1998 4 28, 8 1 200 34000, ( WCMC ), IUCN, IUCN, ( TNC ),,,, : 270, 000, 12.5%, 33, 798 369, 200 1) 270, 000, 12.5%, 33, 798 369, 1
2), 91 %,, 3),, 75 %,, 12% 4),, 32.5% 5),, 6), 14%,32%, 32% 7),,,,,, 2
: IUCN 5 (, 2.4 %, 1.0%, 0.5% ),,, :, (29%, 14.4 %, 11.5% )? IUCN, 91%,,,,, 10 7 : ( ) [ ], ( ), ( ), ( ), (), ( ) [ ], ( ) [ ], IUCN,,, 3
511 IUCN, 372 8 19 (, 100 % ), 20 50 %, 8 ( ), : 1 ), 2), 3 ),,,,,,! IUCN 380, 371 /,,, 6522,, 1997 IUCN,, 4
,,,, 1.,,,,,, 2.,,,,, 3.3, 2.3, 424 295, 750, 1000, 20, 4.8, 3.5, 5 5
,,,,,,,,, 10 2, 3.,,,,,,,,,, 30516 (1.518 ),, 3, 6000 4. 2800, 1, 3399.4, 24.7, 1, 171, 34, 2737, 544 6
,,, 1.,, 6 5,, 170 6, 4 7 21,,100,, 4,,,,,,, 2.,,,, 90 %,,, 7
,,,,,, 45%,,,,,, 3.,,,, 1.,, 2.,,,,,,,, 8
,,,,, 1980 1998, 2.16 67.18, 21.8 %,,,,, 3.,,,.,,,,,,,, 9
,,,? W TO,,,!,,, 95 %,,,, 60, 30, 1000,,,, 10
40% ; 1983 1.3, 1978 33% ; 240, 7000, 30 16,,,,,?,,, :,, 90, 400,,,,,,,,, 11
,,,, 1987,,,,,,,,,,, 1999 9 9 ( ) : ( )( ) ( ) () ( ) 12
,,,, 6347, 14 % ; 100 ; 32800, 12%,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 1950,, 1956 9,, 13
, 1962 9,,,,,,,,,,, 1985,, 1988, 1996,,, :, ;, 1999, 1118, 8641, 8.62% 776, 69.4%, 6697, 6.98 %, 77.5% 136, 94, 69. 1% 850, 75O 85% 85 % 65 % 14
, 130,,, 15, 7, 3,,,, 14 400 ;,,,, 64 96, 61 25 38, 26, 1981 7, 203,, 10, 200 9000 26 80O,,,, 15
2.7%, 2600,,,, ( ),,, 1992,, ; ; 17 37 ;, ;,,,, 240,, ;, 40,,,,, 7,,,, 16
1995,,,,,,,,,,,, 6 ( ),, 7000,, 20,,,,,, :,,,,,, 17
,, 3000,, 2500 114,,,,,,,,,,,, 26,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 18
,,,,,,,,,,,,, ;, ;,, ;,,,,,,,,,,, 19
,,,, 10%, 20, 5-6 ( 1/ 5 ), 10-30 3, 3000,,,, ;, 2003,,,, :,, 74, 30,, 20
,,, ;,,,,,,, 1, 50,,,,,, 1/ 3;,,, : 40, ;,, 15,,,,,, 300,, 50,, 21
,,,, 9, 7, 1200 1,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 30 85.6 %, 87.9%,,,,, ; ;, ;, 70,, ( ),,, 22
,,,, 2000,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ;,,,,,,,,, :,!,, 14, 111.5, 23
, 98 %,,,,,,, 10,,, ;,, 2000,, 94.1%, 1992,, 1.5,, 9, 200, 4300, 11, 120, 82, 1230,,,,,,,,,,,,, :,, 24
,,, 270, 17000,,, 909, 1.03 ; 120,,,, ;,, 40005000, 1000, 200,, 25
,,, :,,, 100,,,,,, 4000,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 26
,,,,,,, :,,, 3,,,,, 2050, 40, 1 6, 5,,,,,, 27
,,, 30,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 28
,,,,, 710,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 29
,,,, ( ),,,,,,,, :,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 30
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 31
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 32
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 33
,,, 2321, 183 896 250, 184, 1887, 154 616 1656,.,,,,,,,.,,,,,,,, 34
,.,,,,,,,,,, 18002000, 80%,,,,, ( )( ), 35
,,,, ),,, 12001600, 6080%,, ( )( ),,,, (), ( ) 36
,,,,,,, 200,,,,,,,, 103 31 109 30 24 30 29 13, 1 000m, 1 000 m 56.1 %,,,,,,,,, 37
,,,,, 3 9 26 146 ( )3 : 1. 2. 3.,,,,,, 1 ( ) 2 ( )8 1 :,,,, 248 1543 5593 ( ),,,,,, (), 38
),,,,, 1991 ( ) 388 ( ), 3, ( 121 ) ( 110 ) ( 157 ) ; 1 (8 ) 2 ( 159 ) 3 (221 ), 41 67 80 1 4, ;2 30, ; 3 37,, () ()1999 ( )( ), 294, I 64, II 230, 39 62 77 I 17, ; II 56,,, 39
,,,,, 3,,, ( ) ( 1999 ), 100 ( ), 79 48, 7 7 11, 6 14 20, 35 58 70 2 48, 79, 100 3 2.1 1 2,,,,, ( ), (,1996),, ( 9 ) (6 ) ( 5 ) ( 14 ), 8.33%, 33.66%, 48 9 40
27, 64.29%,, 47. 63 %, 2.2, ( : ) 12 1 ; (27) 33, 42.30% ; (814 )24, 30. 77 % ; 21, 26.93% 1,, 33, 20,, 24,, 18,, ( Euptelea) 21,,,,,, 12 41
7, 2.3 1, 5 100, 42, 42.0% ; 33, 33.0 % ; 3, 3.0% ; 20, 20.0% ; 2, 2.0% 80, 20,, 75, 2, 5,,,, 60, 60. 0% ; ( 56 ) ( 45 ) ( 44 ) ( 40 ),,, ;, 3, 64, 64.0%,, 42
,, 3,, 2 1002 300,, 15001600,,,,, ;,, ;,, 2.4 4, 2, ( ) ( ) 3 ( ), 63,, 5 6, : (1 ), 43
m 280-640m, 2 100m (2 ) 9, (52, 52.0% ), (9, 9.0% ) ; 63, ( 27, 27.0 % ), 6 1, 412, ( 3 ), ( ), ( ) 3, : (1 ),,,,, (2 ), 64, 64.0 %, 3, (3 ),, 27, 64.29 % ;, 33, 42.30% (4 ), 12, 7, 44
, 100, 80, 80.0%, 75, (6 ), ;,, 60, 60% 45
, 24, 40, 80 940 1870,, 20, 1, 5, 6, 10,,, 40, 4 300 1100, 47
, 20, 500 3 4,4, 9 10,,, 40, 150 1500,,,, 10, 48
, 1 6, 10 20,,,,,,,,, :, 10, 10 15, 4,, 4 10,,, 49
,, 50
25 45, 1 3, 6 1974,,, 3000 3400,,, 51
15-20m, 50cm,, 300-2500 m,,,, 75,, 52
5-12m,,, 2-3, 4-6,, 1000m, 53
17, 80 1700, 5, 5, 11, 54
35, 60, 1200 2400,,, 5, 9 10 55
16, 60 600 1600,,, 3 4, 9 10 56
3 4,,, 57
,,,,, 4 6, 10 58
1-2.5m,,, 30-40,, 1-5, 1100-2000m 59
60m.,, 1050-2400m 60
57m, 6.5m, 304 m 3, 3000, 30m, 50cm 5 1,,, 800-1350m 61
1,,,,, 5.5-7cm 3,,,,, 2cm, 400-1500m, 62
15 20m,,,,, 12502200 m, 63
,, 40-60cm 2-6, 400-1000 m, 64
, 60, ;, 50, 20,,,,,,, 2,, ; ; ;,,,,,, ; ;,, 65
1.5-5m,,, 3000-4000m 66
15-25cm,,, 13-17,,, 10-20,,, 2400-4000m,,,, 1530 ;, 67
2 3, ;,,,, 1530, 12, 4,,,,,,,,, 9, 3, ;, ;,,,,,,, 1 27, 7 27 29,10001500 ;, ph 66.5.,. 5 10,,,,,,,,,, 68
,,, 1530, 1 ;, ;,,,,,,,, 4, 34,,,, () ;,,,,, 317,,, 12, 5,, 34,,,, 1,, 1, 2 ( 1 ; ) 1 1,, 69
,,,,,,,,,,,,, 3, 2030,,,,,,,, 10, 5, 40160,,,,56,,,, 67,, 2,,, 70
,,,,,, 1,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 71
,,, :?, :,,,,,,,,5 6.8, 10, 90, 1.31.5,, 80% 40,,, 72
,, 20, 1015,,, ;, ;,,,,,,,,,,,, 220, 1960,,,,, 25,,,,,, 73
,,,,,,,,, 68,, 45 23 11,, 3,,, 100200,,,,,,,,,, ;,,,, 1904 2000,, 74
, 2-3,, 40,,,,,,,,,, 5-7,, 5, 1800-2600,,, 30, 36,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 75
, 150-2650m, 76
),,, 20 70,,,,,,,,,,,,,, :, 30, 2, 200, 56,,,,, 12 ;,,,, 2 ; 13,,, ; 1.52.5, ; 35,, 4 77
, 1.5, 2 5, 67,,,,,,,, 2002,,,,,,, 25, 80,,, 1020, 47, 912, 3,, 69,,,, 56 10,,, 710,, 17002500, 78
2,,,,,,, 1948,, 20,, 250300,,,,, 79
, 35 40,,,,,,, 1941, 35,,,, 400,, 1962 :, ;, ;, ;, ;, ;, ;, ;,,,,,,,,,, 50,,,,,, (), 80
,,, 60, 80, 20,,, 81
,,,,,,,,,, 5, 9 1975,, 7001100,,,,,, 82
2002 196 14,,,,,,, 50, 8000,,, :,, 13, 83
90,,,, 100 3800,,,,,,,,,,,?? 2000,, 8, 9,,,, 84
,,,,, 2,, 39.21, 1038, 200,,,, 7,,, 1985,,,,, 33,,, 30 45, 28. 83,,,, 4000, 3, 85
?,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 7,,,,,,,,?,,,,,,,,, 86
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ;,,, ;,,,,,,,,, 87
,,, ;,,,,, 300,, 3 300, 2002,, 3040, 15%,, 100, ;, 88
, 33000, 40005000, 15% 20%,,, ;, ;,, 66, 300,,,,, 3500 300,,,, 6000, 1, 300, 300, 89
,,,,,!,, 3, 140, 3,, 15, 12 13000 21000, 458, 4, 20 90
, 900 2000,, 140, 3 : 3,,,,, 3.1, 10%, 4000 5000, 15% 20%,,,, 6000, 70,,,, :,,,, 91
,, 365 365, 8 44 66, 110 29.82%, 81.69%, 100 1300,,, 2500,,, 500,,, 7, ( ), 92
2004 4 7,, 2, 56,, 6, 21, 21,,,, 55 100 %, 80 %,,, 2,,,, 12,, 93
,, 3, 1700,, 10 1,,,, 30 1979 20,,,,, 350 175,,, 350, 1 7000,, 80 2000, 7 135175, 40, 40,,,,,,, 94
, 100 100 100 100 100 100 20,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ),,, ; 95
;, ;, ; 52!!, 2004,,, 1992,, 400, 3400 50, 52, 27, 8,, 200,,,,,,,, 96
,,,,,,,,,, 2004 6 5,,, 2002, 1 + 1,, ( ),, 97
3, ( ),,, 2000 3,, 2002 1 + 1, :,,,,,, 2000 100,,, ( ),,,,,,,,,, 98
30,,,,,,,, : ; ;,,,,, 38, 106, 6.8% 99
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 100,,, 100
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 10,,, 3000,,,,, 2002 2003, 100 101
23,,,,, 1926.5, 200, 547,,,,, 70,, 2002 7 8,,, 20 90 1000,, 1994,, 102
,, 80, 10%, :,,,,,,, 10, ( ),, 2000, 20,,, 5, : ( )30 8 11 200 50 ;,, 200, :,, 103
,,,,!,,, : 150,,,!,,,,,,,,, 2001 5, 1000,,,,, 100,,,,,,,,, 104
,,,,,,,,,,, 144, 273,,, 105
,,,, 1980,,, :,,,,,,, 5,, 8,,,,,,,,,, 1985, 106
,, 1986 10,,,,,,,,,,, 5, 5, 1, 30,? :,,,, 5,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 10,,,,,, 107
,,,,,,,,, 3,,,,,, 10, 13501540m,,,,,,,,,,, 1991,, 5, 350,, 30 147, 9 99, 5, 31 24, 12,,,, 108
1998 5,, 12,,,,,, 1999, 51315,,, 13,,,, 21,,,,, 10000, 5000,,,,,,, 109
,,,,, 1., (), ( ),,,,, 110
,,,,,,,,,,,, 3., :,,,,,,,, 111
,,,,,, 4.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 5. 112
,, ;,,,,, 6.,,,,,,,,,,,, 113
,, -,,, ( ),, 1.,,,,, (1 ) 114
,,, (2 ),,,, :,, 2.,, ( ),, (1 ),,,,, 115
,, (2 ) (2),,, ( - 196) 3.,,,,,,, -,, ; ( 1) ; ( 2) (DN A) ; ( 3 ) (), - PCR DNA ( ), 116
,,,,,,,,, 1.,, ( ),,,,,,,, 3,,, 5-10 2.,,, 5 : ( 1 ) : (2 ) :, ; ( 3 ) : 117
: : (5 ) :, 50-100,, MVP :,, ;,, ( 50 ) 50, ( 1000 ), 30-50,, 90 10000, 300, 2..,,,,,,,,,,,, 118
5,,,,,, 515% 5, 955 %,,,,,,,,,,,, 5, 200, 46, 30, 1.3,,,, 350, 119
,,,,,, 100,,,, 30 147, 9 99, 5 31, 24, 12 20,,,,,, 300,, 120
365 8 44 66, 110 29.82%, 81.69 % ; ; ;,, 100 1300,,,, 2500, 110,,, 8, 1996,, 110,,,, 121
30, 1996,,,,,,,,, 1996 240, 200, :,, 2002,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 122
,, 300,, 1507, 61.1 % 109 322 1018, 3 ; 15, 35 88 3028,, 100 37 ; 267 ; 73 756 4,5, 5, 151.8, 5.38 %,,,,,,,, 90,, 510, 1.7, 123
, 17, 2002 6, 2003, 40,,, 145 175, 175,, 145 30 440, 200,, 100 600,,,, 80 130,, 9,, 2002 5, 6000 124
80%, 3000, 50 %, 50 :,, 22,,,, 1.62, ; 1.35,, 1500!, 5,, 125
, ;,,, 1.5,, 1,,,,,, 22, 11, 4 ;,,,,, ; 200,, 126
,,,,, : ; 7,,,,,,,,!,,,,,, 2 127
, :!,,,,, :,,,,,, ;,,,!, 128
,,,,,, 3 5,, 1,,,,, 10,,,,,, 2800 4000,,,, 5,, 129
, 100,,,,,,,,, 5,, 30,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 130
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ),,,,,, 5, 131
52, ; 65,, 3,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 132
,,, 170 8, :, 3000, 6000,,, 4.1,,,, 16,,, 27,,,, 133
,,,,,, ( ) ( ) ( ) 170,, 41, 000,, 760 6, 740, (, ), 14 ( 6 )80,,,, 6000,, 10 23 90 0.4 %, 20 % 6000 ; 25% 700, 134
1883,,, ; 1904,,,, ;,.,,, :, ;,,,,,,, : 17 ;,,,,, 135
,, 40, 2% 3%,, 11146, ( NIH ), 25 4000 NIH ( Taxol), 13.5, 50,,, 40% 1/ 5, 136
2050, 1/ 4, 10% 30 %,?,,,,,,,, 2200, 8,,,, 120, 30, 40, 140,,,,,,,, 137
,,1955 1984,,,,, 1997,, 400, 2000 7,, 30, 2,, 1.74%,, 40, 138
2003, :, 133, 160, 1390,,,,,,, 2251, 340,,,,,,,, ;, ; 139
,,,,,,, 450 1800,,,, :, 20 140
,,,,,!,, 800,, 80000, 600,,,, 250 11,, 4,,,, ( ),,,, 1, 20,,,, 2500-3000, ;,, ;,,,,, ( 0.550.76 ),,,,,,,,,,, 50250,, 2500, 1999 8 4, 141
, 4, 1,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 2, 142
, 2004,, 50, 2003,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 1350, 18000,,,, 143
615 1234, 2 ; 8 ; 15, 1.5 5000,,,,,,, 28 2003,,, 8,,,, 4 :, 144
,,,, 2 5, 4, 1 1500 ;,,, ; 2, ;,,, :,,,, 230,, 0.1,, 145
, 15,,,,, 2002,,,,, 2004 11, 19.72,,,, ( ), 90%,,,, 146
,,,,,,,,, 5.8, 3.4, 19.72,, 147