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附 录 相对原子质量表 按照元素符号的字母次序排列

( ) ( )

( ) [ 1 1] ( 1 1) ( ) [ 1 2] ( ) [ 1 3] ( 1 3) [ 1 4] ( )

4 1 2 3 4 [ ] 1 2 (1) (2) (3)

(4) (5) (6) 3

0 1535 232 ( ) 101.325 101.325 100 357 2750 / 3 / 3 7.8 / 3 2.7 / 3 1.0 / 3 / 0 101 1.293 / 1.429 / 1 (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) 8.9 / 3 1083 (6) (7) (8) 2 ( ) ( )

(1) (2) (3) (4)

[ 2 1] 2 1 5

1/5 1/5 18 70 ( 2 2) ( ) ( 2 3) 12 1/5 ( ) ( )

4/5 19 78 21 0.94 0.03 0.03 ( ) 1785 1.2572 1.2505

1894 ( ) (10 50) ( ) 1 21 78 0.94 0.03 0.03 1/5 4/5

2

1/5 1.429 / ( 1.293 / ) 1 30 101 183 (90K) 218 (55K) [ 2 2] ( 2 5) ( ) ( ) [ 2 3] ( 2 6)

( ) K ( ) T t T=t 273 183 183K 273K=90 K [ 2 4] ( 2 7) ( ) [ ]

( ) [ 2 5] ( 2 8) ( ) [ ] 17 1 (1) (2) (3)

(4) 2 (1) [ ] A B C (2) [ ] A B C D (3) [ ] A B C D 3 (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) 4 (1) ( ) (2) ( ) (3) ( ) (4) ( ) (5) ( ) ( ) 5

[ 2 6] [ 2 7] [ 2 8] ( ) ( 2 9) [ 2 9] ( 3 1 )

196 (77K) 1.5 10 7 1 (1) (2) (3) 2 (1) (2) 3 (1) (2) (3) (4)

[ 2 10] 500 400 ( 2 10) 40 200

1

(1) (2) (3) 2 3 4 (1) (2) (3)

A B AB AB A B

1 (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) 2 (1) [ ] A B C D (2) [ ] A B C D (3) [ ] A B C D 3

4 5 (1) (2) 6 (1) (2) (3) (4) (5)

100 100 200 ( 3 1) [ 3 1] 10 ( 3 2)

( 20 1 ) 1.67 10 21 10 100 3 3 10 26 [ ] ( ) 20 ( )

[ 3 2] 1 99.999999999 1 (1) (2)5 2 (1) (2) (3) 3 4 (1) (2) (3) 5 (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) 1

( ) 2 1 1 1 3 6 [ ] 5 ( ) (Democritus 460 370 )

17 18 ( 3 7) 19 19 1897 1 1 1 8 8 8 1 ( ) (A.Avogadro 1776 1856) (J.J.Thomson 1856 1940)

3 2 ( ) 1/12( 1.66 10 27 ) ( ) 12 1/12 1 12 1/12 16 56 16 56 (SI) 1( 1 ) 42 3 3 12 1/12 1 6 6 12 6 GB3100 3102 93

1/1836 1 (1) [ ] A B C D (2) [ ] A B C D (3) [ ] A 12 B 12 C 1.993 10 D 1/12 2 3 (1) (2) (3) (4) 11 12 11 4 (1) (2) (3) (4)

8 8 ( ) 3 8 0.087 0.76 0.03 ( )

C Ca S Si N Na CO CO ( ) 3 3 1 (1) (2) (3) ( )

(4) ( ) 2 (1) (2) (3) 3 (1) [ ] A B C D (2) [ ] A CA B SI C al D Fe 4

O 2 H 2 O CO 2 MgO NaCl H 2 O =2 1 =1 2 16=1 8 CO 2 =1 2 =12 16 2=3 8 O 2 1 2 H 2 O 1 2 1 1 C Fe He Ne 1 2 O 2 N 2 H 2 1 2 ( 1 1 ) CO 2 HgO

ZnS O 2 2 1 2O 2 3O 2 3 NaCl SO 2 Fe 3 O 4 12 (SI) 1( 1 ) 1 NaCl NaCl =23 35.5=58.5 CO 2 CO 2 =12 16 2=44 2 12 16 2=3 8 3 (NH 4 NO 3 ) NH 4 NO 3 =14 1 4 14 16 3=80 1 (1)H (2)2H (3)H 2 (4)2H 2 2 (1) (2) (3) (4) 3 (1) [ ] A 4O 3 Fe B O 4 Fe 3 C Fe4O 3 D Fe 3 O 4

(2)NO 2 A B C D (3)Ca(OH) 2 [ ] [ ] A (40 16 1) 2 B 40 (16 1) 2 C 40 16 1 2 D 40 (16 1) 2 4 (1) (Cl 2 ) (2) (KClO 3 ) (3) (MnO 2 ) (4) [(NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 ] (5) [Cu 2 (OH) 2 CO 3 ] (6) (C 12 H 22 O 11 ) 5 [CO(NH 2 ) 2 ] [(NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 ] 6 (Fe 3 O 4 ) (Fe 2 O 3 )

1 2 3 12 1/12 4 = =

1 (1) [ ] A B C D (2) [ ] A B C D (3) 7 16 A NO B NO 2 C N 2 O D N 2 O 5 2 (1) (N 2 ) (2) (Fe 2 O 3 ) (3) (AlCl 3 ) (4) (CuSO 4 ) [ ] 3 (1) (2) (3)11 (4) 6 4 36 5 (NH 4 NO 3 ) (NH 4 HCO 3 ) 6 (1) 8 (2)KClO 3 (3)10 KClO 3

[ 4 1], [ 4 2] ( ) ( ) 1 (1) (2) 2 (1) (2) (3)

C O 2 CO 2 C O 2 CO 2 12 16 2 12 16 2 12 32 44 12 32 44 1 P O 2 P 2 O 5 2 2 5 10 O 2 5 P 2 O 5 2 P 5O 2 2P 2 O 5 4 1 P 4 4P 5O 2 2P 2 O 5 4P 5O 2 =2P 2 O 5 GB 3100 3102 93 v

[ ] 3 ( ) 2KClO 3 2KCl 3O 2 CuSO 4 2NaOH=Na 2 SO 4 Cu(OH) 2 S O 2 SO 2 4P 5O 2 2P 2 O 5 1 3Fe 2O 2 Fe 3 O 4 2 (1) (2) (3) 3 (1)HgO (2)C 2 H 2 O 2 Hg O 2 CO 2 H 2 O

[ 1] 3 [ ] (1) * 3 x (2) 2Mg O 2 2MgO (3) 2Mg O 2 2MgO 2 24 2(24 16) =48 80 3 x (4) 48 80 3 x =5 (5) 3 5 [ 1] [ 2] [ 2] 19.2 [ ] x 2KClO 3 2KCl 3O 2 2(39 35.5 16 3) 3(16 2) =245 =96 x 19.2 =49

49 1 (1) 4.8 (2)3 2 15.5

1 (1) 71 (2) 434 2 (1) [ ] A B C D (2) [ ] A CuSO 4 2NaOH=Cu(OH) 2 Na 2 SO 4 B CuSO 4 NaOH=Cu(OH) 2 Na 2 SO 4 C CuSO 4 2NaOH=Cu(OH) 2 Na 2 SO 4 D CuSO 4 2NaOH=CuOH Na 2 SO 4 (3) [ ] A 27 32 102 B 27 24 43 C 4 3 2 D 108 96 204 (4)3 [ ] A 10 B 6 C 5 D 12 3 (1)C 2 H 4 O 2 CO 2 H 2 O (2)Fe CuSO 4 FeSO 4 Cu (3)Fe 2 O 3 CO Fe CO 2 (4)Na 2 SO 4 BaCl 2 NaCl BaSO 4 4 (1) (CH 4 ) (2) (KMnO 4 ) (K 2 MnO 4 ) 5 (1)H 2 SO 4 Fe=FeSO 4 H 2

(2)C 2 H 5 OH 3O 2 2CO 2 3H 2 O (3)NaCl AgNO 3 =NaNO 3 AgCl (4)CuSO 4 2KOH=K 2 SO 4 Cu(OH) 2 6 15.5 10.7 10.7

3/4 ( ) 2/3 70 80 90 (2.5 4) 60 80

1 59 1 (40 50) 2 2 20 1 3

0 100 4 1 / 3 [ 5 1] ( 5 3 ) 1 2 [ 5 2] 5 3 ( ) 2H 2 O 2H 2 O 2 2 1 2 1 2 5 3 1 H 2 O

[ ] 2 1 0.0899 / 1.429 / [ ] 0.0899 2 1.429 1 1 8 1 8 1 (1) (2) 2 1 (3) 2 (1) [ ] A B C D (2) [ ] A 2 1 B 1 2 C 1 16 D 1 8 (3) 9.6 [ ] A 9.6 B 19.2 C 1.2 D 2 3

[ (CH 4 )] [ (CO) (H 2 ) ] 16 17 1766 1/14.38 1781 1783 1787 ( ) [ 5 3] 5 ( 5 5 ) ( 5 5 )

(ZnSO 4 ) Zn H 2 SO 4 ( )=ZnSO 4 H 2 ( 5 6) ( 5 7) (1) (2) (3) ( 5 8) (2) (2) Zn 2HCl=ZnCl 2 H 2 Mg H 2 SO 4 ( )=MgSO 4 H 2 Fe 2HCl=FeCl 2 H 2 (Zn Mg Fe) (H 2 SO 4 HCl) (H 2 ) (ZnSO 4 MgSO 4 FeCl 2 ) 1 4 SO 4 ( )

SO 4 (NaNO 3 ) (NO 3 ) (KClO 3 ) (ClO 3 ) [ ] A B AB AB A B 1 (1) (2) 2 (1) [ ] A B C D (2) [ ] A B C D 3 (1) (2) ( ) (3) 4 3.7 5 5 6 1.12 ( 0.0899 / )

11 1 80 1 101 252 (21K) 259 (14K) [ 5 4] 5 9 * ( ) 1 0.0899 1/14 2 (1) [ 5 5] ( 5 10) 2H 2 O 2 2H 2 O ( )

[ 5 6] * ( ) ( 5 11 ), ( ) ( 5 11 ) ( 5 11 ) ( )

4 74.2 ( ) [ 5 7] ( 5 12) (2) (CuO) [ 5 8] ( 5 13) CuO H 2 Cu H 2 O

( 5 14)

1 2 (1) [ ] A B C D (2) [ ] A Zn 2HCl=ZnCl 2 H 2 B 2Al(OH) 3 Al 2 O 3 3H 2 O C S O 2 SO 2 D 2H 2 O 2 2H 2 O (3) [ ] A

B C D / (4) [ ] A B C D 3 ( ) 4 (1) (2) (3) (4) 5 7.95 6 5 7 5 ( 0.0899 / )

A B=AB AB=A B A BC=AC B

1 2 (1) A A (2)B (3) V VA VB (4) A B 3 (1) [ ] A B C (2) [ ] A B C D (3) [ ] A B C D (4) [ ] A B C D (5) 0.9 [ ] A 2 B 1 C 0.01 D 0.1 /

4 A B C D E F G 5 (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) 6 ( ) 7 H 2 O NaOH H 2 SO 4 HCl NH 3 8 0.4 9. 3.18 ( 0.0899 / )

6 1 1 1 18 6 2 6 2 1 8 ( 2 ) 8 ( 2 ) 2 4 3 4 8

8 1 2 (1) (2) 4 (3) ( )

1 7 1 8 1 8 6 3 1 1 1 1 (Na + ) (Cl ) 2Na Cl 2 2NaCl (KCl) (MgCl 2 ) (CaCl 2 ) (CaF 2 ) (OH ) (ZnSO 4 ) (Na 2 CO 3 ) (NaOH) HCl 1 8 1 2 1 H 2 Cl 2 2HCl

(1) 1 1 (2)

1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 2 1 ( ) ( ) 2 3 2 4 6 6 1

2 2 2 1 [ 1] [ ] Zn 2 Cl 2 1 Zn 0 Na 1 OH 2 1 Zn 2+ 2 [ 2] [ ] KClO 3 6 1 1 2 1 1 5 7 0 x 1 x ( 2) 3=0 x=6 1= 5 5 [ 3] 3 5 [ ] (1) 3 6 P 2 O 3 (2) 5

P 2 O 5 1 (1) (2) (3) 2 SiO 2 MgO SO 3 CO 2 K 2 O AgCl Cu H 2 NaOH O 2 23. (1) H 2 S 1 2 (2) (3) 4 1 2 Na 2 O Cu(OH) 2 WO 3 H 2 SO 4 HCl 5 1 KOHMg(OH) 2 Zn(OH) 2 Al(OH) 3 Fe(OH) 2 Fe(OH) 3 6 ( 6 1) Mg(NO 3 ) 2 BaSO 4 Al 2 (SO 4 ) 3 Na 3 PO 4 KClO K 2 MnO 4

1 2 3 (1) [ ] A B C D (2) [ ] A 4 B C 8 D 0 (3) 7 [ ] A KClO 4 B K 2 MnO 4 C KClO 3 D H 3 PO 4 (4) [ ] A ZnSO 4 B ZnO C CO 2 D AlO 2 4 5 3.25 ( 0.0899 / )

( )

[ 7 1] ( 7 2)

H B 6B HB 6H B Black ( ) H Hard ( ) 6B 6H HB X [ 7 2] ( ) ( ) [ 7 3] ( )

C 60 C 60 C 60 60 7 5 12 20 C 60 1

2 1 (1) (2) 2 [ ] A B C D 3 4

C O 2 CO 2 2C O 2 2CO [ ]

2000 5 10 9 1 10 10 1975 0.2 [ 7 4] ( 7 9) ( ) 2CuO C 2Cu CO 2

CO 2 C 2CO (KNO 3 ) 2000 1 2 1 2 [ ] A B C 2 1 D 1 2 3 4 (1) (2) 5 2Fe 2 O 3 3C 4Fe 3CO 2 50

0.03 0.03 [ 7 5] ( ) ( 7 11) ( ) 1.977 / 1.5

1 1 101 78.5 [ 7 6] 7 12 1 4 5 10 [ 7 7]

(H 2 CO 3 ) CO 2 H 2 O=H 2 CO 3 H 2 CO 3 =H 2 O CO 2 CO 2 Ca(OH) 2 =CaCO 3 H 2 O ( ) [ ] [Ca(OH) 2 ]

1 (1) (2) (3) (4) [Ca(OH) 2 ] 2 3 4 A A B B B C A A D A B C D 5 5 CO 2 1.8 100 6 2.2

( ) ( CaCO 3 ) CaCO 3 2HCl=CaCl 2 H 2 CO 3 ( ) H 2 CO 3 =CO 2 H 2 O CaCO 3 2HCl=CaCl 2 CO 2 H 2 O ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 7 17 [ 7 8] 7 18 ( )

( ) ( ) [ 7 9] ( ) ( 7 19 ) ( 7 19 ) ( ) Na 2 CO 3 2HCl=2NaCl H 2 O CO 2 ( 7 20) ( ) (NaHCO 3 )

1 [ (Na 2 CO 3 )] ( ) ( ) 2 ( ) 1 (1) [ ] A B C D (2) [ ] A B C D 2 3 4 5 250

2C O 2 2CO (CO) 2 ) 1 1.250 / 1 0.02 1 [ 7 10] ( ) 7 21 2CO O 2 2CO 2

C H 2 O CO H 2 ( ) 2 [ 7 11] 7 23 CuO CO Cu CO 2 Fe 2 O 3 3CO 2Fe 3CO 2 2CO O 2 2CO 2 CO 2 C 2CO

(3 4) [ ] 1 2 (1) [ ] A B C D (2) [ ] A B C D (3) [ ] A B C D (4)

[ ] A B C D 3 4 14 11.2 ( ) ( ) 5

[ 7 12] 7 24 K 2 CO 3 2HCl=2KCl H 2 O CO 2 Na 2 CO 3 2HCl=2NaCl H 2 O CO 2 CO 2 Ca(OH) 2 =CaCO 3 H 2 O (CaO) CaCO 3 CaO CO 2 [Ca(HCO 3 ) 2 ]

CaCO 3 CO 2 H 2 O=Ca(HCO 3 ) 2 Ca(HCO 3 ) 2 =CaCO 3 H 2 O CO 2 ( ) 1 2 3 1000

4 10 5

) 1 ( 2 1 ( ) 2 ( )

1 (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) 2 (1) [ ] A B C D (2) [ ] A H 2 CO 2 B H 2 CO C CO CO 2 D H 2 O 2 3 (1) (2) (3) (4) (5)

(6) (7) (8) 4 (1) (5) 5 6 (1) (2) (3) 7 8 50 50 9 2 ( ) ( )

1 2 3 ( ) 4

1 ( ) (1 2) (1) ( ) ( ) ( 2) (2) ( 3)

( 4) ( ) ( 5) ( )

(3) ( ) ( ) ( ) (3 5 ) ( ) 2 ( ) ( 6) 0.1 (1) (2) (3) ( ) 3 ( )

(1) ( ) ( ) ( 7) (2) ( 8) (3) ( 9) 4 10 5 (1) 2/3

( 11) (2) ( 12) 1 2 ( ) ( 13)

1/3 ( 45 ) 6 ( 14 ) ( 14 ) 15

7 ( ) 16 8 ( ) ( 17) (Na 2 CO 3 )

1 2 3 1 2 (1) (2) 3 (1) (2) 4 (1) (2)

1 2 1 18 2 (1) 10 1 (1.5 2) ( ) 19 (2) 10 15 2 3

( ) 1 2 (10 ) ( ) 1 5 ( 0.1 ) 10 ( ) 10 2 6 3 ( 20) 4

1 2 (125 ) ( ) ( 1 (1) 7 21 (2) ( ) (3) ( ) ( 2 (1)

( ) 22 (2) ( ) 23 ( ) ) ( )

1 2 ( ) (1 4) 1 24 (1) 24 (2) 5 1/3 (3) 2 (1) ( 25) 1 4

(2) 26 ( ) 1 2 1 2 ( ) (1 2) 1 (1) 27

(2) 15 ( ) 2 (1) ( 28) (2) 1 (10 15) 28 (3) 2 1 2

1 2 1 2 ( ) 3

1 2 ( ) (1) 20 (2) (3) (4) 5

1 2 3 ( ) 1 2

1 ( 70 ) ( ) 70 29 2 ( ) 14 ( ) 3 3 4 4 ( ) ( ) 5 10