gongwhboy@tom.com
Internet 3 James F.Kurose Keith W.Ross 4 Andrew S.Tanenbaum 3 Larry L.Peterson, Bruce S.Davie 3
1. ISO OSI/RM( ) TCP/IP ( TELNET, FTP, SMTP ) (TCP UDP) IP 2. Internet : Internet 5
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9)
Internet
3
! :, Pc, PDA,,,, : ( ) router local ISP company network server workstation mobile regional ISP
: e.g., TCP, IP, HTTP, FTP, PPP : Internet vs. intranet RFC: Request for comments http://www.rfc-editor.org/ IETF: Internet Engineering Task Force http://www.ietf.org/ router local ISP company network server workstation mobile regional ISP
OS
DNS)
(Local Area Network LAN) 20KM 10-1000Mbps 10-11 (Metropolitan Area Network MAN) 100KM / (Wide Area Network WAN) 100KM
:. : ( ) Hello, hello back TCP - Transmission Control Protocol( ) ( ) TCP [RFC 793], : : : 3.5
: UDP -User Datagram Protocol( ) [RFC 768]: : 3.4 TCP : HTTP (WWW), FTP ( ), Telnet ( ), SMTP (email) UDP :,, IP
(call) : ( )
(e.g., ), (idle, ) FDM TDM
: FDM TDM FDM : 4 frequency TDM time frequency time
(packet) A, B : :, : bit
A 10 Mb/s C B 1.5 Mb/s 45 Mb/s D E vs. :
: : packets :, Q:?
vs. 1 Mb/s : 100Kb/s 10% : 10 : N users 1 Mbps link 35, : > 10.0004!
vs.? :, Q:? / audio/video
: : ( 4 ) : (hop), : : ( ID),,
Q: (How to connection end systems to edge router)? (, ) : (b/s)??
: 56Kb/s ( ) ISDN( ): (integrated services digital network) 128Kb/s ADSL( ): (asymmetric digital subscriber line) 1 Mb/s home-torouter 8 Mb/s router-tohome
: HFC: hybrid fiber coax( ) : 10Mb/s, 1 Mb/s ISP :, :, e.g.,
: Diagram: http://www.cabledatacomnews.com/cmic/diagram.html
: / (LAN) (Ethernet): 10 Mb/s, 100Mb/s, 1Gb/s :, LAN LAN: 5
LAN: e.g., Wavelan 11 Mb/s CDPD: ISP router base station mobile hosts
: (guided media): :, (unguided media):, e.g., (Twisted Pair,TP) (Category 3 TP):, 10 Mb/s Ethernet (Category 5 TP): 100Mb/s Ethernet
:, : ( ) ( ) : : 10Mb/s Ethernet : : 100Mb/s Ethernet (e.g., 5 Gb/s)
: : : e.g. 45 Mb/s LAN (e.g., WaveLAN) 2Mb/s, 11Mb/s (e.g., ) e.g. CDPD, 10 s Kb/s 50Mb/s ( ) 270 Ms
A transmission propagation : B nodal processing queueing
A : R= (b/s) L= (bits) = L/R transmission propagation : d = s = (~2x10 8 m/s) = d/s : s R! B nodal processing queueing
( ) R= (b/s) L= (bits) a= = La/R La/R ~ 0: La/R -> 1: La/R > 1:,!
Traceroute(tracert): also: pingplotter, http://www.traceroute.org http://www.linkwan.com 1 cs-gw (128.119.240.254) 1 ms 1 ms 2 ms 2 border1-rt-fa5-1-0.gw.umass.edu (128.119.3.145) 1 ms 1 ms 2 ms 3 cht-vbns.gw.umass.edu (128.119.3.130) 6 ms 5 ms 5 ms 4 jn1-at1-0-0-19.wor.vbns.net (204.147.132.129) 16 ms 11 ms 13 ms 5 jn1-so7-0-0-0.wae.vbns.net (204.147.136.136) 21 ms 18 ms 18 ms 6 abilene-vbns.abilene.ucaid.edu (198.32.11.9) 22 ms 18 ms 22 ms 7 nycm-wash.abilene.ucaid.edu (198.32.8.46) 22 ms 22 ms 22 ms 8 62.40.103.253 (62.40.103.253) 104 ms 109 ms 106 ms 9 de2-1.de1.de.geant.net (62.40.96.129) 109 ms 102 ms 104 ms 10 de.fr1.fr.geant.net (62.40.96.50) 113 ms 121 ms 114 ms 11 renater-gw.fr1.fr.geant.net (62.40.103.54) 112 ms 114 ms 112 ms 12 nio-n2.cssi.renater.fr (193.51.206.13) 111 ms 114 ms 116 ms 13 nice.cssi.renater.fr (195.220.98.102) 123 ms 125 ms 124 ms 14 r3t2-nice.cssi.renater.fr (195.220.98.110) 126 ms 126 ms 124 ms 15 eurecom-valbonne.r3t2.ft.net (193.48.50.54) 135 ms 128 ms 133 ms 16 194.214.211.25 (194.214.211.25) 126 ms 128 ms 126 ms 17 * * * 18 * * * 19 fantasia.eurecom.fr (193.55.113.142) 132 ms 128 ms 136 ms
windows Ping Tracert Netstat >netstat -r Ipconfig >ipconfig /all Pathping >pathping n www.sohu.com Arp >arp a nbtstat NetBIOS > nbtstat -n
( ) : ftp, smtp, http : tcp, udp : ip, : ppp, ethernet : application transport network link physical
1 AP 1 5 4 3 5 4 3 2 H 3 H 4 H 5 H 5 H 4 H 5 2 2 AP 2 5 4 3 2 H 2 H 3 H 4 H 5 T 2 2 1 10100110100101 110101110101 1
1 AP 1 5 4 3 2 1 2 1 2 H 2 H 3 H 4 H 5 T 2 10100110100101 110101110101 2 AP 2 5 4 3 2 1
1 AP 1 5 4 3 2 1 2 3 H 3 H 4 H 5 H 2 H 3 H 4 H 5 T 2 2 AP 2 5 4 3 2 1
1 AP 1 5 4 3 2 1 3 4 H 4 H 5 H 3 H 4 H 5 2 AP 2 5 4 3 2 1
1 AP 1 5 4 3 2 1 4 5 H 5 H 4 H 5 2 AP 2 5 4 3 2 1
1 2 AP 1 AP 2 5 H 5 5 4 3 2 1 5 PDU 4 3 2 1
1 AP 1 5 4 3 2 1 AP 1 2 AP 2 5 4 3 2 1
Internet 1961-1972: 1961: Kleinrock 1964: Baran 1967: DARPA ARPAnet 1969: ARPAnet 1972: ARPAnet NCP (Network Control Protocol) ARPAnet 15
Internet ( ) 1972-1980:, 1970: ALOHAnet, Hawaii 1973: Metcalfe Ethernet 1974: Cerf Kahn late70 s: : DECnet, SNA, XNA late 70 s: (ATM ) 1979: ARPAnet 200 Cerf Kahn s : 1. minimalism, autonomy 2. best effort service model 3. stateless routers 4. decentralized control
Internet ( ) 1980-1990:, 1983: TCP/IP 1982: smtp e- mail 1983: DNS name-to-ip-address hosts 1985: ftp 1988: TCP : Csnet, BITnet, NSFnet, Minitel ChinaNet CERNET
Internet ( ) 1990, 2000 s: :, Web Early 1990 s: ARPAnet 1991: NSF NSFnet (, 1995) early 1990s: Web [Bush 1945, Nelson 1960 s] HTML, http: Berners-Lee 1994: Mosaic, later Netscape late 1990 s: Web Late 1990 s 2000 s : P2P 5 1 1 Gb/s