 6 98 547 79 43 821 175 4. 45

( 1935 1945 ) 85 908 040 9 46 739 [ 1] 2. 2 2. 3 4. 4 5 2 [ 1] [ ] :, 1995 143 346 85 2. 2 5 41 32 253 041 11 568 134 19 38 1 0. 27 31 233 96 9 854 779 1 939 19 39 8 870 18 3 575 000 1 94 0 1 939 1 791 924 193 9 8 870 18 4 479 906 1 9 19 39 [ 2 ] 1938 ( ) 19 39 ( ) 193 9 ( ) 19 39 ( ) 4479906 887018 3575000 1791924 [ 2 ] 1939 1791924 1939 ( 0. 1 5 ) ( 0. 02 ) ( 0. 02 ) ( 0. 08 ) ( 40 8 0 ) ( 60 12 0 ),

86 : 13 ( 193 8 ) : [ 1] :, [ 1] 19 39 4, 6 9 [ 2] [ ] :, 1985 407 [ 2], : ; ; [ 3] :, [ ] :, 1985 [ 3] 19 39 6 : 553 18 48

( 1935 1945 ) 87 ( 5 ) ( 1 8 ) ) ( 5 ) ( 1 2 ) ( 8 ) ( 1 8 ) 7 ; ; 1 939 7 00 50 0 2 00 [ 1] 1 93 9 [ 1] [ ] :, 1995 5 900 00 10 11 000 2 0 20 220 000 75 630 00 72 73 [ 2] 84 600 0 435 000 [ 2] [ ] :,, 86 2 0 19 39 ( ) ( ) ( ) 10000 200000 75000 155000 3100000 1163000 846000 16920000 6345000 1011000 20220000 7583000 257 1994 : :,, 86 1994 257 1 6. 1 2 00 5 00

88 ( 100 1 ),,, : : 19 39 5 ( 1 910 198 0, 19 78 198 0 ), : [ 1] [ ] :, 1984 75? [ 1] 1 938?

( 1935 1945 ) 89, 1 93 9 6 1 5 6 20 194 0 1 0 1 4 3 0 4 0 19 39 6 19 40 10

90 [ 1] [ ] :, 1984 82 [ 1] 193 8 1 938 : ( 19 39 ) [ 2] 1938 11 16 :, 1998 1190 [ 3], :, 1998 1215 ( ) ( ) [ 2] 19 39 11 [ 3] 1 937 1 938 19 39 80

( 1935 1945 ) 91 :, ( ), [ 1] [ 1 ], :, 1538 1998 1 93 9, 88 70 18 11. 7 % 3 31 3. 74 2 1 19 39 ( : ) ( A) ( B) ( B / A) % 75000 265280. 5 353. 7 1163000 170432. 0 14. 7 6345000 451306. 1 7. 1 7583000 887018. 6 11. 7 : [ ] :, 1995 48

92 % 1 5 %, [ 1] [ ] :, 1995 [ 1] 19 39 47 7 6 7. 2 7. 5 19 39 15 16 20 19 40 22 23 19 39 2. 8 3. 5 ( 3. 5 3. 35 3. 2 2. 8 ), 3?, 6 9. 55 10. 55

( 1935 1945 ) 93 2 19 39 ( : ) 300000 141429 100000 100000 100000 100000 27000 868429 34. 6 % 16. 3 % 11. 5% 11. 5 % 11. 5 % 11. 5% 3. 1 % 100% : [ ] :, 1995 48 868 429 ( 9. 5 5 1 0. 55 ) 9. 91 7 989 547 2. 8 3. 5 3. 2 9 % 3. 7 4 5. 5 7 778 60 7 982 430 331 74 47 4 672 100 2 3 19 39 ( ) 727000 141429 868429 887018 18589 ( ) 7204570 777860 7982430 3317447 4664982 19 38 44 79 906 1 93 9 8 870 18 53 669 24 35 750 00 26 866 000 8 870 18 3 31 744 7 235 48 553 58 871 38. 25 ( 1 4 ), 19 39 1 79 192 4

94 4 1939 4479906 3317447 887018 26866000 5366924 3575000 23548553 1791924 5887138. 25 30 0, 1940 19 39 10 [ 1], :, [ 1]

( 1935 1945 ) 95 940 7 00 5 00 200 ; 97 6 576 2 00 10 0 1 00 1 940 7 00 19 39 12 % 1 940 5 2 7, 10 : 1 3 4, 1 1 1, 54 5 [ 1] 1 94 0 [ 1 ] :,, 22 224 9 62 955 1 924 000 0 527 600 0 2 5 19 39 1940 1939 194 0 ( ) 1011000 962955 ( ) 20220000 19240000 ( ) 7583000 5276000 6 15 11 30 : 8 7 6 6 8 2. 5 15 1 6

96 1 8 ) 6 8 15 16 8 2. 5 1 940, 8 1. 8 0. 6 [ 1 ] 150 100 8 2, :, 1998 1545 [ 1] 10 0,, 5 0 19 40 : 1 940 ; 194 0 193 9 671 791 3 26 1940 ( ) ( ) ( % ) ( ) ( ) 1163000 2098919 180. 5 17604 2116523 887000 929655 104. 8 69323 998978 3226000 1897415 58. 8 1704997 3602412 5276000 4925989 93. 4 1791924 6717913 : [ ] :, 1995 76

( 1935 1945 ) 97 382 1 0 205 [ 1] 2 7 [ 1 ] 1940 10 2 7 19 40 ( : ) 2005000 1205000 520000 252300 90000 4072300 49. 2 % 29. 6 % 12. 8 % 6. 2 % 2. 2 % 100 % 25 :, 1998 1540 : [ ] :, 1995 76 64 340 000 52 %, 16. 8 4 ; 252 300 1 1 2 77 530 0 ; 671 15 300 19 40 6 434 5 2 % [ 2] 6 8 [ 2] [ ] :, 1995 6 717 91 3 470 25 391 2 985 807 7 1 0. 24 7 16 593 8 1 / 3 2 / 3 1 791 924 49 259 89 6 71 791 3 40 72 300 264 561 3 2 64 77 2 8 19 40 ( ) 3820000 252300 4072300 4925989 2645613 ( ) 64340000 2775300 67115300 34481923 29858077

98, [ 1] 1988 3 55 19 40 2 00 22 80 0 [ 1] 2 000 26 4 1941 19 40 12 27, ( ), 194 1 700 35 0 300 40 10 1 940 80 130 194 1 2 9 1 182 0 7 55 6 8 2. 5 13 16 19 41

( 1935 1945 ) 99 6 0 1 321 000 3 580 45 2 0 264 200 00 1 000 [ 1] : [ 1 ] 1500 :,, 1994 1 58 : 1 1 2 6 321 1 550 959 60 1 483 85 [ 2] [ 2] [ ] :, 1995 80 1 94 1 9 2 75 ( 49 2 26 ), 1 94 1 : 2 9 19 41 ( ) ( ) 2884000 4377976 154. 5% 1310000 2369400 180. 9% 3406000 4398490 123. 1% 7550000 1145866 147. 6% : [ ] :, 1995 80

100 49 210 0 14 1 3. 5 13 30 1941 ( ) 3848000 1200000 300000 144100 5492100 70 % 21. 9 % 5. 5 % 2. 6 % 100 % : [ ] :, 1995 81! 775 9 42 % 534 800 0 14. 5 144 100 10. 5 15 130 50 791 030 50 31 1941 ( ) 5348000 144100 5492100 11145866 5653766 ( ) 77590000 1513050 79103050 89166928-10063878 565 376 6 2 645 613 19 41 8 299 373 16. 5

( 19 35 194 5 ) 101 1942 19 41 12 1 0, : [ 1] [ 1] [ ] :, 1995 88 19 42 17 86 1 090 2 / 3 [ 2] 8 [ 3] : [ 4] 1 942 [ 2 ], 1942 2 16 [ 3 ], 1942 12 3 [ 4 ], 1942 8 24

102 19 42 8 [ 1], 1942 9 14 [ 1] ( ) 109 0 7 00 :, 32 1942 ( : ) 1991 837 700 150 376 234 150 140 60 186 20 50 24 74 376 20 13 : [ ] :, 1995 90 60 ;

( 19 35 194 5 ) 103 [ 1] 1 94 2 152 300 39 076 69 [ 2] 1 942 [ 1] [ ] :, 91 1995 [ 2] [ ] :, 92 1995 3 3 19 42 ( ) ( ) 3889480 1119200 28. 8 % 2300000 1299800 56. 5 % 4719000 1488669 31. 6 % 10908480 3907669 35. 8 % : [ ] :, 1995 92 1 94 2 19 40 19 41 2. 5 7 9 2. 5 2 /3 19 42, 1 94 2 3 907 66 9 8 299 379 12 207 04 8 939 336 6 1 942 2 81 358 2

104 4 1942 8 20 11 30 2 10 7 70 10 20 2 50 7 9 30 2 30 6 7 50 1 50 4 4 0 : [ ] :, 1995 89 100 1 35 1942 5027000 2000000 1300000 841666 166300 58400 9393366 53. 5 % 21. 3% 13. 8% 9. 0 % 1. 8% 0. 6% 100 % : [ ] :, 1995 93 939 336 6 83 5 1 1 12 [ 1] 1941 6 2 2. 5 10. 5 4 14. 5 6 14. 5 8. 5 [ 2] 1942 130 87 500 0 281 35 82 194 3 194 2 8. 5 [ 1 ] 6 8. 2 7. 1 2. 3 [ 2] 1 6 17

( 19 35 194 5 ) 105 6. 5 11 19 40 1 6. 8 5 1 941 14. 5 1 94 2 922 70 66 16. 5 15 224 658 9 ; 1 663 00 11 18 28 300 15 407 588 9 39 07 669 9. 4 36 73 208 9 ; 10 06 387 8 4 67 959 67 46 795 967 1 072 799 22 1 0. 23 24 674 38 2 3 6 19 42 ( ) 9227066 166300 9393366 3907669 3032669 ( ) 152246589 1828300 154075889 36732089 117343800 1943 19 4 2 1 1 1 5 1 00 1 0 00 1 9 42

106 [ 1] [ ] :, 1995 [ 1] 19 4 3 1 94 2 93 8 3 1 1 1 94 3? 19 43 9 27 2 8 500 : 37 1943 ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 5000000 900000 1950000 150000 650000 150000 100000 1100000 100% 18 % 39 % 3 % 13% 3 % 2% 22 % 1 00 0 [ 2], :, 1991 837 [ 2] 194 4 : 3 080 00 39 40 00 938 000 1 640 000 3 280 000 0 1 943 1 944

( 19 35 194 5 ) 107 194 2 : 1 94 0 1 94 0 1 20 0 [ 1] 19 41 5 700 00 20 11 400 000 1 94 1 [ 2] 1 94 0 [ 3] [ 4] [ 1 ] 700 400 1200 (, :, 1544 ) 1998 [ 2 ], :, 1998 1544 [ 3 ], 1940 5 23 :, 1998 1225 [ 4 ] :,, 1940 6 3

108? 19 37 194 5?? 1 938 194 3 19 44 19 45 38 1938 194 3 ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 1938 590000 11800000 14334685 9854779 1939 1011000 20220000 7583000 887018 3575000 1940 962955 19240000 5276000 4925989 4072300 1941 1321000 26420000 7550000 11145866 5492100 1942 893000 17860000 10908480 3907669 9393366 1943 1640000 32800000 5000000 1069659 128340000 35201227 32387545 38 6 64 17 955 106 965 9 20 128 340 000 193 8 1 94 2 3 52 012 27

( 19 35 194 5 ) 109 32 38 754 5 1 94 3 1 1 93 8 1 94 2 5 2 96 809 74 19 38 193 9 19 40 4 6. 4 %, 3 7 %, 2. 3 %, 7. 7 %, 6. 6 % 3 9 19 38 1942 ( : ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 1938 9854779 8908040 946739 1939 868429 600000 100000 141429 27000 1940 4072300 1725000 2005000 252300 90000 1941 5492100 1200000 3848000 144100 300000 1942 9393366 1300000 5027000 166300 2000000 900066 29680974 13733040 10980000 704129 2300000 1963805 19 38 19 42 3 520 122 8 2 1 93 8 19 42 5 3 52 012 28 29 68 097 4 3 66 376 814 1 942 170 425 386 3 84 204 81 5 520 254

110 0 1938 194 2 ( : ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 1938 14334685 2. 25 32253041 1939 887019 3. 74 3310000 1940 4925989 7. 00 34481923 1941 11145866 8. 00 89166928 1942 3907669 9. 40 36732089 35201228 195943981 41 1938 194 2 ( : ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 1938 9854779 4. 45 43821175 32253041 11568134 1939 3575000 9. 20 26866000 3317447 23548553 1940 4072300 15. 80 64340000 34481923 29858077 1941 5492100 14. 40 79103050 89166928-10063878 1942 9393366 16. 21 152246589 36732089 115514500 29680974 366376814 195943981 170425386 1 938 1 942 194 3 194 3 100 0 1 943 9 2 7 5 00 6

( 19 35 194 5 ) 111 6 15 1 1 30 9 1 00 50 0 194 4 1 94 4 1 94 5 8 1 943 19 44 10 00 19 42 55 2 19 43 19 44 1 552 1. 3 [ 1] 1 552 2 01 760 00 1 93 8 1 94 4 452 012 28 ( 35 201 228 + 100 000 00 = 4 52 012 28 [ 1 ] 1938 1942 29680974 38536162 1 1. 3 ) ; 58 71 ( 38 536 162 + 201 76 000 = 587 121 62 ) ( John Le igh ton Stua rt) [ 2] [ 2 ] Yu-m ing Shaw, An Amer ica n Missionar y in China : John Leighton Stuar t a nd Chinese Amer ica n Relations, C om br idge, Ma ss. H a r va r d Univer sity Pr ess, 1 93 7 1992, P. 119. 1 93 8 58 3

112 0 0 193 9 1 00 00, 30 19 43 3

( 19 35 194 5 ) 113, 1 94 6

114 :! ; ; ; ; ; ; ; 19 38 194 5 30 % [ 1],, 1943 6 3 2 7 00 [ 1] 9 1 1 9 8 0 % 30 % 10 % 15 % 1 0 20

( 19 35 194 5 ) 115 40 3 0 50 10 0 2 5 1 0 [ 1] [ 1 ] :,, 22 222 ; ; ( ), 3

116 7 15 1 6 17 18 1 9 ; 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

( 19 35 194 5 ) 117 ( 1935 1945 ) 1 93 1 1 93 1 19 33 1 ( ) ; 1 93 5 22 1 2 10 24 1 1 1 93 7 7 7 1 938 3 1 940 3

118 ( ) 19 38 6 13 7. 5 19 39 9, : 193 1 19 21 70 10 0 193 4

( 19 35 194 5 ) 119 [ 1], [ 2] [ 1 ], :, 1998 1075 [ 2 ] :, 1986 113 [ 3] 1 93 4 6 [ 3 ], 1935 6 3 8485 : 6 700 30 20 00 [ 4] : [ 4 ], :, 5 000 1998 1075 158?

120 [ 1] [ ] :, 23 1995 [ 2], 1929 1 15,, ( R. Y. Lo, T he O - pium P roblem in the F ar E a st, P. P. 4853. ) [ 3], 1930 6 27 [ 4 ] ( W illoughby, W illia m Fr a nk lin 1867 1960 ), 19161917 1921 1924 1931 : ( O pium as an Inter - nationa l Pr oblem, T he G e- neva Confer enese, 1925 ) ( T he Sino-J apanese C ontr over sy and the L ea gue of N ation, 1935. ) [ 5] [ ] :, 210, 50 [ 6] F r ede r ick T ha yer, M er r ill: J apa n and the O - pium Menace, Published J ointly by the Inter national Secr eta r iat, 1942, Ne w Y or k, P. 119. [ 1] [ 2] 19 30 9 [ 3] [ 4] : [ 5] 19 27 192 8 300 0 100 0 90 [ 6] 192 8 600 0 6 00 19 28

( 19 35 194 5 ) 121 09 2, 9 50 5 102 2 31 6 950 4 0 [ 1] 1 00 [ 1 ] Fr eder ick T hayer, M er r ill: J apan and the O- pium Menace, Published J ointly by the Inter nationa l Secr eta r ia t, 1942, N ew Y or k, P. 118. 50 3 ; 1 930 : : 3 0 8 0 % ( )

122 [ 1] :, 539541 2002 [ 1] 1 945 1 2 19 37 : [ 2] : 1992 433 [ 2] 19351937

( 19 35 194 5 ) 123 935 4 1 ; ( ) 1 935 1 93 6 1 7 [ 1] 1 935 1 30 19 36 45 368 1 30 1 93 5 1 93 6 1 847 6 [ 1 ], :, 1998 1072 [ 2 ], :, 1998 1075 [ 3 ] 1934 1935 :, [ 2] 1998 1075 [ 3] 1 93 6 8 10 223 7 370 28

124 09 1 935 35 293 19 24 19 35 19 35 193 6 107 80 42 1935 193 6 19 35 19 36 193 5 193 6 1935 1936 109 48 76 16974 20054 130 117 13 32149 13219 78 78 35 35 35293 4263 106 106 7230 2 2 3 9297 9179 2 2 7790 3 2 1 9243 1537 2 1 1 323 620 : :, 1998 1193 19 35 378 0 6 04 2 5 20 ; 682 3 1 11 33 24 ; 135 4 153 8 11 2 ; 4 863 5 583 1 06 1 936

( 19 35 194 5 ) 125 3 19 35 1936 193 5 1936 1935 1936 1 935 1 936 1354 471 1538 1056 112 61 6823 2426 11133 3739 24 378 3780 4729 6042 6445 520 554 4863 5612 5583 5759 106 86 3171 1233 4804 1430 6 12 785 192 965 208 3 1438 385 3350 495 283 361 402 477 5 : :, 1998 1195 1196 19 34 9 19 35 3 2 8 9 19 34 9 1 960 3 719 [ 1] 1 935 [ 2] 1 93 3 3 [ 1 ] 1934 1935 :, 1998 1075 [ 2 ] 1934 1940

126 5 3 1 2 2 19 35 22 [ 1] 1901 1937 [ 1] :, [ 2] [ ] :, 1995 [ 2] 31 19 35 2 13

( 19 35 194 5 ) 127 66, 47 4 67 ( Jose ph W. Stilwe ll) [ 1] 1 93 6 : : [ 2] [ 3] 193 7 1 / 10 12 1 73 [ 4] ( ) [ 5] 1 93 7 1 1 3 [ 1 ] J onatha n Ma r shall, O pium a nd the Politics of G angster ism in Mationalist China, 19271945, in Bulletin of Concer ned A sian Scholar s, 8 ( J uly-septe m- ber 1976), P. 22. [ 2 ], [ 3 ] ( R g- pinald Fletcher ), 1939 6 11 [ 4 ] :, 1986 114 [ 5 ] 1906 1932 1945 1948

128 [ 1 ] John R. Pr itchar d and Sonia M. Z aide, eds., T he T okyo wa r C r im es T r ials: T he Complete Tra nscr ipts of P roceeding of the I nter na - tiona l Milita ry T ribunal for the F ar E a st. p. p. 4800 4801. [ 2] 2, 1 [ 3] 1936 10 :, 1998 1132 5 5 % [ 1] 1 93 7 3 700 1 93 6 9 27 7 3 [ 2] 28 19 4 [ 3] 1 0 28 5 12 12 30 1 [ 4] 1936 12 19 :, 1138 1998 23 [ 4]

( 19 35 194 5 ) 129 1 93 7 7 7 1 2 14 2 24 3 3 6 1 15 0 ; ; 2 10 ; 1 0 ;, 1 1 93 8 1 0 19 39 4 28 : : ; ;

130 ; [ 1] 1939 4 28 [ ] ( 12 ),, ( ), 1986 263 [ 1] : 19 39 7 3 38 1 07 23 1 19 39 : [ 2] : 1912 1945 98 [ 2] 44 193 9 4 79 280 0 1999 12 91 44 1939 ( ) 239640 28100 135980 70560 5000 ( ) 4792800 562000 2719600 1411200 100000

( 19 35 194 5 ) 131 1 938 1 088 41 1 4 73 2 04 ; 252 3 24 9 1 939 1 088 [ 1] 1 94 0 3 :, [ 1 ] 552 153 162 144 68925 3575000 ( [ ], 5253 ) 1995? 1 939, 1 93 9,

132 1 94 0 8 31 8 31 24 36 10 2 [ 1 ], 1891 1937 1940 3 1945 12 5 1946 10 15 1952 [ 1] :, ; ; : ; ;

( 19 35 194 5 ) 133 ; ; : ; ; ; [ 1], [ 1 ] : 1941 175181 15 [ 2] [ 2 ], : 183 1941 ; ;

134 ; ; ; ; ; 45 9,,,

( 19 35 194 5 ) 135 ; ; ; [ 1] [ 1 ], : 1941 184 [ 2] : [ 3] [ 2 ], 2005 / 1899 [ 3 ] :, :, 2001 97 5 : (

136 46 1941 2 1945 8 1941 2 1945 8 1941 2 1942 12 1942 12 1945 8 1941 2 1945 8 1941 2 1945 8 1941 2 1945 8 1941 2 1945 8 1941 2 1945 8 1941 2 1945 8 1941 4 1942 2 1942 3 1942 5 1942 6 1945 8 1941 8 1943 1 1943 1 1945 8 1942 8 1945 8 1941 4 1942 8 1942 8 1945 8 1942 8 1945 8 1941 4 1945 8 1942 8 1945 8 1942 8 1945 8 1942 8 1945 8 1942 8 1945 8 : 1946 5 7 1854 :, 1998 1582

( 19 35 194 5 ) 137 9 6 : ; [ 1] 17 : 60 5 ; 5 0 5 9 10 ; 40 49 [ 1 ], : 1941 187 20 ; 3 0 39 40 ; 3 12 ; 3 3 3 3 1 2 ; [ 2] : : 1 000 5 ; [ 3] ; ; [ 2 ], : 1941 188 [ 3 ], 1938 3 10 1945 10 17 9285623665239 1939 41

138 [ 1], : [ 1] : 1941 1 2 ; 2 187 189,, 1 940 11 2 7, ; : ; ; 12 2 17, 1 2 30 :

( 19 35 194 5 ) 139 ; ; [ 1] [ 1 ], : 1941 218, ; [ 2] : [ 2 ], : ; : 1941 40 00 212 2 000

140 6 ; [ 1] 1940 12 30 [ 1] : : 1941 222 [ 2] 1940 12 30 : 1941 224 [ 3] 1940 12 30 : 1941 218 ; [ 2] : 50 30 ; [ 3] : ; : ( ) ; ; [ 4] 1940 12 30 : 1941 213214 ; ; ; [ 4]

( 19 35 194 5 ) 141 2 30 : ; ; [ 1] : [ 1 ] 1940 12 30 : 1941 214 215 ; 6 ; [ 2] [ 2 ] 1940 12 30 : 1941 216217

142 194 0 8 31, ( )? 16, 10 00 10 00 1, [ 1 ], : 1941 186 [ 1]

( 19 35 194 5 ) 143 27 6 0 ; 1 0 1 5 1 000 4 5 12 2, 5 ; : ; : ; :

144 ; [ 1], : [ 1] 1941 192 193 ( ) : [ 2] : [ 2] 1942 2005 /1670 19 40 1 1

( 19 35 194 5 ) 145 [ 1] 1 94 0 1 1 [ 2] 20 [ 3] 1 94 1 20 2 : [ 1 ] 1940 11 16 :, 1998 1540 [ 2 ] 1940 11 21 :, 1998 1541 [ 3 ], :, 1998 1542 : 40 20 2 : ; ; ; :

146 50 1 10 0 2 15 : : [ 1] [ 2 ] 1941 5 29 60 [ 1] 19 42 :, 1998 1543 8 6 000 0 : 1554 : 8 300 00 80 00 60 00 ( ) 200 0 3 000 10 00 7 00 0 8 60 00 0 8 [ 2] 8 600 00, 7 57 000? 3 000

( 19 35 194 5 ) 147 1 94 9 1 94 9 1 942 8 30 000 8 00 0 6 000 200 0 3 00 0 30 00 10 00 700 0 [ 1] 194 2 [ 1 ] :, 1999 87, ;, ;, 194 2 8 3 000 0 800 0 60 00 ( ) 200 0 30 00 300 0 7 000 [ 2] 1 000 1 94 2 [ 2 ] 1946 :, 1998 1579 4 7 19 42 ( ) ( ) 30000 3000 8000 3000 6000 7000 2000 1000 60000 1 05 1 937

148 1 3 19 38 92 : ; ; 54 193 9 17 1 94 2, 1 940 10 1 2 1 3 193 7 7 7 1 940 19 41 1 1 941 1 940 1 94 2 8 1 943 5 194 4 2 19 45 193 5,,, 6, 3 000 1 0 ;

( 19 35 194 5 ) 149 20 10 [ 1] 19 42 2 6 [ 1 ] 1941 :, 1998 1547 : : 26 [ 2] [ 2 ] 1942 1 2 :, 1998 1548

150 26 ; 48 1942 ( ) ( ) ( ) 800 2500 365 4000 4284 318084 284 1900 591. 17 430874 2700 2493. 17 264452 3000 2809 607442. 5 800 268 1300 1300 2300 1622 4000 2810 48251 1200 1293 93 2000 1275 302143 1500 2461 96 700 698 900 372 800 716 286452 1500 947 337776 3000 3351 351 4000 3614 1000 637 161478 250 21 598759. 5 100 100 100 46 174567 500 172. 11 500 244. 73 200 71. 1 41550 32561. 18

( 19 35 194 5 ) 151 ; ; 4 8 194 2 4 15 50 3 256 1 22 % 4 9 1 94 1 19 42 1 2 ; 3. 75 [ 1] [ 1 ] 4 9 ( : / ) 1 2 3 4 10. 00 9. 00 8. 00 7. 00 2. 00 2. 00 2. 00 2. 00 0. 50 0. 50 0. 50 0. 50 0. 20 0. 20 0. 20 0. 20 0. 10 0. 10 0. 10 0. 10 2. 00 2. 00 2. 00 2. 00 0. 30 0. 30 0. 30 0. 30 0. 15 0. 15 0. 15 0. 15 0. 50 0. 50 0. 50 0. 50 15. 75 14. 75 13. 75 12. 75 1. 80 1. 80 1. 80 1. 80 17. 55 16. 55 15. 55 14. 55

152 1. 80 : [ 1] 1941 :, 1998 1547 [ 1] 19 41 8 7 : 27 [ 2] 1 16 31. 25 30 30 [ 2] 20 60 0 2 /3 4 00 [ 3] 1941 8 7 :, 1544 1998 100 70 [ 3] 1 940 1 0

( 19 35 194 5 ) 153 6 : ( 2 ) ( 0. 5 ) 5 0 5 0 19 40 10 1 942 1 2 ( : ) 194 0 1941 194 2 119506. 8 1372581. 05 2196769. 98 24347041. 9 3933563. 23 4502619. 84 126824. 5 467332. 92 552071. 1 41063. 1 375805. 8 473290. 6 33289. 8 384504. 49 475523. 4 31678 253430. 7 404165. 65 499472. 7 4098530. 2 4848932. 17 46427. 5 786651. 8 93521 35631. 5 210367. 7 228902 10444. 7 1561668. 4 567812. 9 3379080. 5 13444336. 29 14343608. 64 810980 3092197 3155594 : 19421944, 1941 1943, 2050 /319 1939 1939 1 0. 25 1940 1 0. 24 1941 1 0. 23 1942 1 0. 22 380 1 94 1 33 6 19 42 35 8 27 70 587 71

154 61 436? : 1 94 1 8 2 350 12 00 50 0 5 00 19 41 30 30 90 0 ; 20 6 00 40 0 400 70 19 40 ( 500 ) 20 0 3 50 1 940 70 0

( 19 35 194 5 ) 155 194 2 8, ( ), 1 94 2 8, :, 1 1 : ; ;

156 ; ; 40 8 00 ; 9 1 9 4 2 2 00 1 0 0 194 2 1 943 100 19 43 2 8 2 05 000 [ 1] :, 2050 /356 ( 20 50 1 10 0 ) [ 1] 2 0 50 2 5 8 2 52 50

( 19 35 194 5 ) 157 6 [ 1] 6 10, 19 43 [ 1 ] : 1943 2050 /356 19 43 1 2 20, ;, 3 5 [ 2] [ 2 ] : 1943 2050 / 1879 1 94 3 ( ) 19 42 1 1 1 2 30 : ;, 1 00 0 ;

158 ; ; ; ; 700 30 ( 2 5 ) ; ; [ 1] : 1943 2005 / 619 [ 1] 19 44 7 1 100 0 3 10 ( 11 0 16 0 ) 1 94 4 9 [ 2] : 1944 2050 /201 10 [ 2]

( 19 35 194 5 ) 159 1 5 [ 1 ] [ 1 ] : 19 44 5 : ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ; 73 1 131 1 943 1 2 1 944 7 1945 2050 /33 19 44 8 15 00 ( 100 150 00 0 ) 19 45 14 00 30 00 19 45 5 4, 1 500 40 00 50 00 1 500 19 45 4 40 00 [ 2] 9 000 6 1 500 2 40 00 5 12 2 0 [ 3] 5 8 150 0, [ 4] [ 2] 1945 500000 : 1944 1945, 2005 /1902 [ 3 ] 1945 5 4 :, 1571 1998 [ 4 ] 1945 5 8 :, 1572 1998

160 9 45 8 957 200 30 3 0 [ 1 ], 1946 1 27 194 6 2 6 [ 1] 5 1 194 4 194 4 9, 9 12 1 287 949 2. 9 6 1 88 262 28 [ 2] : 1942 1944 1941 1943, 2050 /319 317 057 20. 96 [ 2] 202 621 99. 25 519 679 20. 21 51 1942 194 4 ( : ) 1 942 194 3 19 44 2196769. 98 27776333. 68 14187202. 45 4502619. 84 2334962. 5 3538211. 18 552071. 1 948159. 8 664157. 7 473290. 6 533104. 85 522757. 76 475523. 4 852811. 85 407618. 2 404165. 65 646564. 3 396008. 96 4848932. 17 261020. 58 19067. 4 93521 103697. 4 79896. 5 228902 433797. 8 322344. 4 567812. 9 236441. 7 125934 14343608. 64 34126894. 46 20262199. 25 : 19421944, 1941 1943, 2050 /319 ; 2050 /320

( 19 35 194 5 ) 161 194 3 9 00 60 0 300 30 1 943 18 15 00 378 00 0 2 043 30 ( 6 811 ), 7 638 30 [ 1] 3 412 689 4. 4 6 3 489 07 24. 46 1 94 5 7 19 45 5 2 [ 1 ] : 1943 2050 / 320 14 00 30 00 : 15 00 100 1 40 0 30 00 3 6 5 15 00 ( ), 2 4 5 12 2 0 [ 2] 1 4 60 00 ( 1 50 0 1 00 ), 140 0 84 00 000 00 5 7 45 00 300 0 1 35 000 000 0 1 7 2 1 9 1 945 : [ 3], [ 2 ] 1945 5 4 :, 1571 1998 [ 3 ] : 1945 2005 /589

162 : ( 20 ) ( 1 5 ) ( 10 ) ; ( ), 19 40 7 1 0. 07 0. 5 ; ( ), 1 940 10 10 3 0 1 943 40 ; 1 19 42 166 684 5 4 514 40 47 921. 5 21 662 06. 5 1 945 4 2 1. 5 1 400 6 : 0. 5 ; 0. 15 ; 3 0 ; 10 ; 1 0 50 ; 6 : 150 ; 5 0 ; 10 ; 18 ; 0. 7 ( 0. 5

( 19 35 194 5 ) 163. 1 0. 1 ) ; 30 % 1 94 1 2 61 532 4. 4 6 19 40 1 941 5 : 2 5 % ; 0. 5 ; 3 ; 0. 3 ; 0. 2 ; 4 : 5 00 ; 0. 8 ; ( 150 1 00 5 0 ) ; 19 41 1 2 ( 3 0 3 0 39 2 0 ; 40 49 1 0 ; 50 5 9 5 ; 60 ) : 2 ; 2 ; ; 3 0 % 1 940 4 : ( 4 0 3 0 20 10 ) ; 5. 01 ; 0. 35 ; 1 2 : 0. 2 ; 0. 05 0. 15 1 94 3 : 0. 2 ; 0. 2 ; 0. 16 ; 10 194 1 8 4 2

164 [ 1] :, :, 2001 122 123 8, 1 943 1 00 [ 1] ; ;,, 19 45 [ 2] 1946 5 28 4519, :, 1998 1587 [ 2] 194 3 19 44 19 45, ( ) ( ) 1 94 5 11 7 000 0 ( ) 6 20 ( 1 31. 25 2 0 62 5 ) 150 ( )

( 19 35 194 5 ) 165 ( ) 1 94 5 5 2 19 45 ( ) ( ) ( ) 10000 2488 2425. 46 12000 9065. 93 667. 65 8000 6716. 6 3382. 3 3000 3000 1814. 4 3000 3000 2550. 16 10000 10000 3011. 9 5000 5000 2681. 2 3000 3000 687. 72 12000 8706. 36 677. 28 5000 6606. 59 402. 65 5000 4758. 08 149. 31 2500 2500 49. 35 5000 1340 82500 66181. 56 18499. 38 52 : 194 2 19 45 1 3 19 42 2 6 1 94 4

166 9 ( ) 48 194 2 2 6 32 561. 18 19 45 13 661 81. 56 194 2 19 42 2 1 945 : ; ; 19 46 5 8 : 19 38 19 39 19 40 19 41 1 942 194 5 7 584 85 87 033 ; 3 469 209 ( 34 692. 09 ) ; 66 181 56 ( 661 81. 56 ) 1 91 ; 91 14 52 ;

( 19 35 194 5 ) 167 8 296 198 40 2 243 83 17 5 181 77 01 135 3 709 811 4 848 932 ; ( ) [ 1] [ 1] 1946 5 28 4519, : 600 0 2 00, 1998 1588 3 1 5 3 2 00 9 40 50 % 9 8 0 % [ 2 ] [ 2 ] 1942 1 31 :, 1998 192 9 1549 3 00 0

168, 5 000 10 000 10 000 500 0 3 000 0 5 000 0 [ 1] 1943 :, 1998 1562 1563 [ 1] 193 4 19 37 7 7 45 1 938 163 87 10 942 5 334

( 19 35 194 5 ) 169 11 [ 1] 193 9 3 50 0 [ 2] 30 3 0 [ 3] 1 938 6 30 1 50 [ 1] 1938 1944 6000 8000 3 8 2. 6 3. 9 1938 1944 1194 2792 1938 1939? [ 2 ], :, 1577 1998 [ 3 ] L N, Advisor y Comm ittee, Puplica tion XL, O- pium and other Dangerous D rugs, 1939, p. p. 8-9. M inutes of the 24 th Session, M ay 15 - June 12, 1939, P. 37. 19 40 19 45,

170 [ 1] :, [ 1] 19 38 4 1989 3 188 ( ) 50 % 20 300 5 : [ 2 ] : 187, 1999? :? : ( ) [ 2]

( 19 35 194 5 ) 171 1 942 8 7 200 0 70 % ; [ 1], 1 94 6 5 [ 1 ], 1939 9 1940 12 1941 18 1942 25 1943 68 1944 450 1945 ( ) 6 11 868 750 00 ( ) 80 78 352 000 0 [ 2] : 8 ( 1 93 7 19 45 ), 1 939 200 0 8 5 1 8 3000 5000 1946 5 6 0186 :, 1998 1586 1587 [ 2 ] 1946 5 28 4519 :, 1998 1589

172 : ) 8 19 39 193 9 19 43 16 060 2 /3, ( : 193 9 1 943 2 /3, ), 1 93 9 1 070 7 193 9 19 43 26 000 2 /3 ( : 19 39 19 43 4 1 / 3, ), 1 939 1 733 3 1 93 9 1 855 844 31 ( 17 333 10 707 ) 1 939 3 5 %, ( : 19 39 194 3 2 / 3 1 943 1 939 1 /3, 30 % 4 0 %, : 83 35 % ) 649 545 50. 85 ( 185 584 431 35 % ) 519 636 400 ( 6 495 455 08 ) 16 495 455 0 ( 100 00 000 0 + 5 196 36 400 ) ( 193 9 1 2 ) 3 6 %, 412 383 37 ( 4 [ 1] :, 27 1996 88 1 ) ; 13 196 36 400 329 909 10 8 ( ) [ 1]

( 19 35 194 5 ) 173 : 19 39, 19 3 9 2 00 0 19 4 1 8 12 0 0 5 0 0 5 0 0 1 9 41 1 2 0 0 2 0 00 1 9 3 9 2 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 2 00 0 1 939, 1 94 3 10 70 7, 6 16 06 0 ( 2 777 ) ( 2 777 ), 20 14 025 ( 27 77 3. 9 620 ) 3 19 579 194 3

174 160 60 35 639 19 40 10 1 943 53 1940 10 1944 12 ( : ) 1 940 1941 1942 1943 1944 119506. 8 1372581. 05 2196769. 98 27776333. 68 14187202. 45 24347041. 9 3933563. 23 4502619. 84 2334962. 5 3538211. 18 467332. 92 552071. 1 948159. 8 664157. 7 126824. 5 375805. 8 473290. 6 533104. 85 522757. 76 41063. 1 384504. 49 475523. 4 852811. 85 407618. 2 33289. 8 253430. 7 404165. 65 646564. 3 396008. 96 31678 4098530. 2 4848932. 17 261020. 58 19067. 4 499472. 7 786651. 8 93521 103697. 4 79896. 5 46427. 5 210367. 7 228902 433797. 8 322344. 4 35631. 5 1561668. 4 567812. 9 236441. 7 125934 10444. 7 3379080. 5 13444336. 29 14343608. 6 34126894. 46 20262199. 25 810980 3092197 3155594 1 940 1 0

( 19 35 194 5 ) 175 19 38 19 43 1 463 304 0 1 94 0 1 725 000 43 125 0 12 93 750 1 938 1 940 9 108 01 790 1. 3 ( ), 14 04 232 7 194 2 2 11 0 1 94 3 34 126 89 4. 4 6 19 44 2 026 21 99. 25 1 94 5 1 7 219 000 000 0 10 00 193 8 1 94 5 3 110 8 ( 2 ) 5 4 19 38 1943 ( : ) 193 8 193 9 194 0 1941 1942 1943 500 430 150 90 1170 890. 804 60 172. 5 120 130 90 1463. 304 : [ ] :, 1995 49 77 81 90 93 ( )

176 1 943 35 63 9 1 939 1 733 3 43 33. 25 193 9 19 43 35 639 154 432 69 7 ; : 50 60 7 5

( 19 35 194 5 ) 177 [ 1] 1 943 1 80 0 7. 60 27 77 [ 1 ] F or eign O ffice ( U. K. ), The Opium Tr ade, 1910 1941, V ol. 6, P. 10. 3. 96 260 00 7 220 200 0 [ 2] 23 00 0 8 000 0 [ 2 ] : : ( 12 ) :, 1986 421 1 030 00 1 93 8 108 8 41 1 20 4 473 131 3 4 8 ( 3 ), 1 0 4 1 5 5 1 94 3 156 20 13 % 1 / 2 1 / 3 3 8 % 1 94 5 1 : 2 47 23 000 3 [ 3] 8 20 213 5 [ 4] 18 00 1 600 20 0 [ 5] 7. 61 277 7 3. 96 7 22 020 00 [ 3] [ ] :, 98 1995 [ 4 ] F or eign O ffice ( U. K. ), T he O pium T r a de, 1910 1941, V ol. 6, P. P. 9 10. [ 5 ] 1000

178 [ 1], : : ( 12 ) :, 1986 421 [ 2] :, 1994 1 58 1] 19 45 1 50 000 4 [ 2] 40 000 5 00 00 25 000 0 19 38 6 3 40 136 194 2 200 0 194 5 18 1 ( 70 6 1 3 28 18 1 ), ; 5 72 1 131 ; [ 3] 1946 5 6 0212 1946 4 26 0186 : 400 0 30 00 0 6 000 0 [ 3] 193 9 2 710 000 19 40, 1998 1586 1587 19 44

( 19 35 194 5 ) 179 10 [ 1] [ 2] 1 93 8 9 33 000 19 39 3 00 000 0 ( 14 100 00 ) 194 0 16 000 0 1 942 26 [ 1 ] 1945 4 25 :, 1571 1998 [ 2 ] 1 94 3 ( ) 40 100 0 80 0 [ 3] ( ) 20 ( ) 50 % 1943 2 24 :, 1560 1998 [ 3 ] : : ( 12 ) :, 1986 463 9 8 0 % [ 4] [ 5] 1 93 7 19 4 4 ; ( ) ; [ 4] 1942 1 26 24, 1946 3 4, :, 1998 1578 [ 5 ] : 1992 433

180 [ 1] 1946 4, : [ 1] 19 43, 1998 1587 5. 4 7 ( ), 6 270 0 4 4 160 60 260 00 4 175 60 000 [ 2], : : ( 12 ) :, 1986 421 [ 2] 1. 2 1. 3 90 % 70 ( 5 000 6 000 ) 20 20 40 5 50 00 80 00 50 c c, 10 0 15 0 c c,

( 19 35 194 5 ) 181

182 ( 1937 1945 ) 193 9 : : : [ 1] :, 17 16! [ 1] ; 193 7 1 945

( 19 37 194 5 ) 183 ; 1 90 5, 4 200 0 5 % 200 0 5 54 00 1 915

184 191 5 2 19 20 11 150 ( 100 ) 19 21 1 16 000 20 000 19 23 9 0 % 19 26 1 005 00 19 28 19 29 10 12 4 27 300 00 19 30 11 20 1 00 1 940 0 [ 1], 1930 12 10 0 [ 1] 19 31 6 5 3 179,

( 19 37 194 5 ) 185 3 600 0 [ 1] 19 15 [ 1 ] [ ] :, 1995 37 1 93 4 : 2 [ 2] [ 2] [ ] :, 1995 25 1 93 5 1 934 12 5 200 0

186 5 2 000 ( ) 193 4 3 193 5 2 2 6 2 3 3 [ 1] 1934 1935 :, 1069 1998 [ 1] 5 : 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 30 (

( 19 37 194 5 ) 187 0 ) 80 193 6 4 19 398 2 005 8 19 40 1 934 6 1 3 9 1 1 849 80 1 936 30 54 32 278 12 9 1 / 4 : 3 0 ( 193 5 ) ; 30 40 ( 19 36 ) ; 4 0 5 0 ( 1 93 7 ) ; 50 ( 19 38 ) 1 936 9 12 793 5

188 [ 1] 1934 1935 :, 1070 1071 1998 192 7 [ 1] 193 2 8 19 33 1 934 193 6 10 100 30 20 0 36 626 193 6 [ 2] 1934 1935 :, 1074 1998 [ 2] 19 34 193 5 36 00 193 6 13 77 31 19 39 40 33 9 ; [ 3] 1934 1935 :, 1073 1998 ; 10 [ 3]

( 19 37 194 5 ) 189 19 37 2 231 81 1 939 25 937 ( ) [ 1] [ 2] 19 35 19 36 22 31 81 1 93 8 62 964 [ 1 ] 1934 1935 :, 1073 1998 [ 2 ] 1934 1935 :, 1998 1071 ; ; [ 3] [ 3 ] :, 17 7 1 936 8 193 5 1 7 18 654 6 8 708 74 19 36 1 7 10 375 8

190 53 549 519 239 5 37 046 36 332 469 2 573 78 162 91 7 9 536 4!, : : : ; ; [ 1] 1945 12 [ 1], :, 1992 432 : :?? : :? : 19 38

( 19 37 194 5 ) 191 ( ) 19 38 19 39 [ 1] [ 1] [ ] :, 1995 19 35 19 38 65 66 1 933 193 3 31 37 6 118 193 4 6, 906 8 [ 2] [ 2 ] 1934 1935 :, 1069 1998

192 19 36 [ 1] :, : ( 1 ) ; ( 2 ) 1937 19 ; ( 3 ) [ 1] 4 [ 2 ] L N, Advisor y Com - m ittee: Repor ts of Gove rnments on the Tr affic in Opium and other D angerous D rugs for tue Yea r 1937, P. 7 ; P. 29. 2 11 [ 2] 19 38 8 1 935 193 5 ; : [ 3], :, 1998 1534 [ 4 ] [ 3], [ 4], 19 35 5 : ( ) 6 8 ; 2 1 1 ; 20 1 7

( 19 37 194 5 ) 193 2 [ 1] 1 93 6 1 : [ 1 ], : 4 5, 1998 1533 32 34 19 6 62 0 ; 6 0 2 4 52 5 4 [ 2 ] 1 93 5 1 93 6 1 93 7 6 [ 2] [ 3], :, 1998 1534 1535 4 11 1 3 94 9 6 1 00 13 8 1 40 14 1 6 60 4 6 1 2 3 5 8 9 1 7 [ 3] 1 93 8 6 1 3 23

194 ; [ 1] 1938 :, 1998 1536 [ 2 ] 1891 20 2 00 [ 1] 1935! ( ) 1937 12 1938 3 28 10 16 1940 10 11 19 37 8 [ 2] 3 150 000 : 10 : 5 3 0. 6!

( 19 37 194 5 ) 195 [ 1] [ 2] : [ 3] 193 7 9 [ 4] 10 11 2 0 ( 9 072 0 ), : 1 946 6 2 7, 1 937 11 2 0 ( ) 2 0 1 4 ( ) [ 1 ], :, 1994 1 59 [ 2 ] 2900 ( : 1912 1945, 98 1999 85 ) [ 3 ] 655, :, 1589 1998 [ 4 ] 1912 ( 33 ), 1939 3 1940 4 9 1941 10 4 57 1943 1944 10 :, 1992 107

196 6 ( ) [ 1] [ ] :, [ 1] 1995 57 19 46 6 19 1 937 11 20 2 0 1 20 1 40 0 16 0 1 428 19 38 4 97 2 [ 2] [ ] :, 1995 19 39 1 [ 2] 14 00 160 22 400 0 0. 907 2 203 21 2. 8 58 240 00 2 0 321 2. 8 193 5

( 19 37 194 5 ) 197 1 93 7 3 6 19 37 19 37 11 1 938 60 0 [ 1] 1 93 9 2 000 [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ ] :, 1995 60 3 000 30 00 ( ) : [ 2] 1 939 3 14 : ; ; ; [ 3] [ 3 ] 1939 3 14 P r itcha r d a nd Z a ide, eds., T he T okyo War Cr imes Tr i- a ls, P. 4862, I mport of P ersia n Opium ( Pr osecutor N o. 9561 /E xhibit No. 416. )

198 1 938 [ 1 ], 1897 ( 30 ) 1916 6 ( 13 ), [ 1] 5 0, 1 400?? ( ) 1928 ( ) 1931 1932 12, 1937 (, 390 391 ), 1 937 9 10 19 38 1 2 ( ), 1 938 160 192 0 ( ) 1 2 [ 2] [ ] :, 1995 [ 2] 59

( 19 37 194 5 ) 199 4 28 1 93 8 4 1 2 1 939 1, [ 1], ( H ung Ch i San Ta ng) ( ) 10 [ 2] 1 939 ( ) 3 ( ) 8 [ 1 ], 1. 5 118 [ 2 ] 655,,, 655, :, 15891590 [ 3] [ ] [ 3] :, 62 1995

200, 19 38 3 1 0 11 11 2 0 12 19 39 3 1 939 3 2 8 19 39 4 3 0, 7 : ( ) ( ) ( ), ( ) 1 0 20 : 5 1 19 39 6 5 ( ) 8

( 19 37 194 5 ) 201 0 6 ; [ 1] 1 93 8 3 [ 1 ] :, 2010 / 4963 7 8 [ 2] 194 1 2 1 : [ 2 ] :, 1997 488 [ 3] [ 3 ] :, 2010 /6220 ( 55 ) 2 1 1 1 937 1 93 8 3 193 9 4 193 9 6 5

202 5, 193 9 5 [ 1] :, 2010 /6216 1 938 3 [ 1] 19 38 19 38 : ( 1 ) 2 0 ; ( 2 ) 3 ; [ 2] 1938 :, 1998 1537 ( 3 ) ( ) 1 6 ; ( 4 ) 1 0 [ 2]

( 19 37 194 5 ) 203 : : ( 1 ) ( 2 ) 1 2 5 0 80 ( 3 ) ( 4 ) 3 1 6 ( 5 ) ( 6 ) : ( 1 ) ( ) 2 0 ( ) 1 0 [ 1] 1 938 2 ( ), 193 8 3 [ 1 ] 1938 :, 1998 1537 1 939 5 6 19 39 6 5?

204 : 193 8 193 9 6 : [ 1] :, :, 314 2001 [ 1] 1 9 3 8 7 8 1 9 4 8 1 9 3 7 9

( 19 37 194 5 ) 205 1 9 3 7 1 2 1 3 1 9 3 8 3 2 8 : 1 9 3 8 3 1 8, : ( ) [ 1] [ 1 ] : 1946 1 22 1939 6 :, 1992 1048 1 939 5 1 93 9 3 [ 2] 75 000 000 1 0 3 00 [ 2 ] 1939 4 1 3 600

206 5 00 0 18 0 [ 1 ] P r itchar d a nd Za ide, eds., T he T okyo War Cr imes T rials, P. P. 4884 4885, P, [ 1] 1 937 600 ( 4872. 96 000 0 ), 400 20 0 193 7 3 1 938 15 1 20 11 5 [ 2] 1938 :, 1998 1538 15 % 12 % 1 4 16 [ 2] 19 38 2 4 10 : 5 3 0. 6 200 5 120 00

( 19 37 194 5 ) 207 000 ( ) 193 8 60 7 0 78 6 000 0 :? : 1 93 8 1 0 ; 20 1 939 :? : 1 939 5 :? :

208 1 937 12 1 3 ( Prof. Ba te s) 193 8 17 : 420 0 280 0 1 420 6 000 200 11 15 4 0 9 15 0 6 100 3 5 0 [ 1], :, 1994 1 59 [ 2] 5 1 1 [ 1] 19 39 5 1 : : [ 2] 3 00 50 000 [ 3 ] P r itchar d a nd Za ide, eds., T he T okyo War Cr imes Tr ia ls, P. 2653. 1 /8 [ 3] 193 8 50 0

( 19 37 194 5 ) 209 ( 2 00 ) 8 30 6 0 : : ; 19 38 1 0 1 938 3 2 200 0 ; 4 00 40 1 60 120 8 0 [ 1] 1 93 8 6 [ 1 ] :, 7 7879 1 938 1 1 2

210 193 8 3 2 8 ( ) 11 20 : 1. 2 ; ( ) 50 ( ) 30 0. 3 1. 2 1 00 50 0 1 500 ( 1 920 ), 2 88 2 [ 1] :, 576 [ 1] 2010 /6203 56 19401945 ( : ) 1940 2500 1500 500 500 1941 4000 3000 500 500 1942 5000 3500 800 700 1943 6300 4300 1000 1000 1944 8000 6000 1000 1000

( 19 37 194 5 ) 211 0 11 : 97 6 576 20 0 1 00 100 2 20 00, 1 93 9 9 1 : ( ) 194 0 3 3 0, 5

212 : ; ; [ 1] [ ] :, 1988 [ 1] 135 193 5, : ; [ 2] 1945 12, :, 1992 434 [ 2] ( ) 4

( 19 37 194 5 ) 213 1] [ 1 ] 1945 12, :,, 1992 434 :, 1 1. 5, ( ) [ 2] 1 94 0 1 0 [ 2 ] :, 2010 / 6203, ( 1200 1200 ), ( 1000 1000 ), ( 700 500 ) : ( 500 200 ), [ 3] 1 94 1 8 1 2 [ 3 ] :, 2010 /7466

214 8 40 98 14 6 9 3 146 20, [ 1] :, [ 1] : 2010 /6216 19 39 ( ),

( 19 37 194 5 ) 215 8 % [ 1] [ 1] [ ] :, 1995 84 : 1 940

216 19 40 3, [ 1] :, 2010 /6206 [ 1] 19 40 7 2 ; ; 19 41 2 : [ 2] : [ 2] 1 940 1 945, 2010 /6214 194 0 3 120 00 20 00 900 0 194 5 [ 3] 6000 23370 23 370 ( 5 0 [ 3 ] 83 70 41 00 49 00 ), 1 43 00 ( 30 0 40 00 1 00 00 ) ( ) ( )

( 19 37 194 5 ) 217 ( ) [ 1] : 1 94 1 5 15 [ 1 ] 142, :, 1594 1998 ; 4 6 6 ( ) 1 942 [ 2] [ 2 ] :, 1 941 6 2010 /6219 5 00 2 00 10 0 [ 3] 8 6 5 [ 3 ] :, 2010 / 6243

218 1 93 9 : 19 41 3 ( ) 6 1 8 15 7. 5 1. 5 7. 5 3. 7 5 1 941 4 1 6 14 5 1 5 [ 1] :, 2010 /6245 2 1 [ 1] 1 941 10 194 1 10 7 1939 6 19 39 6 1 943 1 235

( 19 37 194 5 ) 219 93 9 6 ( Ha rold Frank Gill ) : 19 40 5 0 1 00 [ 1] ( ) 1 80 5 000 [ 2] 1 93 9 6 [ 1 ] P r itcha r d and Z aide, eds., T he T okyo W ar C r im es T r ia ls, P. 4416. [ 2 ] [ ] :, 1995 ( Prof. Ba tes) 132 133 2 400 1 / 4, 1 /3 : 20 3 0 [ 3] 19 45 560 [ 4] 34 0 19 40 120 194 0 6 352 03 19 41 6 360 00 1 942 8 200 00 [ 3 ] L N, Advisor y Comm ittee, Repots of Governments on the T raffic in Opium and other Dangerous D rugs for tue Yea r 1940, 25 t h Session, 6 t h Meeting ( Ma y 16, 1940 ), P. 33. [ 4] [ ] :, 124 1995 1 94 2 : ;

220 ; ; ; 2 00 20 0 : 6 5 67 [ 1], :, 69 70 [ 1] 200 500 1998 1555 [ 2] : [ 2], 1994 1 59 [ 3] 1943 1 15 :, 1998 1558 [ 4] 1943 4 27 :, 1563 1998 [ 5] 1943 5 24 :, 1563 1998 : 2 9 0 [ 3] [ 4] 3 0 0 6 0 7 1 5 [ 5] 19 39 6 80 000 :

( 19 37 194 5 ) 221 [ 1], 5 000 19 41 1 170 00 [ 1 ] 1943 2 17 :, 1998 1560 77 6 5 00 20 0 200 2 00 2 00 50 0 200 2 00 485 33 39 [ 2], [ 2 ], 477 485 1 93 9 6 : 7 80 5 % [ 3] [ 3 ] :, 12 ( 2) /1312 1 94 3 12 1 7 : :

222 [ 1] :, 1998 89 4 [ 1] 19 41, 38 8 60 12 1 7 10, 11 2 000 ( 40 00 ), 19 2 [ 2] : [ 2] ( ), 2010 / 7468 12 29 2 6 5 1 944 1 6 100 0

( 19 37 194 5 ) 223 78 3 [ 1] 1 94 3 : [ 1 ] :, 2010 / 7468 [ 2 ] ( 1902 1946 ), 1920 1925 [ 2] 1 949 1926 9 1927 1929 1932 1934 1938 10 1945 8 25 10 3 1946 5 31 10 8 4 0 19 46 1 3 :? :

224 :? : :? : :? : :? : [ ] :? : [ 1], : : :? [ 1] 485 1992

( 19 37 194 5 ) 225 [ 1], [ 1 ], ( 1946 5 27 : 1992 1109 ) 1 94 3 1 94 4 : 194 3 [ 2] : [ 2 ] [ ] :, 1988 196 :,

226 [ 1] 1945 12 : [ 1], : 1992 435 [ 2] 1944 3 1, 3 2, 3 3 19 44 3 [ 2] : ( ) ( ) : ( ), [ 3] : 1946 1 22 : 1992 1048 [ 4] 1945 12 : [ 3] [ 4], : 1992 435 438 [ 5] 1945 12 :, : 1992 435 438 19 44 : 193 4 19 44 4 ; 300 ; [ 5]

( 19 37 194 5 ) 227 1 94 3 2 194 3 9 19 43 2 11 2 2 26 12 1 : : 1 914 1 1 28 1 2 1 ; [ 1] [ 1 ] : 1943 12 31 2010 /7467 ( 19 43 )

228 19 44 1 1 944 3 [ 1 ] P r itchar d a nd Za ide, eds., T he T okyo W a r C r im es T r ials, P. 4919. 10 [ 1] 194 4 19 44 10 20 [ 2] 1945 12, : 1992 436 4 5 [ 2] 194 3, : 19 43 12

( 19 37 194 5 ) 229 : ( ) 1 944 4 3 ; ( ) ; ( ) : ; ( ) [ 1] [ 1] [ ] :, 1995 1 94 4 3 ;, 5 [ 2] 19 44 5 12 2 337 320 42 8 36 742 15 120 1945 12, : 1992 435 [ 2 ] 1944 5 12 : : 1945 1 8 5 7 19 44 5 12 ( : ) 83674215 46150675 3257755 23922036 3354116 233732042 ( 193 7 19 45 ),?

230 : :? 19 39 1 937 193 8 194 0 19 43 ; 1 ( 1 937 7 193 7 7 1 938 1. 5, 19 39 1, 19 40 19 43 4 ; 1 944 1, 1 / 2, 19 45 8 194 4 1 194 5 8 1. 51 / 2 ), 193 7 7 1 945 8 7. 2 5 ( 1. 5 + 1 + 4 + 1. 51 / 2 = 7. 25 ) 193 9 3 ( 4 = 1 ), 2 1. 7 5 21. 75 5. 36 256 75 8 4 ( 800 0 ), 3. 75 8 27. 19 30 % ( 3 5 %, 30 %, 30 % ), 19 39 [ 1] : 19371945, 29 1998 220221 10 ( 3 30 % ) [ 1]

( 19 37 194 5 ) 231 1 93 8 1 93 9 9 150 [ 1] 4 400 4 400 704 000 3 193 34. 4 1 93 1, 1 16 1 3 1. 25 31. 25 1 02 187 01 ( ) 1 60 192 0 37. 8 ( 1 3 7. 24 1 37. 79 94 ), 84 480 00 [ 1 ] 1938 2000 ( 72 160 1920 ) : 1939 7150 3000 3000 1150 P r itcha r d and Z a ide, eds., T he T okyo W a r C r im es T r ials, P. P. 48844885, P. 4861, U. S. T r easur y A ttache a t Shangha i ( Apr il 5, 1939 ), ( E xhibit N o. 5 8 19 38 4 19 40 11 424. ) ( ) ( ) 1938 4 428 68480 2808000 41. 00 1939 1 972 155520 5187370 * 33. 36 * 1939 4 1000 160000 4114286 25. 71 1939 10 1000 160000 4525600 28. 29 * 1940 10 500 80000 2469136 30. 86 1940 11 500 80000 2291000 28. 64 4400 704000 21395392 : [ ] :, 1995 64 19 39 1 1 93 9 1 0

232 70 400 0 3 16. 8 31 9. 3 344 2. 5 344 ( 2 53 4. 4 ) : 2 361 60 00 236 16 000 192 0 12 300 440 0 19 39 30 00 : 19 39 2 3 00 0 [ 1 ] [ ] :, 1988 19 38 12 13 [ 1] 19 41 40 00 100 400 0 : 400 0 100 0 [ 2] [ ] :, 1995 [ 2] 44 00 213 953 92 84? 20 00 : 20 00 [ 3] [ ] :, 1995 [ 3] 20 00 193 9 14 8 000 64 37 4 %, 1 3. 7 4 2 139 539 2 ( 1 + 3. 7 4 ) = 10 141 415 8

( 19 37 194 5 ) 233 535 354 0 53 488 48 2 00 046 92 1 9 3 8 1 2 1 0 : 3 0 0 0 4 0 0 0, 4 5 4 5 1 8 1 8 0 1 9 3 9 4 4 1 1 4 1 9 4 0 1 0 4 9 3 8 4 1 9 3 8 1 9 4 0 2 0 0 0 : 8 000 1. 818 2 100 48 12 3. 8 [ 1] [ 1] [ ] :, 1995 65 1 93 9 9 19 40? 19 39 2 0

234 [ 1] :, 22 224 [ 1] 1 7 1 16 [ 2] 16. 67 1941 12 8 :, 1998 1546 [ 3] : 1942 8 24 [ 4] [ ] :, 65 1995 [ 5] [ ] :, 48 1995 [ 6] 7 200 1 5 3 5 ( 1940 10 25 :, 1998 1540 ) 19 41 7 9 [ 2], 8 40 32 [ 3] 15 ( 0. 5 ), 14. 7, 3. 7 1 938 19 40 3. 8, [ 4] 1 939 10 [ 5], 3. 7 4 9. 55 10. 55 9. 91 0. 7 10. 61 10 106 100 0 ( 3. 74 ) 4. 7 1 757 80 0 696 800 1 0. 2 5 3 48 400 19 40 492 598 9 8 7 6 8 2. 5 10. 5 15 16 ( 1 8 ) 194 0 0. 15 0. 35 0. 5 1 6 [ 6] 20 05 000

( 19 37 194 5 ) 235 20 800 00 1 940 2 2 0 ( ) 80 100 20 1 6 1 1 29 19 40 4 0 33 7 4. 6 4. 7 4. 7 6 596 450 0 3 388 45 00 320 800 00 1 0. 2 4 8 132 280 1 94 1 7 00 3 50 35 0 11 145 866 75 500 00 4 7. 6 % 3 848 000 1 4 7 1 3. 5 13 13. 25 [ 1] 0. 5 1 3. 7 5 14 [ 1] [ ] :, 1995 384 80 00 53 872 000 80 81 43 [ 2] 3 4 ( 7 ) 4. 7 194 1 126 599 200 7 27 272 00 [ 2 ] 1941 1 1 2 ; 100 40 1 0. 2 3 16 727 25 6 1 94 1 4 450 00 1 152 550 0 265 086 5 1 94 1

236 93 781 21 19 42 [ 1] [ ] :, 93 1995 [ 2 ] 1942 8 24 : 4 8 40 ( :, 1998 1554 ) [ 3 ] 1941 7 1942 6 5153000 3276000 710000 886000 281000 [ 4 ] 1942 6 343. 13 9 435 11 682 1943 2 1219 6 1054 9 1786 11 1942 1944 2 3238 6 9450 9 10250 11 24000 ( :, 543 ) 1948 1 16. 5 5 027 000 [ 1] 0. 5 17 854 59 000 7. 1 40 [ 2 ] 16 775 099 0 822 91 990 1 0. 23 1 892 71 58 [ 3] 1 300 00 341 510 0 785 473 19 42 19 712 636 19 42 195 000 0 1 94 3 8. 2 11 16. 5 0. 5 195 000 0 331 50 000 1 942 8 [ 4], ( 59 ) 8. 2 4. 7 7 515 300 0 4 200 30 00 51 840 060 0

( 19 37 194 5 ) 237 9 1942 6 1943 10 1 ( ) 42 6 42 9 42 11 43 3 43 6 43 10 75 106 116 144 268 596 : :, 2010 /7470 19 43 1 944 3 1 944 1 463 1 18 292 1 371 3 457 9 19 44 4 10 4 0 % [ 1] 1 94 4 4 90 718 [ 2] 9 8 164 66 1 944 4 1 94 4 3 40 % 194 4 19 68 72. 5 [ 3] 3 5 906 17. 5 ( 7 874 94 0 % 3 = 590 617. 5 ) 19 44 1 407 083 1 944 1 94 3 [ 1] [ ] :, 80 81 1995 [ 2 ] 10 28. 3495 31. 25 [ 3 ] 1944 3 196872. 5 1943 1950000 1 94 3 ( 8. 2 ) ( 17 ) 5 42 289 79 239 204 11 3 03 085 68 60 617 14

238 2, 60, 19 39 6 194 4 3 13 520 612 100 0 [ 1 ] : [ 1] 4000 1000 ( [ ] :, 1995 84 ) 60 1939 194 4 ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 1939 100000 9. 91 1061000 696800 348400 1940 2000000 2005000 16 32080000 33884500 8132280 1941 3500000 3848000 13. 25 53872000 72727200 16727256 1942 3760000 5027000 17 85459000 82291990 18927158 1943 1950000 17 33150000 42003000 8400600 1944 1407083* 17 23920411 30308568 6061714 14337078 58597408 : : [ 2] : 1946 1 22 : 1992 1048 [ 2]

( 19 37 194 5 ) 239 1 940 1 00 1 941 3 5 19 44 10 1 0 [ 1] [ 1 ] [ 2 ] :, 3 0 10 1991 846 820 5 0 18 1 1 6 2 1 4 3 12 60 0 [ 2] 1 94 5 4 1 0 5 0 15 0 110 40 194 4 1. 3 15 0 195 000 0 1 430 000 5 200 00 1 93 9 1 94 0 10 00 000 194 2 130 000 4 400 2 00 000 00 ; 14 33 707 8 58 597 408 ;

240 50 000 0 195 000 0 ; 805 474 08 80 55 ( ),?? : : ( [ 1] 1945 12 :, : ) [ 1] [ 2] 1992 433 434 [ 2] 1946 1 22 :, : 1992 1049

( 19 38 194 5 ) 241 ( 1938 1945 ) 19 38 19 45 1934 1 89 5

242 [ 1 ] R. Y. L o, The Opium in the F ar E ast, Shangha i, T he C om mer cial Pr ess, 1933, P. P. 50 51. [ 2 ], :, 1930 4 13 [ 3] :, 1988 38 [ 4 ] 1953 : [ ] : 1995 112 19 26 6 831 20 51 200 [ 1] 193 0 20 0 [ 2] 10 19 30 8 1 5 5 19 31 193 3 [ 3] [ 4] 19 32 9 000 1 937 100 00

( 19 38 194 5 ) 243 [ 1] 3 0, [ 1 ] [ 2 ], : 2 1963 3 6 3940 1 93 3 1 1 10 19 34 [ 2] 1 93 5 4 1 ( 193 5 )

244 ; ( 1 93 5 ) ( 1 940 ) [ 1] : 1935 12 1 30 [ 1] 5 1 2 193 7 19 35 5 193 7 193 5 5 19 40 194 0 19 35 19 35

( 19 38 194 5 ) 245, : 80 : [ 1] 19 37 11 148 2 3 884 4 [ 1 ], 1934 1935 :, 1998 1067 1 93 6 1 2 1 6 5 [ 2] 19 35 19 38 [ 2 ] :, 7576 1 93 9 9 20 ( M. S. Mye rs) : [ 3] [ 3] [ ] :, 1995 68 193 5 642

246 [ 1] :, : 1995 189191 6 1] 19 36 19 37 [ 2] :, 390 [ 2] :, 1995 73 19 38 5 10 1 939 : ; ; ( ) 1 938 1 2

( 19 38 194 5 ) 247 2 0 3 5 % 6 5 % [ 1] ( ) 19 39 [ 1], 43 ;, 63-64 3 30 ( 50 ) 1 30 6 00 13 0 : 19 39 4 2 0 130 10 00 10 ; 2 00 5 1 93 9 3 99 000 3 000 3 4 [ 2] [ 2], :, 1998 1597 1 50

248 1 941 20 % 1 500 0 1 94 3 100 2 0 50 00 64 0 [ 1] 1943 6 :, 1998 1564 [ 1] 19 40 1 700 00 19 41 3 29 000 214 00 0 9 900 0 15 000 K. 19 39 : ( ) ( ) [ 2] [ ] :, 1995 [ 2] 194 1 4 68 21 13 5 ; 1 944 9 2 7 226 1 945 8 40 4 0 100 5 20 0 500

( 19 38 194 5 ) 249 2 00 [ 1] : 1 94 1 1 2 [ 1 ] [ 2 ], :, 1998 1597 679 322 0 2 03 800 19 42 8 2 0 2 400 00 1 94 2, 19 45 8 4 32 8 6 951 46 43 94 81 1 777 9 377 5 4 31 82 [ 2] 1 942 3 000

250 5 1 0 [ 1] 1942 11 25 :, 1998 1597 [ 2], [ 1] : ; [ 2], 1938 6 3 1 89 8 19 24 19 25 9 5,,

( 19 38 194 5 ) 251 ( ) ( ) 1 92 6, 1 1 10 0 11 00 5 000 0 5 0

252 1 000 1 931 193 2 1 000?

( 19 38 194 5 ) 253 80 1 00 00 4 000 0 2 0 1 93 3 1 0

254 19 34 1 1 934 9 7 700 00 [ 1] :, 1988 40 [ 1] 193 5 19 37 6

( 19 38 194 5 ) 255 5 10 1 0 [ 1] [ 1 ], ( [ ] :, 1995 129133 ) [ 2] 1 94 1 [ 2 ] L N, Advisor y Comm ittee, Repor ts of Governments on the T raffic in Opium and other Dangerous D rugs for tue Yea r 1940, P. 35. 1 94 1 ( ) 1 94 4

256 47 1937 180 0 1 950 19 29 [ 1] : 1926 1934, 9 15 [ 1] 1963 130132 1 93 6 : ; ; ; [ 2],, 1936 11 9 [ 3] :, [ 2] 19 38 [ 3] 19 37 182 242

( 19 38 194 5 ) 257 1 939 1 977 3 1 93 8 1 0 2 0 5 0 : 1 93 9 3 ( 5 ),, [ 1] 20 ( 1 0. 01 04 ) 1 000 5 0 [ 1 ], 6 70 6 ; 1 6 12 6

258 19 40 7 10 3 29 500 0 10 0 ; 200 0 100 ; 50 10 0. 3 7 194 0 1 1 ( M. S. Myers) 160 230 00 316 80 16. 92 18 [ 1 ] John R. Pr itchar d a nd Sonia M. Za ide, eds., T he T okyo war Cr imes trials: The Complete T ra nscripts of T he Pr oceedings of the Inter nationa l T ribuna l for the F ar E ast, N. Y. : G ar land Publishing I nc., 1981, P. 4844. 20 [ 1] 19 40 8 194 1 2 4 ( 1 939 3 19 43 5 ), 3 000 0 50 000 0 1 0 10

( 19 38 194 5 ) 259 1 94 0 1 00 2 00 50 2 000 0 50 1 00 3 000 : 9 000 0 3 0 [ 1] 8 52 3 00 [ 1 ] John R. Pr itchar d a nd Sonia M. Z a ide, eds., T he T okyo wa r Crimes tr i- a ls: T he Complete Tr anscripts of T he Pr oceedings of the I nter na tiona l Tribuna l for the F ar E a st, N. Y. : G a r la nd P ublishing I nc., 1981, P. 48444845. 19 39 3 40 0 4 0 19 42

260,,, [ 1] 1943 [ 1] [ 2] 2 10 :, 1558 1998 [ 2] 1942 12 31 1943 11 4, :, 1998 1579 19 41 12 25 194 3 2 4 19 5 000 ( ) ; 1 43. 5 ( ) [ 3] 1943 15 1942 12 31 1943 11 4, :, 1998 1579 [ 4] 1946 3 8 :, 1998 1298 [ 3] [ 4] 19 42 1 5 194 4 1 1 3,

( 19 38 194 5 ) 261, 5 5? [ 1] [ 1 ] :, 1946 5 :, 1998 1574 ( ) ( )

262 ( ) ; ; ; : ;

( 19 38 194 5 ) 263 : 1 89 7 19 41 9 469 503 3 ; 1 93 2 19 40 737 452 20 ; 1 907 192 0 88 23 500 ; 1 938 19 44 5 871 ; 19 38 1 94 5 311 0 ; 1 938 194 3 8 054 740 8 ; 1 944 1 94 5 6 061 714 7 35 36 828 75 ( ) 1 94 1 19 45 1 944 1 211 975 50 1 945 2 270 132 00 ; ( ) 1 921 ; ( ) 19 38 ; ( ) 193 8 194 5 ; 19 16 1 92 0 5 6 854 0 ( 90 0 5 4 50 0 ), 6 404 0 6 60 0 6 70 0? 19 43 3 563 9 19 39

264 54 432 697 194 4 10 0 5 0 120 270 9 %, 20 25 0 15 3 000 90 0 1 /3 69 % 30 [ 1] [ ] :, 1987 119 [ 1] 30 % 10 1 5 %

( 19 38 194 5 ) 265 03 000 4 15 5 194 3 15 6 20 1 3 % 1 / 2 1 / 3 3 8 % 1 945 15 00 00 400 00 50 00 0 250 000 1 943 40 1 000 ( ) 50 % [ 1] [ 1 ] 1946 :, 1998 1578 1 / 4 1 / 3 20 3 0 1 0??? 70 ; 3 298 8. 8 % [ 2] [ 2 ] :, 12 ( 2) /1312! 1 932 3

266 19 38 6 13 19 39 6 3 : ( ) [ 1], 17 1939 [ 1] 19 39 6 12 24 19 40 6 3 :

( 19 38 194 5 ) 267 [ 1] 1 94 6 : [ 1 ] :, 1940 6 3 [ 2] 1 93 6 5 1 8 6 5 21 ( Stu art T. Fulle r) : [ 2 ], :, 1575 1998 [ 3] 1 93 8 6 2 3 [ 3 ] :, 1994 1 55 :

268 [ 1] [ ], 1938 7 11 [ 1] 19 40 5 25 : [ 2] J ohn R. Pr itchar d and Sonia M. Z a ide, eds., T he T okyo wa r Crimes tria ls: T he Comple te Tr anscripts of T he P roceedings of the I nterna tional T ribunal for the F ar E ast, N. Y. : G a r la nd P ublishing I nc., 1981, P. P. 4668-4669. [ 3] Fr eder ick T. M er r ill, J apan and the O pium M ena ce ( N. Y. : I nstitute of P acific R ela tions and For - r eign Policy Associa tion, 1942, ) P. P. 62, 72. [ 2] 19 42 : [ 3] 19 43 9 193 6 [ 4], :, 1575 1998 [ 4] 19 35 5 ( Prof. Miya jima ) 19 32

( 19 38 194 5 ) 269, : 193 4 [ 1] 1 93 8 [ 2] 1 93 8 11 ( R. Fletc he r) 19 37 [ 1 ] 1935 5 :, 1998 1529 [ 2 ] 1938 :, 1998 1536 [ 3] [ 3 ] :, 1994 1 57

270 19 46 1 19 6 11 9 1 1 1 1 1 ( ) 194 6 5 3 [ 1] ( 1883 1948 ), 1937 8 1945 8, 1948 12 23 1 948 11 4 12 28 7 16 2 2 1 [ 1] : 1 937 95 000

( 19 38 194 5 ) 271 ; [ 1] 1 939 6 1 [ 1 ] [ ] :, 90 1988 193 3 19 35 [ 2] [ 3] [ 2 ] [ 3] [ ] H E :, 1987 123124 : [ 4] [ 4] [ ] :, 1995 : 128

272 [ 1] [ ] :, 1995 [ 1] 128 198 8 2 4 [ 2] [ ] :, 1995 [ 2] 129 194 5!

273 1912 1 23 ( ) :

274 : : :

275 C 17 H 19 NO 3, C 17 H 21 NO 4, C 21 H 28 NO 5 ( )

276, : ( ) ( 0. 2 % ) ( 0. 1 % ) ( ) ( ) ( )

277 : ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

278 1 912 1 2 31 (, 191 2 1 93 2 04 )

279 1925 2 11 ( 1 ) ( 3 ) ( 2 ) ( 3 ) A B A ( dross) ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ( 3 )

280 192 9 90 90

281 1925 2 19 1 912 1 23 ( Op ium Pru t ) ( Op ium Me dicin al ) ( Morphi ne ) C 17 H 19 NO 3 ( Dia c ety m orph ine ), C 21 H 28 NO 5 ( Feu illasde Coca ) ( E rythroxylum Coca )

282 ( Crud e Coc ain e ) ( Coc aine ) (a D20 = - 16 4 ), C 17 H 21 NO 4 ( E c gonine ) ( a D29 = - 45 6 ) C 9 H 15 NO 3 H 2 O, ( Ind ian He m p ) Ca nn abissativa L. : A ; B ; C ; D ( ) ; E ; F Cale nic al Prepa rations ; G

283 : ( A) BC G ; ( B ) ; ( C )

284 : A ( Ha sh ish esrar, ch iras, dja mba ), B

285 ( )

286 ( )

287 ( C ), : ( A) ; ( B ) B CG ; ( C ) ; ( D) ; ( E ) ( A) ( E )

288 ( ) ( )

289

290 ( ),

291 1931 7 13 19 12 1 23 19 25 2 1 9 : ( ) : ( ) 19 25 2 19

292 ) : ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ( Dia ce tylm orp hine ) ( E ste rs of morphin e ), ( 3 ) ( Coc ain e ) ( Coc a lea f) ( E s- t ers of ec gonin e ), ( 4 ) ( Dihydrohyd rooxycod ein on e ), ( E uc oda l ) ( Dihydroc od ein one ) ( Dic od ide ) ( Dihydrom orp hinone ), ( Dil aud ide ), ( Ac etyldih yd roc ode inone ) ( Ace tyldime thylod ihydrotheb ain e ), ( Ace dik on ) ( Dih ydromorp hin e ), ( Pa ram orfa n ) ( E sters) ( Morp hine -N-N -oxide ), ( Ge nomorphin e ) ( Morph ine -N-oxid ede riva tives) : ( E cgoni ne ) ( Theb ain e ) ( Be nzylm orp hine ) ( othe r este rs of morphin e ), ( Me thylmorphin e ) ( E thylm orp hin e) ( ) ( )

293 ( Alka loid ), C 17 H 19 NO 3 ( ) C 21 H 28 NO 5 ( C 17 H 17 ( C 2 H 3 O 2 ) O 3 N) ( E rythroxylac ea e ) E rythroxylon Coca La ma rck a nd the E rythroxyl on novogra na tense hie ron ym us a D 20 ( C 17 H 21 O 4 N) a D 20 ( C 9 H 15 O 3 NH 2 O ), : ( Dih yd rohydrooxyc od ein on e) C 18 H 21 O 4 N ( Dih yd roc od einone ) C 18 H 21 O 3 N ( Dih yd rom orph inone ) ( Ac et yldih yd roc od einone ) C 17 H 19 O 3 N ( Ace tyldim ethylodihydrotheb ain e ) C 20 H 23 O 4 N ( C 18 H 20 ( C 2 H 3 O) O 3 N ) ( Dih yd rom orph ine ) ( Morp hin e -N-oxide ) ( Me thylmorphin e ) ( The ba ine ) C 17 H 21 O 3 N C 17 H 10 O 4 N C 18 H 21 O 3 N C 19 H 21 O 3 N ( E thylmorphin e ) C 19 H 23 O 3 N ( C 17 H 18 ( C 2 H 5 O) O 2 N ) ( Ben zylmorphin e ) C 24 H 25 O 3 N ( C 17 H 18 ( C 7 H 7 O) O 2 N )

294 ( ) ; : ( ) ( ) ( ), ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ( 3 ) ( 1 )

295 2 ), ( 1 ) ( 2 ) : ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( 3 ) ( 4 ) ( 5 ) ( 6 )

296 ( 7 ) ( 8 ) ( 1 ) : ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( 2 )

297, : ( ) ( ) ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ( 3 ) ( 1 )

298 ( 2 ) ( 3 ) ( ), ( ) ( 4 ) ( 5 ) ( 6 ) ( 7 ) ( 1 ) ( 2 )

299 ( 1 ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( 2 ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) A B ( 1 ) ( 2 )

300 : ( ) ( ) ( 3 ) : 1. ; 2. ; 3. ; 4. ; 5. ; 6. ; 7. : 1. ; 2. ; 3. ( 1 ) : ( ) ; ( ) ; ( ) ( 2 )

301 : ( ) ( ) ( ) ( 1 ) ( 2 )

302 ( 3 ) : 1. ; 2. ; 3. ; 4. ; 5. 6. ( ) ; 7. 19 12 192 5 19 20 12 16

303 19 20 1 2 16 19 07 10 1 8 ( ) 1 931 12 3 1 1 932 1 1 :

304 19 31 7 13

305 :, 1 997 :, 2 00 1 :, 199 6 :, 1 997 :, 2 004 :, 1 99 9 [ ] :, 1 99 9 [ ] :, 1 98 6 [ ] F. C. : 19 31 ( Manc hu ria Sinc e 19 31 ), 1 959 [ ] :, 19 88 [ ] :, 1 99 5 [ ] :, 19 84

306 19 95 ] :, :, 19 98 8 9 :, 1 995 5 :, 19 93 5 :, 19 94 1, 1 7 19 40 : 1 926 193 4, 9 196 3 : 19 12 1 945 98 1 999 1 2 :, 25 1 996 6 : ( 19 10 1 945 ), 27 1 997 6 : ( 19 37 1 945 ), 28 1 998 6 : ( 19 37 1 945 ),, 3 1 19 99 6, 19 35 6 3,, : 19 89, 17

307 94 0 :, 1 993 3 :,, 1 995 :, 3 198 9 :, : 6 199 5, : 2 196 3 3 : 1 193 5 12 :, 22 1 99 2 :, 3 1 98 9 :, 1 7 19 40 :, ( ), 2 002 :, 22 19 92 [ ] : 19 10, 12 19 89

308, 19 92 : 1 941 :, 199 8 : 1 991 :, 199 3 : 18 82 1 93 1, 19 85 :, 19 86 :, 19 88 :, 193 6 :, 18 95 1 898 1 3 197 8 :, 19 37 :, 19 37 :, 19 36 :, 198 7 :, 1 938

309, 1 98 6 :, 1 99 7 [ ] :, 1 985 [ ] :, 86 19 94 [ ] :, 1 97 9 [ ] :, 1 984 [ ] : ( 1 2 ),, ( ), 19 86 [ ] :, 1 198 6 [ ] :, 14 ( 1 925 ) [ ] :, 1 98 8 [ ] :, 1 987 Joh n R. Pritec ha rd an d Sonia M. Zaid e, eds., The Tokyo Wa r Crim es Tria ls: The Complete Tra nscripts of the P roceed ing s of the Interna - tiona l Milita ry Tribu rna l for th e F a r E a st, Vo1. 2, N. Y. : Ga rl and Pu blishing In c., 1 981. Y u -min g Sha w, An America n M issiona ry in China : J ohn Leigh ton Stua rt a nd Chinese America n Rela tions, Ca m bridge, Ma ss. Ha rva rd University Press, 19 92.