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Transcription

1 1 Linux

2 Linux Intel x, CPU 32, Red Hat Linux 9,,,, Linux Linux MySQL Web FT P DNS/ DH CP qmail Linux,, Linux, : ,,,, ;,, ( CIP) Linux /. :, (21. ) ISBN L.. Linux - : -. TP CIP (2005 ) : : : ht tp :/ / : : : : : : : : 538 : : ISBN / T P 7218 : : :

3 21,,, ;,,,, 35,,,,,, 21,,,,,,,, ;,,,, ;,, : ( 1), ; ( 2) ; ( 3),,, ; ( 4),

4 Linux :,, ;, ;,,,,, :,,,,,,, E- mail : gzgz@ tup.tsinghua.edu.cn,,,

5 Linux Linux 1991 U NIX, Intel x86 CP U, POSIX( ) 32 Linux GPL (GN U general public license, GN U ),,,,, Linux,,, Red H at Enterprise Linux, Linux Linux, Windows, X- Windows, Linux, Intel 486 Linux,,, Linux,, Windows 2000 Server,, Linux, Windows Linux IBM Novell,, 500, 301 Linux, 189 U NIX, 2 UNIX F reebsd, 1 Windows, 7, Linux, Linux, Linux, Linux,, KDE GNOME, Linux Lin ux,, Windows, Linux, Linux, Web F T P DNS D HCP

6 Linux Linux Windows 2000 Server,, 13, 6,,, Windows 2000, VMware Workstation, Linux, Linux VMware Work station, ( / 1 3, 4 5, 6 13,,!

7 Linux 1 Red Hat Linux Linux Lin ux Linux Linux Red H at Linux Red H at Linux Red Ha t Linux Linux Red H at Linux Linux Red H at Linux Linux Linux Linux Linux Linux

8 Linux vi Linux Lin ux Lin ux USB Linux Linux Linux inittab Linux Linux

9 RPM RPM rpm RPM TAR Linux ADSL PP PoE ADSL Linux MySQL MySQL MySQL MySQL Web Apache 161

10 Linux Apache Apache P H P Perl phpmyadmin MySQL WW W FTP vsftpd F T P vsftpd vsftp F T P F T P DNS DHCP DNS DNS DNS DNS D HCP D HCP D HCP D HCP DNS DH CP 256

11 10 qmail qmail qmail qmailadmin webmail sqwebmail igenus Web qmail qmail qmail qmail Lin ux IP iptables squid squid tcpdump

12 Linux Linux telnet SS H Windows SS H Linux Linux Lin ux

13 Red Hat Linux 9 Linux 1991 UNIX,,, Linux, Red Ha t Linux, Linu x, Linux, Linux 1.1 Linux Linux Linux Int el x86 CPU POSIX( ) U NIX 32,, Linux ( kernel ) Linus Torvalds, GPL ( GN U general public license, G NU ),,,,, Linux Linux Kernel( ) utilities ( ) application ( ) Linux ( FSF ), Linux, X- Windows Emacs TCP/ I P Linux U NIX ( IEEE POSIX System V BSD), U NIX Linux, BSD U NIX, Linux Linux, Linux Linus Torvald s, Lin ux

14 2 Linux.1.2 Linux Linux 1990, Linu s T orvalds ( H elsinki), 80386, Minix ( U NIX, Andrew Tannebaum PC, Mini U NIX ),, Linux, Minix, Lin us T orvalds Minix,, , U NIX, Linux 0.0.2, bash ( ) gcc( GN U C ),,, Linux,, Linux, 1993, Linux 1.0 Linux,,, 4MB Linux GN U ( GPL ),, Linux, Linux, Lin ux, Red Ha t Slackware Su se TurboLinux Red Flag Blue Point Xteam Linux OpenLinux H appy Linux Xlinux, Linux U NIX Linux, Linux, I T, IBM Intel Oracle Informix Sysbase Novell H P Linux, Linux,, Linux Linux Linux Windows, X Windows, Linux, Intel 486 Linux, Windows NT,,, Linux Windows NT,, BSD ( U NIX ) Linux Windows NT Windows 9x Linux,,, Web F T P DNS D HCP

15 Red Hat Linux 9 3, Windows Linux, U NIX Linux IDC(inter national data corporation) 2003, Linux 26%, Windows 44%, Linux, IDC, 2004 Linux 46.4%, Windows 26.5% Red Hat Linux Linux,, Red H at Linux,, Red Ha t Linux 9, Red H at Linux Linux,, RPM Red H at Red H at Linux 9,,,, Bug, Red H at Linux ( Red H at Enterprise Linux), Red H at Linux Fedora Linu x Fedora, Linux Fedora Red H at, Linux, Fedora Core 2, Red H at Linux 9, Fedora Core 2 Linux 2.6 ( Kernel), ;,, USB,, USB 2.0 ; UT F- 8, 1.2 Red Hat Linux 1. Red H at Linux,, NFS F T P H TT P, NFS F T P H T T P, Red H at Linux images, : bootdisk.img,, drvnet.img

16 4 Linux drvblock.img SCSI, pcmciadd.img, PCMCIA, bootdisk.img drvnet.img drvblock.img pcmciadd.img IDE IDE USB SCSI PCMCIA, Red H at Linux boot.iso,,, ( ),, boot.iso Red H at Linux,,,,, Linux ( ) Linux, SCSI PCMCIA,, 2. Red H at Linux dosutils, ( 1) Windows dosutils rawwritewin, ra wwritewin.exe,, 1.1 Image file, Number of copies, Write

17 Red Hat Linux 9 5, ( 2) DOS dos utils rawwrit e.exe, DOS, Windows MS- DOS Red H at Linux G, : G: \ > cd dosutils G: \ dos utils > raww rite f \ images\ bootdisk. img d a n rawwrite, 1.1 Linux ( 3) Linux Linux, 3.5, ( Linux ), Lin ux #, #,, #, # mount / mnt/ cdrom/ # # cd / mnt/ cdrom/ images/ # images # dd if = bootdisk.img of = / dev/ fd0 bs = 1440k # dd, # cd #,, # umount / mnt/ cdrom/ #, # mdir a : # dd Linux, disk dump, if input file, of output file, bs block size bootdis k.img, / dev/ fd0, 1440KB Linux, 1 / dev/ fd0 3. Red Hat Linux Red H at Linux, Red H at Linux 9 ( ISO) Red H at Lin ux, ( com), 3,

18 6 Linux shrike- i- disc1.iso shrike- i386- disc2.iso shrike- i386- disc3.iso 3 Red H at,, Lin ux Linux, Linux, Linux ext2 ext3 FAT, Linux,, 4. Lin ux,,,, 1.2, F2, Option, 1.3, ( boot : ) linux ask method,,, 1.2 Linux (

19 Red Hat Linux us ), Tab Alt + Tab,, 1.4, 1.4

20 8 Linux.3 Red Hat Linux 9, Red H at Linux 9 Red H at Linux 9,,, ;,, Linux Red H at Linux 9,, 1. CMOS,, Red H at Linux 9,,, 1.2, ;, boot : linux text,, 2.,,,,,, Red H at,,, Linux Windows,, Linux,, Tab, OK,, ;, Skip,,, Test,,, Pass ( ) Fail( ), O K,,, Test,,, Contin ue,,, 3., OK, 4. Red H at Linux 9,,

21 Red Hat Linux 9 9 Englis h, Chinese( Simplified ), Tab, OK,, 5. us,, O K 6., 1.5,, Wheel Mouse( PS/ 2) PS/ 2, Emulate 3 Button s 3 OK Linux Red H at Linux 4, Per sonal Desktop ( ) Workstation( ) Server ( ) Custom( ) Personal Desktop, ; Work station ; Sever,, ; Custom,

22 10 Linux Linux Server, OK 8. Linux, Linux, ( 1) Linux Linux, Red Ha t Linux, ext2 ext3 swap vfa t, Red H at Lin ux 9 ext3 swap ext3 ext2, ext2, ext2,,, swap Linux, ( 2) 1.6 Autopartition, 7, 1.6 Disk Druid,,,,, Linux, Autopartition,,, Yes,

23 Red Hat Linux Remove all Linux Partitions on this system Remove all partitions on this system Kee p all pa rtitions and use existing fr ee space Linux, Linux 1.7, Linux, sda sda Lin ux SCSI,, O K,,, Tab Yes,, 1.8 DOS Windows, Linux, Linux (/ boot) (/ ) ( swap ), Linux Windows, Linux

24 12 Linux.8 Lin ux Linux / dev/ sda1 ext3 / boot / dev/ sda2 ext3 / swap Linux, 100MB, Linux, swap 2, 1.8, New Edit Delete,, 1.6, Disk Druid, 1.8, New, 1.9

25 Red Hat Linux Mount Point, /, / boot,, Tab, File System type( ),,, ext3,, swap Tab,, ( MB ), OK,,, OK, 9. ( 1) Linux Red H at Linu x 9 GRUB LILO, 1.10 GRUB, ; LILO, No Boot Loader,, OK,, 1.11 ( 2),,, OK,

26 14 Linux ( 3) GRUB,, 1.12, Tab U se a GRUB Password,,, Boot Loader 1.12

27 Red Hat Linux 9 15 Password, Confirm,,, O K,, GRUB ( 4) GRUB, Linux, ( Windows 9x Windows 2000 ), Linux, GRUB, GR UB, GRUB,,,,, GR UB,, Red H at Linux, Edit,, O K,, 1.14 ( 5),, Master Boot Record( MBR ),, GRUB, First sector of boot partition, MBR, GRUB, GRUB,,, OK,,

28 16 Linux Linux,,,, ( 1) Lin ux, eth0, eth1,,,, I P Linux bootp/ ddhcp I P, U se bootp/ dhcp,,, Activate on boot, IP ( Netmas k ) ( Default gateway ) ( P rimary nameserver) ( Secondary nameserver) ( Tertiary nameserver )

29 Red Hat Linux 9 17 IP , Activate on boot, O K ( 2) Linux, 1.16,, rh ( 3) Linux, iptables,,,, Medium( ), Tab Customize,, 1.18 D HCP Telnet W WW Mail F T P, OK, 1.17, OK,

30 18 Linux Linux Red H at Linux 9,,,,,, English Chinese ( P.R. of China), 1.19, OK, 1.20,, English, OK 1.19 Linux

31 Red Hat Linux Asia/ Chongqing,, 1.21, O K 13. root Linux root, Windows 2000 Server Administra tor root, 1.22,, OK 1.22 root , Tab, Administration T ools DNS Name Server Development T ools F T P Server GN OME Desktop Environment Graphical Internet Net work Server s P rinting Support Server Configuration Tools System T ools Web Server Windows File Server

32 20 Linux X Windows System Sound and Video KDE Desktop Environment Linux, 1.23, OK, / root/ install.log OK, 15.,,, 1.24, 1.24

33 Red Hat Linux Linux, Linu x,, Linux, Yes,, No, 17., , Change,, O K 18., 1.26, Change,,, 1.26

34 22 Linux 9., ( ), O K,,,,, OK, Lin ux, 1.4 Linux Red H at Linux,,,,, Red Hat Linux Linux, GR UB, ,, Red H at Linux, 10, Red H at Linux, 1.29,,,, , root, Password,, Linux, Linux #,,, Linux root, #,, Linux, Linux,

35 Red Hat Linux Red Ha t Linux 1.29 Red Hat Linux

36 24 Linux Linux ( # ),, :,, root / root, root, cd, clear # cd, cd.., cd/, ls ll startx, Red H at Linux (X- Windows), Windows,, Red H at Linux

37 Red Hat Linux 9 25 ( tty),,, logout exit ;, reboot s hutdown r;, shutdown h now;? help,, shutdown, root s u root, System Tools Terminal,, 1.32, exit, 1.32 X- Windows, Ctrl + Alt + F2, Ctrl + Alt + F7 X- Windows Linux 6 ( tty1 tty6) Linux, 1, Alt + F1 F6,, X- Windows ( pts/ 0 pts/ 1 ), Shift + Alt + F1 F6,, 1. ( ), ( ) A. Windows XP B. Windows 2000 Server C. Lin ux D. UNIX 2. Red H at Linux 9, ( ) A. bootdisk.img B. drvnet.img

38 26 Linux C drvblock.img D. pcmciadd.img 3. Windows, Red Ha t Linux 9, ( ) A. rawwrit ewin B. raw write C. dd D. H D 4., Red H at Linux 9 ( ), ( ) A. images B. tools C. dosutils D. Redhat 5. Linux ( ),, ( ) A. Administrator B. root C. # D. 6. Linux, ( ) A. C. N FS B. D. F T P H T T P 7., Linux ( boot : ), ( ) ( ) A. linux text B. C. F2, linux askmethod D. linux dd 8. Lin ux, ( ) A. Linux,, B. Linux C. Lin ux 32, Intel x86 CP U D. U NIX Intel x86 CP U E. Linux / / boot swap 9. Red H at Linux 9 ( ) A. ext2 B. ext3 C. F AT D. swap 10. Linux, A. ext2 B. ext3 C. F AT D. swap 11. Linux, 2, ( ) A. F2 B. Ctrl + F2 C. Alt + F2 D. Alt Linux X- Windows,, ( )

39 Red Hat Linux 9 27 A. Ctrl + Alt + F2 B. Ctrl + Alt + F7 C. Ctrl + F2 D. F7 13., Lin ux,, ( ) A. #, reboot B., reboot C. #, shutdown r D. Ctrl + Alt + Del 14. Linux,, ( ) ; ( ) ; mnt, ( ) ;, ( ) ;, ( ) A. ls ll B./ C. \ D. cd / mnt E. CD / mnt F. cd \ mnt G. cd.. H. cd / I. cd \ 15., root ( ) A. sh utdown B. logout C. ls D. reboot 1-1 Linux [ ] VMware Work st ation, Linux [ ] :, 2GB, 256MB, : Windows 9 x, Windows 2000 Server Professional [ Linux ] Lin ux,, Linux,, Windows 9x Windows 2000, Linux, Lin ux GR UB, Linux,, Linux, ( ),,,,, ( Windows 2000),

40 28 Linux, Lin ux,,,,,, VMware Virtual PC VMware,,, Windows 9 x, Windows 2000 VMware Workstation, VMware Worksta tion, [ ] 1. VMware Workstation ht tp:/ / w ww.pcnetedu.com / ww w.vmware.com/ download/, VMware Workstation, VMware- workstation exe, 2. VMware Work station, 3.33 Favorites H ome New 1.33 VMware Work station

41 Red Hat Linux 9 29 Virtual Machine Open Existing Virtual Machine,,,, ( Power On),, CPU ( 1) N ew Virtual Machine,,,, Typical Custom,, Typical, 1.34, Lin ux, Version, Linux Red H at Linux,, 1.35,, Location,,,,, D : \ My Virtual Machines \ Red Ha t Linux,,,,,,, GB, 4GB,, 10GB, 10,,, ( 2), Favorites,

42 30 Linux 1.36,, Start this virtual machine, 1.37,, 136MB OK,, Edit virtual machine settings,, 136MB, CD- ROM, Connection

43 Red Hat Linux 9 31, Use physical driver, Add,,, OK 1.37,,,,,,,,, D: \ My Virtual Machines\ Red H at Lin ux,,,, 1-2 Red Hat Linux 9 [ ] Red H at Linux 9 [ ] 1-1 [ ] 1.,, CMOS, Red H at Linux 9 2. Linux, Red Ha t Linux 9, VMware Workstation, Red Hat Linux 9, Start this virtual machine,,, Lin ux, Linu x

44 32 Linux Linux : Linux ( ) Linux X- Windows 4. VMware : Linux, VM Install VM war e T ools,, Install, VMware Tools, 16,,,,? : ( ),,,, Ctrl + A lt 1.38 Linux

45 Red Hat Linux 9 33 Ctrl + Alt + Del Windows 2000, Ctrl + Alt + Del Linux, VMware, Ctrl + Alt + Insert, Ctrl + Alt + Insert, Ctrl + Alt + Del, Ctrl + Alt + Ent er, VMware, Ctrl + Alt Linux X- Windows 1.38

46 Linux Linux, Lin ux, 2.1 Linux,,, Windows 2000 Server, NTFS, F AT32 FA T16 ; DOS Windows 9 x FAT16 FA T32, NTFS Linux, Red H at Linux, ext2 ext3 swap Linux 1. ext2 ext3 ext Linux,, Linux,, ext2 ext, ext2 1993, CP U, G NU/ Linux, 256, ext3 ext2, ext2, ext2,,, Linux,,,,, ext3

47 Linux 35 Lin ux, Red H at Linux ext3, reiserfs jfs 2. swap swap Linux Linux,, 2 Linux,, Linux, swap 3. vfat vfat Linux DOS Windows FAT ( FA T16 F AT32 ) Red H at Linux FA T16 FA T32, F AT 4. NFS NFS, UNIX, N FS,, N FS 5. ISO 9660, Linux, ISO, Linux Red H at Linux,,, : # ls / lib/ modules/ / kernel/ fs 2.2 Linux Linux,,,,,,,, Lin ux 1. DOS Windows, Linux,,, ( ), ( ),, Linux

48 36 Linux,, DOS Windows,,, Linux Linux /,, 2. Red Hat Linux 9 Red H at Linux 9 Linux,, : [ root@ rh9 root] # ls / bin dev home lib misc opt root tft pboo t usr boot etc init rd lost + found mn t proc sbin tmp var ( 1) / bin / sbin Lin ux / bin / s bin / bin, RPM, login date ping netstat mount umou nt su vi rpm / sbin ( root), root, / sbin fdisk mkfs. ext3 mkfs.vfat sh utdown dump rout e iptables ( 2) / dev dev device( ),/ dev, Linux I/ O,,, I/ O, I/ O,,,, IDE hd, ID a, 1 IDE hda, 2 IDE hdb;,, 1, 5 ( 4 ) 1 IDE 1

49 Linux 37 hda1, 2 hda2, 1 hda5, 2 hda6 SCSI ( SCSI, U SB ) IDE, sd, 1 SCSI sda, 2 SCSI sdb, 1 SCSI 1 sda5 1 IDE hdc, 1 fd0,,, : # mke2fs / dev/ fd0 / dev/ cdrom,, # ll / dev/ cdrom lrwxr wxr wx 1 root root 8 Jun 14 12: 01 / dev/ cdrom - > / dev/ hdc, SCSI / dev/ st ; / dev/ ttys, COM1 / dev/ t tys0; / dev/ cua; / dev/ null,,, / dev/ mouse,, COM1, / etc/ ttys0 ; PS2, / dev/ p saux; USB,/ dev/ mou se/ / dev/ input/ mice ( 3) / home, / home ( d, ), root / root,,, ( 4) / lib lib library,, ( 5) / usr / u sr,,, : / u sr/ bin / u sr/ etc / u sr/ include C

50 38 Linux Linux u sr/ lib / u sr/ src Linux / u sr/ local/ src Linux / u sr/ local ( 6) / boot / boot, ( 7) / etc / etc Linux,, X- Windows securetty passwd inittab fstab ( 8) / lost + found / lost + found, ( 9) / mnt CD ROM / mnt, cdrom floppy,, / mnt/ cdrom / mnt/ floppy,, : Linux,,, / cdrom : # mount / mnt/ cdrom, / mnt/ cdrom, ls cdrom,, / mnt/ floppy, / mnt/ cdrom, : : # umount / mnt/ cdrom, (/ dev/ cdrom ), # mount / dev/ cdrom # / mnt/ cdrom # cd / mnt/ cdrom # # ll # # cd #,

51 Linux 39 # umount / dev/ cdrom # ( 10 ) / proc / proc, ker nel, ca t,, : cat / proc/ cpuinfo CP U cat / proc/ interrupts cat / proc/ meminfo cat / proc/ ver sion Linux ( 11 ) / tmp / var / tmp, / var, Linux,, 256 Linux shell, # % & ( ) [ ] { } \ / ; < < < > > > Linux Linux Linux,.,, ls a Linux,,,, DOS Windows Windows,,,,,, ls ll,,, ( ),,,

52 40 Linux 2. ls l ll,,, 7, 6, : ( 1) 1 10, 3, Linux Lin ux,, r w x,, x,, x,,, DOS.ba t,,, cd,,, l( : L, 1 ) ;, d vi, rwxr xr x, 1,, 1 rwx, ; 2 r x,,,

53 Linux 41 ; 3 r x,,, x, s,,,, / bin ping su mount umount,, ( 2) 2, 1,, ( 3) 3 ( 4) 4 ( 5) 5 B, 1024B ( 6) 6,,, ( 7) 7, 3. ( 1), ( ),,, root, Lin ux, chown ( ), R, ( ) ; chgrp : chown [ R]. chgrp, useradd, passwd, # groupadd student # student # useradd g student liyang # liyang, student # passwd liyang # liyang Changing password for user liyang. New password: Retype new password:

54 42 Linux p ass wd all aut hen tication tokens updated successfully. # useradd g student fengyuan # fengyuan, student # passwd liyang # fengyuan Changing password for user fengyuan. New password: Retype new password: passwd: all authentication tokens updated successfully., / home, ( home directory), logout root, liyang, myfile.txt [liyang@rh9 liyang] touch myfile.txt [liyang@rh9 liyang] ll myfile.txt rw r r 1 liyang student 11 Jul 0 05:39 myfile.txt, liyang, student,,, x fengyuan, : [ root@ rh9 root] # chown fengyuan / home/ liyang/ myfile.txt [ root@ rh9 root] ll / home/ liyang/ myfile.txt rw r r 1 fengyuan student 11 Jul 0 05: 42 myfile.txt, liyang, fengyuan, fengyuan, liyang student, myfile.txt nobody, : [ root@ rh9 root] # chgrp nobody / home/ liyang/ myfile.txt [ root@ rh9 root] # ll / home/ liyang/ myfile.txt rw r r 1 fengyuan nobody 11 Jul 0 05: 45 myfile.txt myfile.txt root root, : [ root@ rh9 root] # chown root.root / home/ liyang/ myfile.txt [ root@ rh9 root] # ll / home/ liyang/ myfile.txt rw r r 1 root root 11 Jul 0 05:47 myfile.txt

55 Linux 43 chown ( 2),, Linux, chmod, root r w x, 3, 644,,,,, rwx,, 3, 1, 0, 3,, 0 7, : rw r r, : , : 6 4 4, ( rw r r ), 644 rwx rwx x w wx r r x r w rwx r w x, s, s,, root

56 44 Linux s s, s 1, 0, s s s s s s,, s, , s, s, s 755 7, s,, rws ; 755 5, 5, : :,, chmod ( ), chmod [ R] R : myfile.txt rw r r, rw rw r, [ root@ rh9 root] # chmod 664 / home/ liyang/ myfile.txt [ root@ rh9 root] # ll / home/ liyang/ myfile.txt rw rw r 1 liyang student 11 Jul 4 05: 39 myfile.txt myfile.txt s,, : chmod 4755 / home/ liyang/ myfile.txt,, : rwsr xr x 6755, : rwsr sr x 7755, : rwsr sr s

57 Linux 45 r w x s, chmod, u, g, o, +,,,, =, / home/ liyang/ myfile.txt rw rw r, rw r, : chmod g w / home/ lilyang/ myfile.txt chmod o r / home/ liyang/ myfile.txt ll / home/ liyang/ myfile.txt rw r2 1 liyang student 11 Jul 4 05: 39 myfile.txt, : chmod o + r / home/ liyang/ myfile.txt, : chmod go r / home/ liyang/ myfile.txt, : chmod ugo = r / home/ liyang/ myfile.txt s, : chmod ug + s / home/ liyang/ myfile.txt 2.4 Linux Linux 1. Linux ( shell), Tab, Tab,,, Tab,, ;,, Tab ( ), mou, Tab

58 46 Linux mount ; mo, Tab,, Tab, mo ls l,,,, cd / etc ;, \,,, shell >,, 2.,,,,,, &, # xcalc & Linux ls cd clear s u login logout exit sh utdown reboot mount umount write mesg,, 1. su su ( root), ( superu ser ), exit, su, root, : [liyang@rh9 liyang] su Password : # s u, # root [ root@ rh9 liyang] # exit # #, exit [liyang@rh9 liyang] # su, root,,,,,,, 2. shutdown sh utdown Linux ( ), root h r, h ( halt), r ( reboot), now

59 Linux 47, : # shutdown h now # # shutdown r now #, reboot # shutdown h 17:30 # 17 :30, # shutdown h t secs 2 # 2, 3. mount umount mount, : mount,, mount / dev/ cdrom / mnt/ cdrom mount t iso9660 / dev/ cdrom / mnt/ cdrom t iso9660 iso9660 umou nt, : umount, umount / dev/ cdrom umount / mnt/ cdrom mount, 4. write mesg write : write [ ],,,,,,,,,, Ctrl + C, root 1, vodup 2, root vodup, : [ root@ rh9 root] # write vodup t ty2 # write vodup,,, vodup mesg write

60 48 Linux mesg y, mesg n mesg,, y, mesg n,,, root mkdir rmdir mkdir, DOS md ; rmdir, DOS rd, rmdir,, : # mkdir # rmdir, mkdir p,, / usr mydoc, mydoc liyang, : # mkdir p / us r/ mydoc/ liyang 2. pwd pwd print wor king directory, : [ root@ rh9 root] # pwd / root 3. cd cd, cd,, Linux, cd,,,, : # cd.. # # cd../../ # # cd / # # cd # [ root@ rh9 / ] # cd # root [ root@ rh9 / ] # cd snbj # snbj..,., DOS

61 Linux ls ls ( ),,, ls, ls d l i m x a A C F R S color, ( ), i (inode) (.... ls ll ls l, ll Linux ls l,,, alias, : alias = lsa ls a, alias lsa = ls a, unalias, : unalias lsa, unalias lsa

62 50 Linux cp cp copy, : cp [ ], cp,, i cp, r,, : cp r, / mnt/ cdrom/ linux_ soft / root/ linux_ soft, : [ root@ rh9 root] # cp r / mnt/ cdrom/ linux_soft linux_soft 3. rm rm( remove) ( ), : rm [ ] Linux,,,,, i,, Linux rm i rm,, i, f(force),,,, myfile.txt, : # rm f myfile.txt rm,, r ( recur sive),, r,, test, : # rm r test,,,, f, :

63 Linux 51 # rm rf test, root rf rm, rmdir, 4. mv mv move, Linux,, : mv [ ],,, i mv b( backup ),,, mv, ;,, mv liyang liyan, : liyan, ; liyan, liyang liyan 5. touch touch, dat e,, file1 file2, : # touch file1 file2 6. ln ln,,,,,,,, ln ( link ), Lin ux, ( hard link) ( soft link) ( 1),

64 52 Linux,, Windows, s( symbolic link ) ln, : ln s / home/ liyang myfile.txt, newfile.txt, : # cd / home/ liyang # ln s myfile.txt newfile.txt # ll rw r r 1 liyang student 11 Jul 5 02 :00 myfile.txt lrwxr wxr wx 1 root root 10 Jul 5 02 :58 newfile.txt - > myfile.txt more newfile.txt, myfile.txt ( 2), i (inode),, i ls i i, i s ln, : ln,,, myfile.txt hardlink.txt, : # ln myfile.txt hardlink.txt # ll i rw r r 2 liyang student 11 Jul 5 02 :00 hardlink.txt rw r r 2 liyang student 11 Jul 5 02 :00 myfile.txt lr wxrwxrwx 1 root root 10 Ju l 5 02 : 58 newfile.tx t - > myfile.tx t,,, 7. ( 1) cat cat concatenate,,,

65 Linux 53 DOS Type cat,, : # cat file1.txt file2.txt n, ( 2) more less, cat, more less more,,,, cat less more, more,,,, less, q less more ( ), ( 3) head tail head, 10,, : head - / boot/ grub/ gr ub.conf 10, : # head / boot/ grub/ grub.conf 20, : # head - 20 / boot/ grub/ grub.conf : grub.conf GRUB, timeout = 10 ( ), title,, tail head,, 10, head, tail f,, 8. grep grep, : grep

66 54 Linux etc/ fstab, cdrom, : # grep cdrom / etc/ fstab 9. diff diff, : diff [ r] 1 2, r, : # diff file1 file2 # file1 file2, # diff r dir1 dir2 # dir1 dir2, 10. > > > < < < ( 1) > > >,, last, mylog.txt, : # last > mylog.txt # less mylog.txt ca t, file1.txt file2.txt, file3.txt, >, : # cat file1.txt file2.txt > file3.txt ca t > file.txt, file.txt, Ctrl + D, file.txt,, DOS copy con file.txt, Ctrl + C file.txt, cat > file.txt,,,, > > ( ), cat > > file.txt ( 2) < < < <, cat < file1.txt, file1.txt, < < ( here operator),,,, cat :

67 Linux 55 cat < <, : cat < < end > file.txt,, end,,, > file.txt,, file.txt, more file.txt 11.,,,,,, ls l / etc grep ftp ls l / etc grep, grep ftp, ftp,, less ls l / etc less Linux Lin ux uname r uname a 2. df df,, 1 = du du du a, du s ( summary ) > > >,, more less du s sort n,, 4. free free,, free [ b k m ] b, k KB, m MB [ root@ rh9 root] # free

68 56 Linux to tal used free sha red buffer s cached Mem : / + buffers/ cach e: Swap : uptime uptime, : CPU CP U, ca t / proc/ cpuinfo, CP U 7. CPU CP U, top, 2.2,, d delay, delay, Windows 2000 Server 2.2 CPU top,, h,, q, top ( 1) 1 uptime

69 Linux , 36 ( sleeping ), 1 ( ru nning), 0 (zombie process), 0 ( stopped), (, ),, 3 CP U, 0.0% ; 0.5 %, CP U ; 0.0 % nice ; 0.0 % I/ O ; 99.4 % (idle),, CP U, 4 6, free av( available) 7, : PID USER PRI COMMAND NI SIZE RSS SHA RE STA T % CPU % MEM TIME CPU : PID ( Process ID), ID USE R PRI NI NI nice,, CP U 0, , CP U root, nice nice SIZE ( stack) ( KB) RSS (KB) S H ARE ( KB) S TAT S sleeping, D uninterrupting sleep, R running, Z zombies, T stoped, < nice, N nice, W % CP U, CP U % MEM, TIME CPU CP U CP U ID, 0

70 58 Linux : COMMAND ( 2), CPU, P (, Shift + P ), CPU, % CP U M,, % MEM T, TIME N, PID ( 3) top u, ( 4),,,, : k, PID to kill :, ID,, Kill PID with signal[ 15 ] :, signal, 15,, 9, 8., last / var/ log/ wtmp,, 9., ( ), w, w,, w, liyang, : w liyang w w

71 Linux , 0.00, 2, : USE R T TY FROM I P LOGIN@ IDLE JCPU PCP U W H AT, ;,, CPU CP U,, users 10., cal ;, cal 4, cal 2004, date, date s, date s ( mm/ dd/ yy ) ( hh: mm: ss ), clock w CMOS vi vi( visual interface) Linux U NIX, 1. vi, vi vi, vi, vi, ( ), 2. vi vi (command mode) ( insert mode) ( last line mode) ( 1), Esc,,

72 60 Linux vi, vi, ( 2),,, i a o, ( 3) vi,,,,, vi Shift + :,,,, vi,,,,, E sc,, 3. vi vi vi : wq vi : w, vi vi : w!, : q vi : q! vi, : n, mw n m vi : n, mw > > n m : r, :.=

73 Linux 61 ( ) vi, i a o O A I k j h l G ng Backspace Delete Page Down Page U p H ome End Insert ndd nx n n, n /? : n, ms/ str1/ str2/ opt n m, str1 str2, opt g, c : 1, s/ str1/ str2/ g str2 str1

74 62 Linux.5 Linux,, Linux,,, : ( 1), ( 2), ( 3) ( ),, Red Hat Linux 9 fdisk parted, fdisk, parted,, fdisk mount, fdisk,, : # fdisk 1 IDE hda, 2 hdb, 1 SCSI sda, 2 SCSI sdb 2 IDE, fdisk / dev/ hdb fdisk, Command( m for help ) :, m, fdisk, : a b d n p v q w SCSI, 10GB SCSI,, ( / / ) : [ root@ rh9 root] # fdisk / dev/ sdb Command ( m for help) : p / / p, Disk / dev/ sdb: 10.7GB, bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/ track, 1305 cylinders U nits = cylinders of = bytes

75 Linux 63 Device Boo t Sta rt E nd Blocks Id System / /, Command ( m for help) : n / / n, Command action / /, e, p e ex tended p primary partition ( 1-4 ) p / / p, Partition number (1-4) :1 / /, 1, 1 First cylinder (1-1305, default 1) :1 / / Last cylinder or + size or + sizem or + sizek (1-1305, default 1305) : 1305 / / / /, M Command ( m for help) : p / / Disk / dev/ sdb: 10.7GB, bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/ track, 1305 cylinders U nits = cylinders of = bytes Device Boot Star t End Block s Id System / dev/ sdb Linux Commmand ( m for help) : w / / w The partition table has been altered! Calling ioctl( ) to re read partition table. SCSI device sdb: byte hdw r sectors (10737MB) SCSI device sdb: byte hdw r sectors (10737MB) Syncing disks. [ root@ rh9 root] #,,,,, Red H at Linux 9,,, 2.5, Red H at Linux 9,, mkfs.ext3 mkfs.ext2 mke2fs,, mke2fs Red H at Lin ux 9 ext3

76 64 Linux mkfs.ext3 mkfs.ext2 mke2fs ext3 mkfs.vfat mkfs.msdos mkdosfs vfat mkfs.reiserfs mkreiserfs reiser mkjs.jfs mkswap jfs swap, ext3, : [ root@ rh9 root] # mkfs.ext3 / dev/ sdb , Linux 1. e2label, e2label [ ] / dev/ sdb1 vodftp, e2label / dev/ sdb1 vodftp, e2label, 2. findfs findfs, findfs LABEL =

77 Linux 65 vod, findfs LABEL = vod 3. e2fsck ext2/ ext3,,, : e2fsck : e2fsck / dev/ sdb Linux,, / u sr myvod, : [ root@ rh9 root] # mkdir / usr/ myvod # [ root@ rh9 root] # mount / dev/ sdb1 / usr/ myvod # / dev/ sdb1 / usr/ myvod [ root@ rh9 root] # mount #,, / dev/ sdb1 on / us r/ myvod type ext3 ( rw ) / u sr/ myvod, 2 SCSI, umount / dev/ sdb1,,,, / etc/ fstab, DOS, fstab Lin ux, Red H at Linux 9, init / etc/ fstab,,, fstab fstab, more / etc/ fstab fstab 5 1 ( dump), 6 1, fsck fstab,,,, / etc/ fstab / root, vi, / etc/ fstab, / dev/ sdb1 / usr/ myvod ext3 :

78 66 Linux rh9 root] # cp / etc/ fstab fstab_bak [ root@ rh9 root] # vi / etc/ fstab, vi, > >, / etc/ fstab, : [ root@ rh9 root] # echo / dev/ sdb1 / usr/ myvod ext3 > > / etc/ fstab : >, / etc/ fstab / etc/ fstab, reboot Linux, mount, sdb1 2.6 Linux USB ( U USB ), USB Linux 1.,, Red H at Linux 9 ext2 FA T ( 1) ext2 : ext2 : ext2, / dev/ fd0,, : [ root@ rh9 root] # mke2fs / dev/ fd0, mount/ mnt/ floppy, / mnt/ floppy, ext2 ext3, lost + found ( 2) FAT DOS F AT, mkdosfs, : mkdosfs FAT,, DOS, A

79 Linux 67 Lin ux, m, DOS, DOS m, DOS, A, mdir a: Linux DOS : mat trib mcd mmd mrd mmove mren mtype mcopy mdel mdeltree mdir mformat mlabel, FAT, ( 3) X Windows System Tools, Floppy Format ter,, Linux Linux,,, mkbootdisk, : : mkbootdisk device Linux Linux uname r,, mkbootdisk device / dev/ fd0 uname r 3.,,,

80 68 Linux Lin ux, cp, : cp / dev/ fd0 / dev/ fd0,.img, myboot.img, : [ root@ rh9 root] # cp / dev/ fd0 myboot.img, file 4.,, : cp / dev/ fd0 5. Linux,,,,, : mount o loop myboot.img / mnt/ floppy, : [ root@ rh9 root] # mount o loop myboot.img / mnt/ floppy [ root@ rh9 root] # ls / mnt/ floppy Linux USB USB, USB U USB Lin ux, USB SCSI, U,, SCSI, U, USB, USB, umount, USB 16MB U USB 2.0, USB Linux 1. Linux U ( 1) U U USB,, Linux,, usb.c : USB device 2 ( vend/ prod 0xea0/ 0x6803) is not claimed by any active driver.

81 Linux 69 Vendor : PI NGYU Model : ADP Rev:1.11 Type : Direct Access ANSI SCSI revision:02 Attached scsi removable disk sdb at scsi2, channel 0, id 0, lun 0 SCSI device sdb: byte hdw r sectors (17MB) sdb : Write Protect is off, USB Linux ( sdb) USB,, USB SCSI,, U,, Lin ux ( 2) U, / mnt, USB, usb dis k [ root@ rh9 root] # mkdir / mnt/ usb disk ( 3) U U FA T, sdb1, : [ root@ rh9 root] # mount t vfat / dev/ sdb1 / mnt/ usb disk/,,, / mnt/ usb disk, U, / dev/ sdb, : FAT : bogus logical sector size VFS: Can t find a valid FA T filesystem on dev 08 :10 or too many mounted file systems, : mount : mount point / mnt/ usb disk/ does not exist U, 2, / dev/ sdb2, ( 4) U U,, U, : [ root@ rh9 root] # umount / mnt/ usb disk

82 70 Linux. USB USB USB, IDE,,, IDE,,, USB 2.0, IDE, 120GB, 3, 1 NTFS, 2 FAT32, 3 NTFS Red H at Linux 9 NTFS, Linux 2 ( 1), USB USB Lin ux, : usb.c : USB device 2 (vend/ prod 0x402/ 0x5621) is not claimed by any active driver. Vendor : USB 2.0 Model : Storage Device Rev:0100 Type : Direct Access ANSI SCSI revision: 02 Attached scsi disk sdb at scsi2, channel 0, id 0, lun 0 SCSI device sdb: byte hd wr sectors ( MB) 5, Linux 2 SCSI, sdb ( 2) s db, 2 ( FA T32 ) Linux,, 2 / mnt/ u sb disk : [ root@ rh9 root] # mount t vfat / dev/ sdb2 / mnt/ usb disk [ root@ rh9 root] # cd / mnt/ usb disk [ root@ rh9 usb disk ] # ll # linux_ soft,, / root/ linux_soft, [ root@ rh9 usb disk ] # cp r linux_ soft / root/ linux_soft [ root@ rh9 usb disk ] # cd [ root@ rh9 root] # ll linux_soft # ( 3) USB : umount / mnt/ usb dis k

83 Linux ISO 9660,.iso,, cp, : cp / dev/ cdrom,, mybook.iso, : [ root@ rh9 root] # cp / dev/ cdrom mybook.iso [ root@ rh9 root] # file mybook.iso # mybook.iso: ISO 9660 CD ROM filesystem data 2., Linux, ISO, mkisofs, : : mkisofs r o, / etc mylinuxetc.iso, [ root@ rh9 root] # mkisofs r o mylinuxetc.iso / etc ISO, 1., : mount o loop ISO,, ISO,, mylinuxetc.iso / mnt/ cdrom, :

84 72 Linux rh9 root] # mount o loop mylinuxetc.iso / mnt/ cdrom [ root@ rh9 root] # cd / mnt/ cdrom [ root@ rh9 root] # ll 2. Lin ux, cdrecord, ISO,, Linux SCSI ( 1) ID, cdrecord scanbus,,, ( 2) cdrecord, : cdrecord v speed = dev = ISO : cdrecord v speed = 12 dev = 0,0 / root/ mylinuxetc.iso 1. Linux ( ), Red H at Linux 9 ( ) A. ext2 B. ext3 C. swap D. jfs 2. ( ) A. ext2 B. ext3 C. swap D. ISO Lin ux, ( ) A. Red Ha t Linux 9 N T FS, NTFS B. Red H at Linux, ext2 ext3 C., Linux, D. Linux,, Linux, / 4., root ( )

85 Linux 73 A. Su B. su C. login D. whoami 5., 2 SCSI 1 ( ) A./ etc/ sdb B./ etc/ sda C./ etc/ s db5 D./ etc/ sdb1 6., ( ) A./ etc/ ttys1 B./ etc/ null C./ etc/ Null D./ etc/ empty 7. Red Hat Linux, # cd, ( ) A./ B./ home C./ root D./ home/ root 8. Lin ux, ( ) A./ etc/ inittab B./ etc/ fstab C./ u sr/ etc/ fstab D./ usr/ etc/ init tab 9., ( ) A. mount / mnt/ cdrom B. mount / dev/ cdrom C. mount t iso9660 / dev/ cdrom / mnt/ cdrom D. umount / dev/ cdrom 10. Linux, ( ) A. Linux B. Lin ux, 256 C. Linux, D., 11., ( ) A. chmod B. chown C. usermod D. file 12. / usr/ myprog,,, ( ) A. chmod 700 / usr/ myprog C. chmod u = rwx / usr/ myprog 13. Linux ( ) B. chown 700 / usr/ myprog D. chmod u = rwx go r w x / u sr/ myprog A./ B. \ C. ; D. & 14. Linux 5, ( ) A. reboot t 5 C. s hutdown r t secs 5 B. shutdown r t 5 D. shutdown h t Linux,, ( ) A. cd / B. cd../../ C. cd../../../ D. cd 16., ll ( ) A. ls a B. ls l C. ls la D. ls F 17. / usr/ mytest, ( )

86 74 Linux A rmdir / usr/ mytest B. rm / usr/ mytest C. rm f / usr/ mytest D. rm r / usr/ mytest 18.,, ( ) A. r B. f C. b D. i 19., ( ) A. date B. update C. touch D. uptime 20., ( ) A. less B. cat C. t ail D. diff 21., ( ) A. diff B. grep C. head D. more 22. file1.txt, file2.txt,,, ( ) ( ) A. touch file1.txt B. cat > file1.txt, Ctrl + D C. cat file2.txt > file1.txt D. cat / dev/ null > file1.txt 23. / etc vsftpd,, A. ls / etc grep vsftpd C. ls / etc/ vsftpd B. ls / etc/ vsftpd D. ll / etc/ vsftpd 24. Linux,, ( ) A. df B. du C. free D. uptime 25. vi,,, ( ) A. Esc C. : B. Esc, : D. Shift + : 26. vi,,, ( ) A. I B. A C. O D. l 27. ext3 ( ) A. mkfs.ext3 B. mkfs.ext2 C. mke2fs D. mkefs.ext3 28., ( ) A. fsck B. e2fsck C. check D. scandisk

87 Linux,, Linux,, 3.1 Lin ux,,, Lin ux 1. Linux, ( ) passwd, / etc passwd,, shadow Linux, passwd,,, :, Lin ux, passwd,, Linux, / sbin/ nologin, Linux passwd, 10, 3.1 passwd, 3.1

88 76 Linux.1 passwd 3.1 passwd ID ID Shell root x 0 0 root / root / bin/ bash bin x 1 1 bin / bin / sbin/ nologin passwd, x ID, ID, Shell Shell, Linux,, Linu x Shell, / bin/ bas h,, / bin/ sh Shell / etc s hells, Shell, more / etc/ s hells chsh l Linux, Shell / sbin/ nologin, F T P, F T P, Linux telnet, telnet Linux, Shell / bin/ true telnet ftp, Shell / bin/ false / etc/ shells, / bin/ false / bin/ true, [ root@ rh9 root] # echo / bin/ false > > / etc/ shells [ root@ rh9 root] # echo / bin/ true > > / etc/ s hells 2,, passwd passwd

89 77 [ root@ rh9 root] # tail - 2 / etc/ passwd # 2 liyang: x: 500 :500: :/ home/ liyang:/ bin/ bash fengyuan :x :501:500 : :/ home/ fengyuan:/ bin/ bash ID 500, , MD5, / etc/ shadow, root passwd, shadow 1, 2 [ root@ rh9 root] # tail - 2 / etc/ shadow liyang: 1 fkjlp5zp lbqvilqhkfywt0oejgzpn/ :12602:0 :99999: 7: : : fengyuan : 1 squt/ Cu eggt Ks.9cFQk41xubfZWt/ :12602 :0 :99999:7 : : : 3. / etc/ group, / etc/ gs hadow group, 1, 2 x, 3 ID, 4, ( 1) Lin ux, useradd, : usera dd [option ] use rn ame option, : c d / home/ username m M e expire_date, r m, MM/ DD/ YY f inactive_days 0, ; - 1,

90 78 Linux g G, n s shell r u ID p password Shell, / bin/ bash ID 500, ID,, 499 password MD5,,,, passwd : ( 2), zhangyan, student, [ root@ rh9 root] # useradd g student zhangyan [ root@ rh9 root] # tail - 1 / etc/ passwd # 1 zhangyan :x :502:500 : :/ home/ zhangyan :/ bin/ bas h, g,, n, lijie,, : [ root@ rh9 root] # useradd lijie [ root@ rh9 root] # tail - 1 / etc/ passwd lijie: x: 503 :503 : :/ home/ lijie :/ bin/ bash [ root@ rh9 root] # tail - 2 / etc/ group # 2 student : x:500: lijie: x: 503 : # lijie, ID 503,, / home,, d ; Shell, / bin/ bash,, s, vodup, / var, Shell / sbin/ nologin, : [ root@ rh9 root] # useradd d / var/ vodup s / sbin/ nologin vodup [ root@ rh9 root] # tail - 1 / etc/ passwd

91 79 vodup: x: 504 :504 : :/ var/ vodup:/ sbin/ nologin [ root@ rh9 root] # tail - 1 / etc/ group vodup: x: 504 : Linux,,,,,, / etc/ default/ useradd 2., usermod, Shell, : user mod [option ] use rn ame option,, ( 1), - l( L ), : usermod l, lijie lijunjie, : usermod l lijunjie lijie [ root@ rh9 root] # usermod l lijunjie lijie [ root@ rh9 root] # tail - 1 / etc/ passwd lijunjie : x:503 :503: :/ home/ lijie :/ bin/ bash, lijunjie / home/ lijie, / home/ lijunjie, [ root@ rh9 root] # usermod d / home/ lijunjie lijunjie # [ root@ rh9 root] # tail - 1 / etc/ passwd lijunjie : x:503 :503: :/ home/ lijunjie :/ bin/ bas h # [ root@ rh9 root] # mv / home/ lijie / home/ lijunjie # lijunjie lijunjie student ( ID 500 ), : usermod g student lijunjie usermod g 500 lijunjie [ root@ rh9 root] # usermod g student lijunjie [ root@ rh9 root] # tail - 1 / etc/ passwd lijunjie : x:503 :500: :/ home/ lijunjie :/ bin/ bas h # 500, ( 2), L,

92 80 Linux usermod L, lijunjie, usermod L lijunjie Linux, shadow! ( 3), U usermod, : usermod U, lijunjie, usermod U lijunjie 3., userdel, : userdel [ r] r,,,, vodup,, u serdel r vodup, / etc/ login.defs PASS_MAX_DAYS, 99999, P ASS_MIN_LEN, Linux,, passwd, : passwd [ ],, root,, passwd, lijunjie, : [ root@ rh9 root] # passwd lijunjie Changing password for user lijunjie. New password: Retype new password: passwd: all authentication tokens updated successfully. # #

93 81, Alt + F2, 2 ( t ty2 ), lijunjie, 2. Linux,,,, root l passwd, : passwd l, lijunjie, passwd l liju njie 3.,, u passwd, root, : : passwd u 4., S passwd, passwd S, Password locked.,, Password set, MD5 crypt. 5., d passwd, root, : passwd d,, 3.3,,,, 1. groupadd, :

94 82 Linux groupadd r ] r,, GID 500; r,, GID 500 student, 1, GID 500 sysgroup, : [ root@ rh9 root] # groupadd r sysgroup [ root@ rh9 root] # tail - 1 / etc/ group sysgroup: x: 101 : # ID ,, GID ( 1), n groupmod, : groupmod n, GID, sys group teacher, : [ root@ rh9 root] # groupmod n teacher sysgroup [ root@ rh9 root] # tail - 1 / etc/ group teacher :x :101: ( 2) GID GID, GID GID, GID, g groupmod, : groupmod g new_gid, teacher GID 501, : [ root@ rh9 root] # groupmod g 501 teacher [ root@ rh9 root] # grep teacher / etc/ group # / etc/ group teacher teacher :x :501: 3. groupdel, : groupdel

95 83, teacher, groupdel teacher,,,,, : [ root@ rh9 root] # groupadd teacher # teacher [ root@ rh9 root] # useradd g teacher wj # wj, teacher [ root@ rh9 root] # groupdel teacher groupdel : cannot remove user s primary group.# [ root@ rh9 root] # userdel r wj # wj [ root@ rh9 root] # groupdel teacher [ root@ rh9 root] # grep teacher / etc/ group #, teacher, 4., : gpasswd a, ftpusers, liyang ftpusers, : [ root@ rh9 root] # groupadd ftpusers # ftpusers [ root@ rh9 root] # gpasswd a liyang ftpuser s # liyang ftpusers Adding user liyang to group ftpusers [ root@ rh9 root] # groups liyang # groups liyang liyang : student ftpusers 5., : gpasswd d # liyang student ftpusers, ftpusers, liyang, : [ root@ rh9 root] # gpasswd d liyang ftpusers Removing user liyang from group ft pusers [ root@ rh9 root] # groups liyang liyang : student 6. # liyang ftpusers, root,,, root

96 84 Linux : gpasswd A : ( ),, liyang ftpuser, : [ root@ rh9 root] # gpasswd A liyang ftpuser s liyang ftpusers, student, : [liyang@rh9 liyang] gpasswd a fengyuan ftpusers Adding user fengyuan to group ftpuser s [liyang@rh9 liyang] gpasswd d fengyuan student Permission denied. # fengyuan ftpusers #, ftpusers # fengyuan student #,, Linux id whoami groups, id uid gid ; whoami ; groups 3.4 Red H at Linux 9 X Windows,,, Windows, 1. ( ) System Set tings U ser s and Group s,, 3.2 U ser s Groups,, Add User Add Group Properties Delete, 2. Add User, 3.3,, OK,

97 Add Group, 3.4,, O K ,, Properties, 3.5, Account Info,,,

98 86 Linux Password Info, 3.6,, : Enable password expiration Days before change allowed,,, 0, Day s before change required 0, Day s warning before change Day s before account inactive, 0,

99 87 Groups, 3.7,, Primary Group ( ) , Delet e,,, Yes,, Groups,,, Delete, System Set tings Language,,, Linux, 1., root ( ) A. passwd B. shadow C. group D. password 2. Lin ux, ( ) A. Linux, passwd B. passwd C. Lin ux, D. Linux shadow,

100 88 Linux. webadmin, ftpuser s, Lin ux,, ( ) A. useradd g ftpusers webadmin B. u seradd G ftpuser webadmin C. useradd g ftpu ser s s / sbin/ nologin webadmin D. u seradd G ftpu ser s s / bin/ nologi n webadmin 4. usermod ( ) A. C. 5., ( ) A. n B. D. B. l C. L D. r 6., ( ) A. groupadd B. groupmod C. gpasswd D. groupu ser 7., ( ) A. ( primary group ), B., C. D. root 3 [ ] [ ] PC Linux [ ] 1. more,, shell root shell, ID ID 0 : / etc/ passwd,,, 2. / etc/ s hadow, 2 3. vodup, grep vodup / etc/ passwd

101 89 passwd, grep vodup / etc/ shadow, 2!!,, / home,,,, grep vodup / etc/ group vodup, vodup,,,? 4. vodup myvod24361 #, / etc/ shadow Alt + F2 2, vodup,, #, 5. Alt + F1, 1, vodup, / etc/ shadow,, (! ) Alt + F2 2, logout, vodup, Alt + F1 1,, vodup, / etc/ shadow, (! ), Linux,, 6. ftpmanager, webftp, ftpmanager vodup ftpmanager, group s vodup vodup 7. webftp 8. startx X Windows,,

102 Linux 4.1 Linux, Linux, Linux Linux init,, init Linux Linux :, MBR ( GRUB LILO), Lin ux, / boot Linux ( vmlinuz initrd img ), init, init Linux, ( PID) 1, / etc/ inittab,, init, (, ), Shell, inittab init / sbin, init, 1, / etc/ inittab

103 Linux 91, 1. inittab inittab, #, / / # Default runlevel. The runlevels used by R HS are : / /, R HS : # 0 halt ( Do NO T set initdefault to this ) / / ( initdefault 0 ) # 1 Single user mode / /, root # 2 M ultiuser, without NFS ( The same as 3, if you do not have networking) / /, NFS # 3 F ull multiuser mode / /,, # 4 unused / /, # 5 X11 / / X Windows, # 6 reboot ( Do NOT set initdefault to this ) / / # id:3 : initdefault : / /, 3 # System initialization. si : : sysinit :/ etc/ rc.d/ rc.sysinit l0 :0 : wait :/ etc/ rc.d/ rc 0 l1 :1 : wait :/ etc/ rc.d/ rc 1 l2 :2 : wait :/ etc/ rc.d/ rc 2 l3 :3 : wait :/ etc/ rc.d/ rc 3 l4 :4 : wait :/ etc/ rc.d/ rc 4 l5 :5 : wait :/ etc/ rc.d/ rc 5 l6 :6 : wait :/ etc/ rc.d/ rc 6 / / / etc/ rc.d/ rc.sysinit / / 0, / / 1, / / 2, / / 3, / / 4, / / 5, / / 6, # Trap CTRL AL T DELE T E ca : : ctrlaltdel :/ sbin/ shutdown t3 r now / / Ctrl + Alt + Del # When our UPS tells us power has failed, assume we have a few minutes # of power left. Schedule a shutdown for 2 minutes from now. # This does, of course, assume you have powerd installed and your # UPS connected and working correctly. pf: : powerfail :/ sbin/ shutdown f h + 2 Power Failure ; System Shut ting Down / / UPS # If power was restored before the shutdown kicked in, cancel it.

104 92 Linux pr : powerokwait :/ sbin/ shutdown c Power Restored; Shutdow n Cancelled / / UPS # Run get tys in standard runlevels 1: 2345 :respawn:/ sbin/ mingetty tty1 / / 2345, 1( t ty1) 2: 2345 :respawn:/ sbin/ mingetty tty2 / / 2345, 2( t ty2) 3: 2345: respawn:/ sbin/ mingetty t ty3 4: 2345: respawn:/ sbin/ mingetty t ty4 5: 2345: respawn:/ sbin/ mingetty t ty5 6: 2345 :respawn:/ sbin/ mingetty tty6 / / 2345, 6( t ty6) # Run xdm in runlevel 5 # xdm is now a separate service x :5: respawn:/ etc/ X11/ prefdm nodaemon / / 5, X Windows 2. inittab inittab init, ( ),, : id: runlevels : action: command ( 1) id id, 1 4 ( 2) ru nlevels runlevels, Linux 7, 0 6, init tab runlevels,, , (/ sbin/ mingetty tty1 ) 1: 2345: respawn:/ sbin/ mingetty t ty1 init tab, 6, tty1 t ty6 6 ( ) Linux 23,, 7, X Windows,, t elinit q, Alt + F n , Alt + F n Linux, init,

105 Linux 93, init 6, 6, Linux r unlevel,, ( 3) action : initdefault, command : id:3 : initdefault : / / 3 : init tab,, init sysinit sysinit, runlevels si : : sysinit :/ etc/ rc.d/ rc.sysinit / etc/ rc.d/ rc.sysinit, wait wait, init : l0 :0 : wait :/ etc/ rc.d/ rc 0 l1 :1 : wait :/ etc/ rc.d/ rc 1 l6 :6 : wait :/ etc/ rc.d/ rc 6 0 6, N, / etc/ rc.d/ rcn.d / etc/ rc.d, rc0.d rc1.d rc6.d 7, Knnxxxx Snnxxxx, nn 00 99,,, xxxx S ( start), K ( kill),, K, ctrlaltdel Ctrl + Alt + Del, :

106 94 Linux ca ctrlaltdel :/ sbin/ shutdown t3 r now Ctrl + Alt + Del, Windows 2000 Server, Ctrl + Alt + Del, Linux,, Ctrl + Alt + Del, #, powerfail powerokwait powerfail U PS, ; powerokwait UPS : pf: : powerfail :/ sbin/ shutdown f h + 2 Power Failure ; System Shut ting Down pr :12345 : powerokwait :/ sbin/ shutdown c Power Restored; Shutdow n Cancelled respawn init tab, ,, mingetty, : 1: 2345: respawn:/ sbin/ mingetty t ty1 ( 4) command 4.2 Linux Linux xinetd xinetd,,, xinetd,,, Linux,,,, head / etc/ rc.d/ init.d, / etc/ rc.d/ rc.local DOS autoexec.bat,,,

107 Linux 95 [ root@ rh9 root] # ls / etc/ rc.d init.d rc0.d rc2.d rc4.d rc6.d r c.sysinit rc rc1.d rc3.d rc5.d rc.local [ root@ rh9 root] # ls / etc/ rc.d/ init.d aep1000 first boot kdcrotate nfslock rhnsd sshd yppas swdd anacron functions k eytable nscd saslau thd syslog ypserv apm d gpm killall n tpd sendmail t ux ypxfrd atd halt kudzu pcmcia single vsft pd au tofs ht tpd named por tmap smb winbind bcm5820 ipta bles net fs pxe snm pd xfs crond irda network r andom snm pt rapd xinetd cups isdn nfs r awdevices squid ypbind, rc0.d rc6.d,,,,,, (/ etc/ rc.d/ init.d ), rc0.d rc6.d s00killall, / etc/ rc.d/ init.d/ killall, Linux,, 1. Linux,,, : # / etc/ rc.d/ init.d/ { start stop status restart condrestart reload} start, ; stop, ; restart, ; status,, xinetd, : [ root@ rh9 root] # / etc/ rc.d/ init.d/ xinetd status xinetd ( pid 1694) is running..., 1694, : [ root@ rh9 root] # / etc/ rc.d/ init.d/ xinetd restart

108 96 Linux Stopping xinetd [ OK] Starting xinetd : [ OK], : [ root@ rh9 root] # / etc/ rc.d/ init.d/ xinetd stop Stopping xinetd: [ OK], : [ root@ rh9 root] # / etc/ rc.d/ init.d/ xinetd start Starting xinetd : [ OK] 2. service,,,, Red H at Linux service,, : service ( start stop restart), service / etc/ rc.d/ init.d, xinetd, service xinetd rest art xinetd, service xinetd stop xinetd / etc/ xinetd. conf, includedir / etc/ xinetd.d xinetd / etc/ xinetd.d / etc/ xinetd.d, xinetd, xinetd Lin ux,,, Linux ntsysv chkconfig 1. ntsysv ntsysv,,,, ntsysv ntsysv, 4.1,, Page Up PageDown,

109 Linux 97,,,,,,,, Tab O K, chkconfig ch kconfig, ( 1) : chkconfig list [ ] ch kconfig list,, ;,,, : [ root@ rh9 root] # chkconfig list kudzu 0 :off 1: off 2 :off 3: on 4 :on 5 : on 6: off syslog 0 :off 1: off 2 :on 3: on 4 :on 5: on 6 :off netfs 0 :off 1: off 2 :off 3: on 4 :on 5 : on 6: off network 0 :off 1: off 2 :on 3: on 4 :on 5: on 6 :off vsftpd 0 :off 1: off 2 :off 3: off 4 :off 5 :off 6: off xinetd based services : chargen udp : off

110 98 Linux rsync : off cups lpd: sgi_fam : off on vsftpd, chkconfig list vsftpd, ( 2) : chkconfig level < > < > < on off reset > : on, off, reset, vsftpd 2 3 5, : [ root@ rh9 root] # chkconfig level 235 vsftpd on [ root@ rh9 root] # chkconfig list vsftpd vsftpd 0 :off 1: off 2 :on 3 :on 4: off 5 :on 6: off ( 3) : chkconfig < > < on off reset > xinetd,, xinetd,, rsync on,, : [ root@ rh9 root] # chkconfig list r sync rsync off [ root@ rh9 root] # chkconfig rsync on [ root@ rh9 root] # chkconfig list r sync rsync on [ root@ rh9 root] # service xinetd restart 4.3 Linux Linux,,,

111 Linux 99,,,,,,,,, ( ),,,,,,, CP U,,,, CP U, CP U, CP U,, CPU,,,, ( / sbin/ init ), Shell Shell,,,,,, ( ) Linux,,, Linux ( ) Shell,, ; ;, Linux, 2.,,,,,,,, Shell,, Shell( bash tcsh ), 4.3.2,

112 100 Linux, 1. Shell,, &,,, Shell 2.,, Lin ux,,,,,, at cront ab ( 1) at : at [ f ] [ m] : f, at, at >,,,,, Ctrl + Z at m at,,, h h: mm hh: mm 24, 12, am ( ) pm ( ) ; month day mm/ dd/ yy dd.mm.yy, today, tomorrow : 30, : 1 :30pm 8/ 1/ 04 13: : 30 August 1

113 Linux 101, now,, minut es ( ) hour s ( ) days ( ) weeks ( ), now + n um 5, now + 5 hours / tmp/ myjob, 11: 30, : [ root@ rh9 root] # at f / t mp/ myjob 23: 30 today, root,, / etc/ at.allow / etc/ at.deny / etc/ at.allow, at ;, / etc/ at.deny, at ;, root Linux / etc/ at.deny, at : ( 2) crontab crontab, minute hour day month day of the week command 5, command ( 0 59) ( 0 23) ( 0 31) ( 0 12) ( ),, : 4.3.3, 23, Clam, [ root@ rh9 bin] # crontab e, vi 23 / usr/ local/ bin/ freshclam quiet l / var/ log/ upda te_clam.log, vi 1. Linux,, ps ps

114 102 Linux ps help,,, ps,, : [ root@ rh9 root] # ps PID T T Y IIME CMD 1874 tty1 00 :00 :01 bash 2050 tty1 00 :00 :00 ps u u, : [ root@ rh9 root] # ps u USER PID % CPU % MEM VSZ RSS T TY STA RT ST ART TIME COMMAND root t ty1 S 17 :42 0:01 bash root t ty1 R 19 :00 0:00 ps u a ; x a x,,, e,, less, p s e u less p s axu less,,,,,,,,,,, p stree pstree less pstree pu less, 2. Lin ux,,,,,,, Linux kill killall ( 1) kill p s, kill, kill [ - 9] kill,,,,, Linux - 9,

115 Linux 103,, grep,, xinetd, : [ root@ rh9 root] # ps e grep xinetd 1665? 00:00: 00 xinetd, 1665,, : [ root@ rh9 root] # kill 1665 ( 2) killall,, killall [ - 9] - 9,, xinetd, killall xinetd 1. Linux ( ) A./ B./ lib/ modules/ / kernel C./ boot D./ proc 2. init ( ), Linux, PID 1 A./ etc/ fstab C./ etc/ inittab.conf B./ etc/ init.conf D./ etc/ init tab 3. Lin ux 7,, ( ), X Windows ( ) A. 2 B. 3 C. 5 D. 6 4., X Windows, ( ) A. init 5 B. startx C. init 6 D. init 3 5. Linux inittab, ( ) ; ( ) ; Ctrl + Alt + Del ( ) Linux 23 ( vt ), inittab, 6,, ( ) A. ca : : ctrlaltdel :/ sbin/ shutdown t3 r now

116 104 Linux B id: 3: initdefault: C. si: : sysinit :/ etc/ rc.d/ rc.sysinit D. 7: 2345: respawn:/ sbin/ mingetty tty7 E. 8: 2345: respawn:/ sbin/ mingetty tty8 6. Lin ux,, ( ) A. reboot B. rest art C. init 6 D. shutdown r now 7. Linux ( ) A./ etc/ rc.d/ init.d B./ etc/ rc.d C./ etc/ rc.d/ rc D./ etc/ rc.d 8. network,, ( ) A./ etc/ rc.d/ init.d/ network st art B./ etc/ rc.d/ init.d/ network server restart C./ etc/ rc.d/ init.d/ network restart D. service net work restart 9. sendmail , ( ) A. ntsysv C. chkconfig level 2345 off B. chkconfig sendmail off D. ch kconfig level 2345 sendmail off 10. telnet, Linux,, ( ) A. ntsysv,, telnet,, B. chkconfig level 2345 telnet on C. chkconfig t elnet on D. service xinetd st art 11., ( ),, ( ) A. kill B. killall C. ps D. p stree 4 [ ] Lin ux, init, Lin ux,

117 Linux 105 [ ] PC Linux [ ] 1. vi / etc/ initt ab, id: 3: initdefault : id: 5 : initdefault :, Linux, 2. Linux, Syst em T ools Terminal,,, vi / etc/ inittab, id: 5 : initdefault : id: 3: nitdefault :, ca: : ctrlaltdel:/ sbin/ shutdown t3 r now #,, 6: 2345: respawn:/ sbin/ minget ty tty6 : 8: 2345: respawn:/ sbin/ mingetty t ty8, vi, exit Ctrl + Alt + Del,,, Save Current Setup,,, Ctrl + Alt + Del, Linux Alt + F8,, A lt + F8,,, Lin ux 3. ls / etc/ rc.d/ init.d, / etc/ rc.d/ init.d/ vsftpd status vsftpd, / etc/ rc.d/ init.d/ vsftpd start, ;, / etc/ rc.d/ init.d/ vsftpd restart, / etc/ rc.d/ init.d/ vsftpd stop, service vsftpd start, 4. chkconfig list less, xinetd chkconfig vsftpd Linux, / etc/ rc.d/ init.d/ vsftpd status, 5. ps e less ps aux less, p s e grep vsftpd vsftpd,, kill, / etc/ rc.d/ init.d/ vsftpd sta tu s vsftpd, killall vsftpd, vsftpd, kill killall

118 , Red Ha t Linux, RP M, rpm Lin ux/ U NIX TAR 5.1 RPM RPM RPM ( Redhat package manager) Red H at,,.rpm, rpm, RPM Linux RPM, : ( )..rpm, Telnet telnet server i386.rpm, telnet server, , i386,.rpm, rpm RPM,,, rpm Red H at Linux rpm RP M, rpm,, rpm, Shell rpm,,,,

119 RPM, RPM q,, ( 1) RP M RPM, rpm qa, a ( all),, less, : [ root@ rh9 root] # rpm qa less, grep,, ftp, : [ root@ rh9 root] # rpm qa grep ftp ( 2) : rpm q,,, ( ),,, vsftpd, : [ root@ rh9 root] # rpm q vsftpd vsftpd telnet server, : [ root@ rh9 root] # rpm q telnet server package telnet server is not installed, ( 3) : rpm qi, vsftpd, : rpm qi vsftpd ( 4) : rpm ql

120 108 Linux l list, vsftpd,, : [ root@ rh9 root] # rpm ql vsftpd ( 5) : rpm qf,,,,, / etc/ mail, : [ root@ rh9 root] # rpm qf / etc/ mail sendmail ( 6),,, p, : rpm qpi, : rpm qpl, : rpm qp, telnet server i386.rpm Red H at Linux 9 3 RedH at/ RP MS,, : [ root@ rh9 root] # mount / mnt/ cdrom [ root@ rh9 root] # rpm qpl / mnt/ cdrom/ RedH at/ RPMS/ telnet server i386.rpm / etc/ xinetd.d/ telnet / usr/ sbin/ in.telnetd / usr/ share/ man/ man5/ issue.net.5.gz / usr/ share/ man/ man8/ in.telnetd.8.gz / usr/ share/ man/ man8/ telnetd.8.gz [ root@ rh9 root] # umount / mnt/ cdrom 2. RPM RPM i, v h v verbose,

121 109 ; h hash, # RP M rpm ivh, telnet server i386.rpm, : [ root@ rh9 root] # mount / mnt/ cdrom [ root@ rh9 root] # rpm ivh / mnt/ cdrom/ Red H at/ RPMS/ telnet server i386.rpm [ root@ rh9 root] # rpm q telnet server telnet server , Telnet telnet xinetd,,, [ root@ rh9 root] # chkconfig telnet on [ root@ rh9 root] # service xinetd restart telnet, Windows t elnet Linux I P, Linux, Linux,,,, rpm, replacefiles,,,,,, 3. RPM RPM e, : rpm e, telnet server, : rpm e telnet server 4. RPM, U,,, v h, rpm Uvh RPM, 5.,