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3 1784 John Michell Michell ٠ 3

4 ; 78 4

5 19 ( m m Wilson 25 5

6 5 " N=5" V Weyl 48 6

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9 1908 9

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13 mm gg bt? )

15 strominger 15

16 ٠ 16

18 18

19 19

21 Witten : 21

22 reference offer mm 2001 Nobel winer Eric A. Cornell 22

23 sci

25 ft Rosenfeld Rosenfeld Russell Rusell

26 1939 1/ The Mathematics of Black Holes

27 1934 Phys.Rev Caltech Caltech. Caltech _-b 27

28 1932 Caltech 35 Caltech 1938 sigh, 4 28

29 X Einstein Landau Landau Landau 29

30 30

31 1937,,, nature

32 Caltech 32

34 1933 PD Phy.Rev 34

36 1945 Phy.Rev 90 36

39 2, 39

40 ,

41 41

42 qq) pp id Witten 50 Witten Hawking,Witten Hawking Witten Witten 60 42

44 trou noir lewd 44

45 1958 Finkelstein Finkelstein Finkelstein 1960 Kruskal Finkelstein Kruskal Witten 45

46 Finkelstein

47 47

48 MIT bt

49 (horizon) Rindler Rindler 1967 Ellis large scale structure of spacetime 49

50 Hawking,Ellis 2.1 Ellis Carter 90 colored black hole 50

51 1971 ( X, ), ( X -_-b), Phy.Rev :, 70 51

52 pp Penrose diagram, r-t Minkowski

53 Finkelstein Kruskal Penrose A spacetime is a diffential generalized Riemanian manifold Taub-Nut 53

54 1964 GR closed trapped surface (apparent horizon) Lifshitz ) Khalatnikov,,, 1965 Khalatnikov Khalatnikov Lifshitz paper 54

55 ,,, 1969 gravity Lifshitz Lifshitz Khalatnikov Belinsky BKL Lifshitz 55

56 trapped surface GR 56

57 X Nobel ), ; 50,,.,

58 The four laws of black hole mechanics M A k J W dm=(k/8pi )da+wdj( k A 58

59 59

60 60

61 m

62 1973 nature 62

63 2.7k A,B 63

64 64

65 65 Kerr EPR Gibbons gravitational instanton 95 Do we understand black hole entropy? 65

66 Wald 98 Review 1974 t'hooft 66

67 t'hooft Nobel Glashow t Hooft 1995 Witten M Mother,Master,Magic... - Strominger Vafa M- strominger D- stringplayers Glashow -_-b Loop-Quantum-Gravity GR 70 67

68 , ddmm stringplayers Green mm Green good luck,enen ^_^ Riemann Riemann Hodge Lie Morse 68

69 Lie Chern-Weil Chern-Weil Riemann,, Morse Riemann Chern-Weil Lie 69

70 ^&^ If you want to be a Witten, you must know more algebraic geometry than an average algebraic geometer. If you want to be a Vafa, know half as much as Witten. If you want to be a Strominger, know half as much as Vafa. If you want to be a Polchinski, know half as much as Strominger. If you want to be a Banks (or a Sen?), know half as much as Polchinski. If you want to be a Susskind, know zero amount of algebraic geometry. If you want to be a Polyakov, know negative amount of algebraic geometry ) 70

71 , X, ( ), ( ) Kerr 1963 Kerr ing Kerr Kerr 71

72 1915 Witten Gross 72

73 Witten optical primary / Cygnus X LMC X-3 20 LMC X

74 V404 Cyg 0.6 A GS (Nova Musc) GS (Nova Vul 88) 0.7 GRO J H (Nova Oph77) 0.4 J ( ) / M 106 M 87 M 84 4x10^7 3x10^9 3x10^8 NGC(??)4261 5x10^8 M 31 M 32 M 104 NGC 3115 NGC 3377 NGC 3379 NGC 4486B 3-10x10^7 3x10^6 5-10x10^8 7-20x10^8 8x10^7 5x10^7 5x10^8 Milky Way( ) 2.5x10^6 74

75 , 90%, 75

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Microsoft Word - 物理專文_fengli_revise_2

Microsoft Word - 物理專文_fengli_revise_2 全像原理 : 場論與重力的世紀婚禮文 / 林豐利量子場論與廣義相對論是兩個在本質上非常不同的理論可是透過黑洞物理與弦論所啟發的全像原理, 卻能使兩者互為一體的兩面, 增進了我們對量子重力的理解除此, 我們也可以利用全像