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1 SWINE

2 Nutrient requirements 1. Nutrient requirement data from available source: National Research Council University Research and Extension publications Morrison s Feeding Standards 2. Feed analysis data from available source: National Research Council University Research and Extension publications Commercial publications Morrison s Feed Analysis Tables

Research and Extension publications Morrison s Feeding Standards 2.

3 Swine tend to eat to meet energy; therefore, concentrations of specific nutrients in the diet are generally expressed in units per kg of total dry diet consumed ad libitum. The energy component of the diet is the largest single constituent and is therefore of major concern in diet formulation. Protein: The protein requirement is satisfied by an appropriate array of indispensable (essential) amino acid plus an adequate supply of nonspecific nitrogen source for use in dispensable amino acid synthesis.

The energy component of the diet is the largest single constituent and is therefore of major concern in diet formulation.

4 Ideal patterns of amino acids Defined as : the diet contain neither deficiency nor excesses of amino acids Values are expressed as amount of each amino acid as a percentage of lysine in the diet. 以 lysine 含量 ( 需求量 ) 為 100%, 其他胺基酸之需求量乃以 lysine 為標準之含量稱之

amount of each amino acid as a percentage of lysine in the diet.

5 Severe deficiency of protein results in: Growth failure, depresses blood serum albumin, increase liver fat, produces edema (fluid accumulation) in the jowl and umbilical area.( 肚臍 ) Lysine: is the first or second limiting amino acid in cereal grains. A deficiency of lysine : reduced feed intake, growth, efficiency of feed. Less protein deposition.

( 肚臍 ) Lysine: is the first or second limiting amino acid in cereal grains.

6 Tryptophan: is second limiting amino acid in all plant diet for swine. 1.Deficiency result in :reduce growth, feed efficiency, eye cataracts( 白內障 ) 2.Converted to the niacin in the tissue of the pigs 3.Crystalline tryptophan used in the diet Threonine: is second-limiting in wheat, rice and grain sorghum.

2.Converted to the niacin in the tissue of the pigs 3.

7 Calcium and phospoorus: 1:1 and 2:1 in the diet

8 Zn The role of supplemental Zn in preventing skin lesions Zinc deficiency can be precipitated by diets high in Ca ( 高鈣易造成鋅缺乏 ) Phytic acid 之問題

9 Sodium and Chlorine The require levels of Na and Cl is approximately 0.10 and 0.13% of the diet, respectively, it is common to add 0.40% NaCl to the diet

10 Iron Iron deficiency anemia is a serious problem in suckling pigs. Milk is very low in iron and placental transfer of iron to the pig fetus is limited. Iron stores at birth are insufficient to normal hemoglobin synthesis. Oral iron or Intramuscular injection of an irondextran complex can provide sufficient iron for new birth piglet. 150mg Fe at 2-3 days of age, followed by a second injection at 3 weeks

Iron stores at birth are insufficient to normal hemoglobin synthesis.

11 Iodine Iodine deficiency in swine is mainly by the birth of hairless pigs, often week or stillborn. The addition of 0.4% iodized salt containing 0.007% iodine to the diet of growing or adult swine can prevent iodine deficiency.

12 Vitamin E and Selenium Vitamin E and Selenium are both involve in normal cell membrane integrity. A deficiency of both may be associate with liver necrosis, mulberry heart disease, a yellowish discoloration of body fat, and sudden death. The addition of 0.3ppm of inorganic Se to swine diets can prevent vitamin E-Se deficiency.

A deficiency of both may be associate with liver necrosis, mulberry heart

13 Vitamin A Most feedstuffs for swine are low in carotene and vitamin A. In sows, diets deficient in vitamin A and carotene cause reproductive failure, and the birth of piglets with various teratogenic abnormalities( 畸形 ).

14 Vitamin D Vitamin D deficiency reduces absorption of dietary Ca and P. Swine exposure to direct ultraviolet light from the sun, owing to the convention of 7-dehydrocholsterol to vitamin D3 in the skin.

15 Energy Requirements and Feed Energy Sources for Swine Feed represents 60% or more of the total cost of pork production. 70 to 90% of the weight of a typical swine diet is from high-energy feedstuffs such as maize, cereal grains, tubers, and other high-carbohydrate plants. Fat such as lard, soybean oil, and tallow, are more than twice as high in metabolizable energy value as carbohydrate sources.

70 to 90% of the weight of a typical swine diet is from high-energy feedstuffs such as maize,

16 Energy content predict from composition in feedstuff GE= (56 %EE) +(15 %Cp) -(44 %ash) DE= (38 %EE) +(23 %Cp) -(122 %ash) - (64 %CF) ME=DE (1.003-( % CP)) ME requirement=106 BW 0.75 (growing pig)

151+ (38 %EE) +(23 %Cp) -(122 %ash) - (64 %CF) ME=DE

17 DE = DEm+DEpr+DEfr+DEHc DE for maintenance, protein retention, Fat retention and cold thermogenesis DEm=0.418~0.523 (BW) 0.75 mean=0.46 Energy cost of protein= 29.7~61.1 MJ of DE per kg protein (mean 45.7MJ) Lean muscle tissues contain 20-22% protein Energy cost of fat= 39.7~68.2 (52.3) MJ of DE per kg fat (mean 55.7MJ) DEHc (kj of DE /day)= Bw (Tc-T) Tc is critical temperature, T is ambient temperature

7MJ) Lean muscle tissues contain 20-22% protein Energy cost of fat= 39.7~68.2 (52.

18 Minimizing nutrient excretion Nitrogen, phosphorus, sodium, potassium, copper and zinc present in manure Pig do not utilize 100% of nutrients consumed. Apparent utilization value: Protein:30-55% Ca: 30-50% P: 20-50% K: 5-20% Na:10-25% Mg:15-30% Cu:5-30% Zn:5-30% Mn:5-10% Fe:5-30% Therefore most nutrient are not used completely. and be excreted

Apparent utilization value: Protein:30-55% Ca: 30-50% P: 20-50% K: 5-20% Na:10-25%

19 Nutrients excreted can reduced through proper nutrient management to improve the availability of nutrients and reduce excessive amount that are fed.

26 Life-cycle feeding of swine Suckling piglet 哺乳豬 Nursery weaning pig 離乳豬 Growing growing pig 仔豬肉豬前期 Barrow 閹公豬 Finishing finishing pig 肥育豬肉豬後期 Breeding Boar 種公豬 Sow 種母豬 Pregnancy Gilt 女豬 Lactating

27 Suckling Birth through the nursing stage, typically 2 to 4 weeks. Colostrum (Table) not only supply nutrients but also passive immunity. The intestine loses its ability to transport large proteins, including IGs, within 48 to 72 hours after birth. Items Contents (%) DM fat 3-7 protein lactose 5-7 ash 0.63

28 It is customary to provide supplemental feed (termed creep or prestarter feed) from 3 weeks until weaning. Weaning at 3 weeks for two reasons: (1) to shorten the period to rebreeding (2) to control the transfer of infectious disease from sow to litter by moving the pigs to a location remote from their dam. SEW: segregated early weaning

30 Nursery 保育期 weaning to10 weeks (BW 14-20kg) Weaning results in growth check, the most mortality in swine industry. The changes of diet composition, social structure, environment, pathogen. Growth delay, diarrhea, disease, infections. Starter diet (12lb; 7.2kg)shown as table 25.3

31 Growing BW 20-45kg Feed consumption and body weight gain are important. Daily feed consumption continues to increase as the pig grows, but the percentage of protein in the diet is reduced as the pig grows only enough to ensure adequate protein deposition while avoiding excess fat deposition as a result of deaminating protein in excess of requirement and converting it to body fat.

32 Lysine is the first limiting amino acid in most feedstuffs for swine. All amino acids requirement express on the basis of the lysine requirement set at 100. The amino acid requirements are usually expressed as g/mcal or Kcal of DE.

34 Finishing High energy, low protein. Acceptable diets are similar to growing pig, but are lower in Ca and P (by 0.2 to 0.3%) and lower protein (by 1 to 2%). Separating the pigs that differ in protein requirement.

35 Breeding Full-feed throughout growth stages including finishing period to maximize growth rate. Prevent overfattening. Sows are limit-fed from weaning to rebreeding. Maintain body weight at a level compatible with a high level of reproductive performance.

36 Slatted- or grid-floor pens is common in swine breeding facilities. Ensure sound bone health, mobility, and herd longevity. Keep outdoors in cold climates.

37 Pregnancy The nutrient requirements for the pregnant sow is separated into two fractions: 1. maintain the sow 2. supply the fetuses

38 The increased size of the empty uterus and the other components of pregnancy anabolism, including the accretion of mammary tissue in late gestation in preparation for lactation, contribute to the increased nutrients requirements of the pregnant sow. All of the fat-soluble and water soluble vitamins readily reach the pig fetus.

39 Maternal intact protein crosses the placenta less than amino acids. The fetus uses NPN to synthesize dispensable amino acids. Individual fatty acids crosses the placenta instead of triglycerides. Fetus grows faster in the latter half of gestation, and the requirement for nutrients is greater.

41 Lactation The nutrient output in sow milk during lactation is much greater than gestation period. The degree to which the dam s reserves can by drawn upon for lactation when dietary intake is insufficient is related to the spocific nutrient of concern.

42 The most striking effect of level of intake on total milk production is energy intake. The caloric density of sow milk is higher than cow milk, so that baby pig growth rapidly. The highest efficiency of energy utilization is achieved by controlled feeding during gestation to minimize body fat mobilization during lactation for milk production.

43 Inadequate protein and other nutrients intake also results in reduced milk production, but the effect is less marked than for energy.

44 分娩舍保育舍分娩泌乳哺乳豬保育豬 ( 離乳期 ) 母豬分娩前 1 週懷孕母豬天離乳仔豬離乳人工授精 30 kg 發情外購精液肉豬舍肉豬前期 60 kg 選留待配母豬女豬採精公豬肉豬後期 ( 肥育期 ) 110 kg 配種舍出售

45 NUTRIENT REQUIREMENT IN SWING FEEDING 一 Gestation and prenatal Nutrient requirement: (1)Maintaining the pregnant animal endocrinological changes include increased basal metabolic rate increased size and vascularity of the uterus and mammary gland (mothering ability) (2)Providing an adequate environment and nutrient supply for the developing fetus. (3)Adequate levels of circulating nutrient in the blood of the dam transfer across the placenta Ca transfer (dietary intake and reabsorbed from bone) B vitamin ( limited tissue storage, available for transfer to the fetus is reduced)

46 The ability of placental transfer of nutrient are different Fat-soluble and B-complex vitamin are readily transfer. Intact protein does not pass, individual amino acids do, NPN is used to synthesize nonessential amino acids. Individual fatty acids transferred, 但不為 energy 來源 (glucose 為 main energy sources) H 2 O and inorganic element transfer increases severalfold during the latter of gestation. Factors which effect on the ability of mineral transfer to the fetus. availability of the mineral to the dam for transfer placental type and degree of permeability physiological age and size of the fetus size, weight and charge of the particle being transferred 懷孕末三分之一期間,mineral transfer ability 最大, 但 Fe 之 transfer 能力最低, 無關於豬之飼糧之含量

47 二 Lactation (1) 泌乳期間營養分之釋出多於懷孕期間 (114 天 ) 蓄積於胎兒與胎盤之量 (2) 從體組成釋出至乳汁之營養分有限, 須由飼糧提供 ( 但 Fe 例外 ) (3) 營養分提供不足時, 明顯降低產乳量, 但乳中某營養分之影響並不明顯 (4)energy 影響 milk production 最明顯, 第一週內未給予任食,milk production 降低 (5)litter size 增加, milk production 亦增加 ( 受遺傳性能之限制 ) (6) energetic efficiency of lactation is higher than body fat depot, 最經濟之能量提供, 乃以提供最大產乳量, 而避免由體脂來提供能量作為產乳 (7) 產乳期有 4-5 週, 在高峰期可達 8 kg/day, 其 caloric density 較 cow milk 為高, 能量提供須足量

48 三 preweaning (1)The nutrient requirement (except Fe) of the suckling pig are met by sow milk during the first 2 to 3 weeks. (2)After 3 weeks of age, rapid growth of pig combined with the decline in milk yield. necessary provided supplemental feed ( 稱 creep feed) (3)Creep feed Lower protein and energy than milk CH 2 O must be palatable, provided sucrose, dried molasses, glucose or other, make up 5 or 10% 5-10% fat to improve palatability consume sufficient quantities for maximum weight gain

49 (4)Early weaning: removal of pig from sow earlier than at 4 weeks of age. (5)Primary specific pathogen-free (SPF) pigs weaned at birth, deprivation of colostrum, fed a highly fortified diet, kept in sanitary environment, given antibody protection, liquid diet fed at frequent interval (4 次 / 天 ).

50 四 Growing period (early postweaning) (1)Period from weaning to 45 Kg body weight (2)Post-weaning growth check, transition from sucking to consumption of dry post weaning diet (3) growth rate and body composition 改變, nutrient requirement 隨之改變, 隨著成熟, 豬隻之 Fat concentration increased rapidly at the expense of water, Protein % remain stable, Ratio of calorie to protein in the body increased steadily to market weight.

51 餵與 protein deficient diet 產生 fatter carcass 餵與 protein excess diet 不會較正常需求時 ( 遺傳範圍內 ) 生產 leaner carcass genetic influence carcass composition addition of certain amino acid (lysine, methionine in appropriate and combination low protein diet is economically feasible Effect excess protein in feeds protein, amino acid 以 diet percentage 計算, 但 energy 影響 feed intake, 如 CP, amino acid 含量在 marginal, 則易造成缺乏

52 Effect excess protein in feeds Protein in pig diets: meeting needs, avoiding excess 1.Price: protein feed usually cost more per tonne than cereals 2.Pig performance, FCE will be better on low protein diets provided amino acid requirements are met. 3. Organic nitrogen excretion less. Excess protein means more organic nitrogen excreted and possibility the need for more land to utilize this nitrogen.

53 A protein that contains the perfect balance of the individual essential amino acids combined with adequate amount of non-essential amino acids is referred to as ideal protein. The ideal blend is expressed relative to the lysine requirement. Means amino acid are given as % relative to lysine at 100 percent. (lysine 100%, Methionine 25-30%, Threonine 60-75%,Tryptophane 15-19%.) Lysine. Methionine, threonine, tryptophane in the diet are adequate and the total amount of digestible protein is adequate, then the levels of other essential amino acids will be sufficient.

54 其他營養分 (interrelationship) Ca & Zn (Excess Ca, increase Zn) Methionine & choline (methionine 能代替 choline provide methyl group used in metabolism) leucine & isoleucine (excess leucine, inhibit isoleucine utilization) tryptophan & niacin (tryptophan can convert to niacin), tryptophan 為 limiting amino acid, niacin is biological unavailable in cereal grain. 其他營養分 antagonism: soybean protein & Zn, phytic acid & Zn, others. Physical form of the diet (pellet)

55 五 Finishing period (45-90 Kg market weight) (1)The quantitative requirement for nutrients other than energy, are less (% of diet) (2)Daily energy requirement is greater: not only because of the larger body size but also high requirement per unit of body weight gain (increase fat deposition) (3) 除了 energy available 須考慮外, 其 protein supplement 亦注意, 因 maximum weight gain 並不等於 maximum carcass leanness.

56 六 Nutrients requirement by swine ( 一 ) Requirement according to National Research Council (NRC), Agricultural Research Council (ARC) 1.A diet that is nutritionally adequate for one population of pigs might not be entirely adequate for another population or for the same population under different environment conditions. 2.Minimun requirement : amount of a single nutrient need to allow normal body function of all animal in a population under ideal condition. 3.Minimun recommended allowance: the minimun requirement plus some arbitrary as a safety factor to allow for increase metabolic needs induced by environment stressors.

57 七母豬營養管理繁殖表現 : 每頭母豬產仔頭數表示窩重 ; 哺乳期天數 ; 斷乳日至發情配種日間距營養管理策略 : 1. 更新用新母豬體重達 60 公斤餵與良好品質之飼料 ( 非肥育豬飼料 ) 體重達 90 公斤呈現第一次發情直至第 2 或 3 次發情, 約 200 至 230 日齡或 110 至 130 公斤, 肥胖度適當即 P2( 最後助骨 ) 背脂厚度 1.8 至 2.0 cm( 避免在 2.5 cm 以上 ), 即可配種期間每日供應 8,365 Kcal 能量及每 Kcal 之能量含 2.3 g 之 Lysine 配種前三週予以大量餵料量以達最大之排卵率 ( 任食或含高能量 )

58 表年 Hughes 研究報告中懷孕早期 ( 配種後三星期期間 ) 之餵料量和胚胎存活率之關係母豬懷孕早期之餵料量高量低量排卵數目活存胚胎數目胚胎存活率 (%) 77 82

59 2. 懷孕期母豬個別飼養適當體態無肥胖狀如太肥胖, 於泌乳期時使體脂轉變成能量需要以供泌乳用, 造成泌乳期間食慾降低 ( 表 2) 預防過量餵料以 2.0~2.2 kg/day 最適, 新母或瘦小型可增加餵量表 2. 懷孕期母豬隻日飼料攝食量, 影響母豬哺乳期隻日飼料攝食量母豬懷孕期隻日飼料攝食量,( 公斤 ) 哺乳期母豬隻日飼料攝食量,( 公斤 ) 第 1 胎次母豬第 2 胎次母豬取自 1985 年 Harker 等人研究報告

60 3. 哺乳期母豬哺乳仔豬頭數會刺激泌乳量, 致餵飼量應加以調整母豬失重, 因哺乳頭數多, 又餵飼量不足引起影響再次發情或發情不明顯, 繁殖力下降 ( 表 3) 哺乳期餵飼量須依泌乳量及能量密度而異 ( 表 4) 哺乳期間因食慾較差, 很難獲得足量之飼料能量, 所以需考量飼料中能量濃度, 環境溫度 ( 噴水處理通風 ) 離胺酸供給量表年 Reere 等人研究報告中, 哺乳期母豬隻日飼料攝食影響失重和斷奶日至配種日間矩天數之關係隻日飼料攝食量失重斷奶後 7 天內斷奶後 14 天內 ( 公斤 ) ( 公斤 ) 呈現發情母豬佔 % 呈現發情母豬佔 %

61 表 4. 哺乳期母豬飼料需要量 ~1981 年 ARC 之後標準分娩後母豬體重 ( 公斤 ) 可消化熱量需要量 (MJ/ 日 ) 飼料需要量 ( 公斤 / 日 ) 高泌乳量低泌乳量高泌乳量低泌乳量飼料每公斤含 MJ(3286 K 卡路里 ) 可消化熱量單位

62 各階段之飼料配方可參考 P467,468,469,470,473,474

63 分娩舍懷孕母豬分娩前一週進分娩舍分娩泌乳期哺乳豬離乳教槽重要設備.. 防壓架母豬降溫仔豬保溫

65 保育舍離乳仔豬 weaning pig ( 保育豬 ) 重要設備.. 高床保溫墊保溫燈通風

67 肉豬舍肉豬前期肉豬後期重要設備.. 水泥地面通風

69 配種舍待配母豬發情人工授精懷孕母豬重要設備.. 狹欄

70 母豬的飼養管理母豬的唯一工作.. 生小豬觀察發情.. 站立反應配種時間人工授精 ( 配種 )..2-3 次觀察懷孕懷孕期分娩與助產泌乳期離乳至受胎

71 仔豬哺乳初乳常乳壓死剪齒剪尾去勢鐵劑教槽代母乳人工乳

72 離乳疫苗併欄人工乳代母乳限飼限水補充電解質仔豬 ( 續 )

73 離乳後 1-2 週保溫 Weaning check: 離乳緊迫緩疾病死亡離乳後 3-4 週溫度下痢生長遲

74 肉豬前期肉豬後期 ( 肥育期 ) 水泥地面散熱降溫

75 Epitheliochorial: Six tissue layers separate the maternal and fetal blood, three maternal and three fetal. The extraembryonic membranes can by separated from the uterus with no damage of the uterin epithelium. The pig has no passive immunity at birth and must receive protection via colostrum.

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<4D6963726F736F667420506F776572506F696E74202D2034B4A3A4C9A5C0BDDEA5CDB2A3A44FA4A7B97DBE69BADEB27A2E505054205BACDBAE65BCD2A6A15D> 提升生產之飼管理中興大學動物科學系阮喜文 1 一前言戶 : 9,167 戶公 : 23,289 頭 : 566,519 頭女 : 75,884, 頭未滿 30kg 肉 : 2,344,789 頭 30-60kg 肉 : 1,483,978 頭 60kg 以上肉 : 1,493,124 頭合計 : 5,987,583 頭 ( 農業統計