25-38 25 鼠 害 防 治 技 術 與 展 望 盧 高 宏 * 2004 鼠 害 防 治 技 術 之 研 發 及 展 望 鼠 類 危 害 及 防 除 技 術 研 討 會 專 刊 :25-38 臺 灣 地 區 氣 候 溫 和, 作 物 種 類 繁 雜 且 終 年 不 斷, 對 田 間 鼠 類 而 言, 可 供 棲 息 隱 匿 的 處 所 隨 處 皆 是, 且 糧 食 不 虞 匱 乏 因 環 境 適 宜, 田 間 各 種 鼠 類 不 但 生 殖 潛 能 高, 且 全 年 皆 可 生 殖, 對 各 種 農 作 造 成 極 大 的 為 害, 鼠 害 防 治 自 然 成 為 病 蟲 草 害 之 外 的 一 項 重 要 植 物 保 護 工 作 鼠 害 防 治 工 作 無 論 在 防 除 計 畫 的 規 劃 防 除 方 法 的 研 發 防 除 藥 劑 的 選 用, 皆 已 相 當 成 熟, 近 25 年 來, 每 年 的 防 除 率 皆 高 達 80%, 可 謂 成 效 卓 著 但 因 長 期 使 用 抗 凝 血 性 殺 鼠 劑, 部 份 鼠 類 的 多 種 藥 劑 產 生 抗 藥 性 或 耐 藥 性, 故 仍 需 針 對 開 發 新 型 殺 鼠 物 質 及 相 對 應 的 防 除 技 術 加 以 研 究 探 討 自 1988 年 達 滅 鼠 研 發 上 巿 之 後, 國 外 對 鼠 害 防 除 方 式, 未 見 有 其 他 新 的 殺 鼠 劑 上 巿, 相 對 的 卻 見 探 討 以 肝 毛 細 線 蟲 (Capillaria hepatica) 新 加 坡 肌 肉 孢 子 蟲 (Sarcocystis singarporensis) 進 行 鼠 類 棲 群 控 制 之 生 物 防 治 法, 及 天 然 素 材 或 植 物 淬 取 物 雷 公 藤 多 醣 苷 劑 之 殺 鼠 劑 防 除 鼠 害 研 究 這 些 以 天 然 素 材 及 植 物 淬 取 物 之 殺 鼠 劑, 解 決 抗 藥 性 的 問 題 及 以 寄 生 蟲 防 除 野 鼠 之 生 物 防 治 方 法, 無 疑 提 供 了 一 個 新 的 思 惟 方 向 此 外 探 討 如 何 取 代 現 行 殺 鼠 劑 配 方 中 之 蠟 質 之 成 份, 研 發 新 型 殺 鼠 餌 劑 及 提 高 鼠 類 對 餌 料 喜 好 性 之 研 究, 為 今 後 鼠 害 防 除 研 究 之 重 要 項 目 之 一 ( 關 鍵 詞 : 鼠 害 防 治 抗 藥 性 肝 毛 細 線 蟲 新 加 坡 肌 肉 孢 子 蟲 雷 公 藤 餌 劑 配 方 ) 1960 E-mail: khlu@tactri.gov.tw
26 4000 28 4.6% 1926 1957/1958 1970-1976 1979 1631 (14) 25 80% 1972-1980 1951 1954 (coumatetralyl) (diphacinone) (chlorophacinone) (difenacoum) (bronadiolone) (brodifacoum) (flocoumafen) (difenacoum) (14) (3) 1979 1982 1988 1997
27 0.0025% 2 0.005% 0.005% 2 (14) 1983 1984 5 1985 (14) (Apodemus agrarius) (10) (11) (Mus musculus castaneus) (9) 1995 (14) ( ) 1988 (flocoumafen) 1991 (9) ( ) 1988 (23) (18, 41, 45) (Sarcocystis singarporensis) (Capillaria hepatica)
28 1978-2003 Table 1. Poison bait used for field rodent control in 1978~2002 Amount of bait(ton) Zinc phoshide 1% Warfarin 0.025% Brodifacoum 0.005% Bromadiolon e 0.005% Flocoumafen 0.005% 1978 0 1008 1979 0 1613 1980 21 1740 1981 1 1064 329 1982 1.8 406 582 1983 0 357 689 1984 675 600 12 1985 63 779 73 1986 55 670 55 1987 63 607 159 1988 32 501 276 1989 0 482 289 22 1990 457 203 126 1991 252 130 376 1992 227 133 362 1994 233 101 436 1995 341 0 529 1999 308 466 2000 293 387 2001 299 365 2002 465 186 2003 381 228 (Capillaria hepatica)
29 (cannibanism) (necrophage) (43) (44) (15, 30, 31, 45) (Mus domesticus) (41, 42) (Sarcocytis) (Phylum Apicomplexa) (Class Sporoza) (shizogony) (sporogony) (gamogony) coccidian (Sarcocystis singarporensis) (26, 35) (21, 26, 48) 蠎 (Python reticulates) (Rattus) (Bandicota) 蠎 蠎 (24) (endopolygeny) (endozoite) (cyst) (metrocyst) (endodyogeny) cystozoites 蠎 (oocyst) (17, (larmina propria) 20) 90% (24) (2 x 10 4 ) (Rattus norvegicus) (Rattus tiomanicus) (Bandicota indica) 58% - 92% (25) Natrocell Technologies Ltd.
30 (EradiRat EradiMouse Rode-trol ) 15-20% (27, (clostridia enterotoxaemia) 39) EradiMouse 4-8 2-6 21.4% 28.8% (33, 34) Rode-trol ( ) Rod-trol Table 2. Results of ad libitum feeding of Rod-trol torattus norvegicus, R. losea, Apodemus agrarius Species Sex Body weight (g) Total bait eaten (g) Mortality Days until death Body weight lost until death (%) R. norvegicus M 441±64 270(61 478) 5/5 11(9 11) 35.3±6.6 F 309±34 124(85 179) 5/5 8(6 10) 29.1±8.1 R. losea M 127±18 94(75 122) 5/5 9(6 11) 25.9±10.1 A. agrarius M 26±2 15(12 19) 5/5 6(5 7) 15.2±2.4 (Tripterygium wilfordii Hookf) (Tripterygium wilfordii Hookf) Yu (47) 144 9 2-56 苷 Wistar 6 10 mg/kg 苷 8 (36, 37) 1 2-3 2003
31 3 0 26.7-37.5% ( ) Rode-trol 苷 (38), 3 36.7% 11.5% 5.4% (5) 2 (4, 8, 19, 43) Barker (15) (43) (28) (29)
32 (17, 46) ( ) ( ) 4 7 蠎 (24) (21) (24) Brook and Bowerman (16) 15 Meehan (32) (1) (2) 1957/1958 1970-1976 (6, 7) 10% 0.5% 0.025% 1976 (3)
33 1978 70% ( ) 30% Shafi (40) (Rattus rattus) cyclamic acid dextrin 1.3 (13) (22) 2% 2% (12) 1. 1997 158 31-44 2. 1999 164 31-39 3. 1976 12(4) 1-13 4. 1993 6(2) 3 5. 2000 70 51-57 6. 1980-1995 7. 1958 59
34 8. 1997 32(5) 1-3 9. 1993 (Mus musculus castaneus) 35 205-210 10. 1995 47 11. 1996 67 12. 2001 22 13. 1994 36 161-166 14. 2003 刋 ( 刋 ) 323-338 15. Barker, S. C., Singlenton, G. R., and Spartt, D. M. 1991. Can the nematode Capilaria hepatica regulate abundance in wild house mice? Results of enclosure experiments in southeastern Australia. Parasitology 103: 439-449. 16. Brooks, J. E., and Browerman, A. M. 1973. Preferences of wild Norway rats for grain, seeds and legumes. Pest Control 41: 13, 16, 18, 36, 38,39. 17. Cawthorn, R. J., and Speer, C. A. 1990. Sarcocystis: Infection and disease of humans, livestock, wildlife and other hosts. pp. 91-120. In: P. L. Long [ed.], Coccidiosis of man and domestic animal. CRC Press, Boca Raton. 18. Chamber, L. K., Sngleton, G. R., and Hood, G. M. 1997. Immunocontraception as a potential control method of wild rodent population. Belg. J. Zool. 127(supple): 145-156. 19. Childs, J. E., Glass, G. E., and Korch, G. W. 1988. The comparative epizootiology of Capilaria hepatica (Nematoda) in urban rodent from different habitats of Baltimore, Maryland. Can. J. Zool. 66: 2769-2775. 20. Dubey, J. P., Speer, C. A., and Fayer, R. 1989. Sarcocystosis of Animals and
35 Man. pp. 215, CRC Press, Boca Raton. 21. Häfner, U., and Frank, W. 1984. Host specificity and host range of the genus Sarcocystis in three snak-rodent life cycles. Zbl. Bak. Hyg. Orig. A 256: 296-299. 22. Houtcooper, W. C. 1978. Food habits of rodents in a cultivated ecosystem. J. Mammal. 59: 427-430. 23. Hudson, P. J., Dobson, A. P., and Newborn, D. 1998. Prevention of population cycles by parasite removal. Science 282: 2256-2258. 24. Jäkel, T., Burgstaller, H., and Frank, W. 1996. Sarcocystis singarporensis: studies on host specificity, pathogenicity, and potential use as a biocontrol agent of wild rats. J. Parasitol. 82: 280-287. 25. Jäkel, T., Khoprasert, Y., Endepols, S., Archer-Baumann, C., Suasa-ard, K., Promkerd, P., Kliemt, D., Boonsong, P., and Hongnark, S. 1999. Biological control of rodents using Sarcocystis singarporensis. Inter. J. Parasitol. 29: 1321-1330. 26. Jäkel, T., Khoprasert, Y., Sorger, I., Kllemt, D., Seehabutr, V., Suasa-ard, K., and Hongnark, S. 1997. Sarcosporidiasis in rodents from Thailand. J. Wildl. Dis. 33: 860-867. 27. Kable. J. R. 2002. Effects of Eradirat on rats when feed ad libitum. Sponsored study by Natrocell Technologies Ltd. Tested by Cesis Laboratory Group, St. Louis Division, 6200 S. Lindbergh Blvd., St. Louis, MO 63126. U. S. A. Study ID number. GLP31745. 28. Kohatsu, H., Zaha, O., Shimada, K., Chibana, T., Yara, I., Shimada, A., Hasegawa, H., and Sato, Y. 1995. A space-occupying lesion in the liver due to Capillaria infection. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 52: 414-418. 29. Liu, J. C., Whalen, G. E., and Cross, J. H.. 1970. Capillaria ova in human sputum. J. Formosa Med. Ass. 69: 80-82. 30. McCallum, H. I. 1993. Evaluation of a nematode (Capilaria hepatica Bancroft, 1893) as a control agent for populations of house mice (Mus musculus domesticus Schwartz and Schwarts 1943) Rev. Sci. Tech. Off. Int. Epiz. 12: 83-93, 1993. 31. McCallum, H. I., and Singleton, G. R.. 1989. Models to assess the potential of
36 Capilalia hepatica to control population outbreaks of house mice. Parasitology 98: 425-437. 32. Meehan, A. P. 1984. Rats and mice, 1st ed.. The Rentokil Library, Felcourt, East Grinstead, W. Sussex, U. K. 383 pp. 33. Morgan, D. R. 2001. Provisional summary report of Daily consumption of 14-day efficacy of Eradimouse against house mouse (Mus musculus). Lander Research, New Zealand. 1 pp. 34. Morgan, D. R. 2002. Daily consumption of Eradimouse by feral Norway rats (Rattus norvegicus) during a 14-day efficacy trial. Provisional Summary Report. Lander Research, New Zealand. 1 pp. 35. O Donoghue, P. J., Watts, C. H. S., and Dixon, B. R. 1987. Ultrastructure of Sarcocystis spp. (Protozoa: Apicomplexa) in rodents from North Sulawesi and West Java, Indonesia. J. Wildl. Dis. 23: 225-232. 36. Qian, S. Z. 1987. Tripterygium wilfordii, a Chineses herb effective in male fertility regulation. Contraception 36: 335-345. 37. Qian, S. Z., Zhong, C. Q., and Xu, Y. 1986. Effect of Tripterygium wilfordii on the fertility of rats. Contraception 33: 105-110. 38. Qian, S. Z., Xu, Y., and Zhang, J. W. 1995. Recent Progress in research on Tripterygium: A male antifertility plant. Concetraption 51: 121-129. 39. Rothstein, E. C. 1994. Effects of Orbis Molasses Pellet on rats when fed ad libitum. Sponsored by Delmar Company. Perfoming Laboratory: Leberco Testing Inc., 123 Hawthorne St., Roselle Park, NJ 07204, U. S. A. Laboratory assay No. 9415100. 40. Shafi, M. M., Pervez, A., Ahamd, S., and Ahamed, S. M. 1990. Role of some taste additives to enhance poison bait acceptance in the black rat, Rattus rattus L. Trop. Pest Manage. 36: 371-374. 41. Singleton, G. R., and Chambers, L. K. 1996. A manipulative field experiment to examine the effect of Capillaria hepatica (Nematoda) on wild mouse populations in southern Australia. Int. J. Parasitol. 26: 383-398. 42. Singleton, G. R., Chambers, L. K., and Spratt, D. M. 1995. A experimental field study to examine whether Capillaria hepatica (Nematoda) can limit house mouse population in eastern Australia. Wildl. Res. 22: 31-53.
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38 ABSTRACT Lu*, K. H. 2004. Proceeding of Rodent Damage and Control. Proceedings of the symposium on rodent damage and control strategy: 25-38. (Department of Toxicology, Taiwan Agricultural Chemicals and Toxic Substances Research Institute, Wufeng, Taichung, Taiwan 413, ROC) Taiwan, which is located in both tropical and subtropical zones,, has a warm, humid climate. Multiple plantings of agricultural products are carried out throughout the year. Hence, the abundance of food affords favorable conditions for rodent infestations. Field rodent control was initiated for controlling rodents in sugarcane fields in 1926. Since then, many methods have been tried in attempts at controlling these pests. Although the technology of rodent control is well developed, the efficacy of control has been about 80% in the past 25 yr. It traditionally has heavily relied on the use of anticoagulant rodenticides. In consequence, such poisons against field rodents is significantly droppiing, as many rodent populations have developed resistance to the anticoagulants commonly used. To solve this problem, alternatives to chemical control, Rode-trol, bait made of natural vegetable materials or bait made of an extract of Tripterygium wilfordii, are under development. Using pathogenic parasite such as Capilaria hepatica and Sarcocystis singarporensis which either targets the reproductive performance of rodents or directly affects their survival as biological control agent provide another alternative. In order for rodent control to become even more successful, bait formulation and their attractiveness need to be improved. (key words: field rodent control, resistance, Capilaria hepatica, Sarcocystis singarporensis, Tripterygium wilfordii, bait formulation) * Corresponding author. E-mail: khlu@tactri.gov.tw