Sun Studio 12C

Transcription

1 Sun Studio 12C++ Sun Microsystems, Inc Network Circle Santa Clara, CA U.S.A

2 2007 Sun Microsystems, Inc Network Circle, Santa Clara, CA U.S.A. Sun Microsystems, Inc. / Sun Microsystems, Inc. FARFederal Acquisition Regulations Berkeley BSD UNIX X/Open Company, Ltd. / SunSun MicrosystemsSun Solaris Java docs.sun.comjava Solaris Sun Microsystems, Inc. / SPARC SPARC International, Inc. / SPARC Sun Microsystems, Inc. OPEN LOOK Sun TM Sun Microsystems, Inc. Sun Xerox Sun Xerox Xerox OPEN LOOK GUI Sun Sun / // @18135

3 C C Sun Studio 12 C x C C C SPARC V

4 Pragma #error C Shell CCFLAGS make C Sun Studio 12C++

5 C enum enum enum struct func

6 Sun Studio 12C++

7 instances=extern Setjmp/Longjmp const_cast reinterpret_cast static_cast void*

8 C C iostream MT iostream iostream C C C C C iostream complex C C Sun Studio 12C++

9 C C C STLport STLport iostream iostream iostream iostream iostream iostream char* iostream stdio iostream fstream iostream strstream: iostream stdio stdiobuf: iostream streambuf streambuf

10 streambuf iostream iostream complex complex CAPI dlopen C C A C A A A A Sun Studio 12C++

11 A.2.3 a A.2.4 Bbinding A.2.5 c A.2.6 cg{89 92} A.2.7 compat[={ 4 5}] A.2.8 +d A.2.9 -Dname[ =def] A.2.10 d{y n} A.2.11 dalign A.2.12 dryrun A.2.13 E A e{0 1} A erroff[= t] A errtags[= a] A errwarn[= t] A.2.18 fast A.2.19 features=a[,a...] A filt[= filter[,filter...]] A.2.21 flags A fma[={none fused}] A.2.23 fnonstd A.2.24 fns[={yes no}] A.2.25 fprecision=p A.2.26 fround=r A.2.27 fsimple[= n] A.2.28 fstore A.2.29 ftrap= t[,t...] A.2.30 G A.2.31 g A.2.32 g A.2.33 H A.2.34 h[]name A.2.35 help A Ipathname A I A.2.38 i

12 A inline A.2.40 instances=a A.2.41 instlib=filename A.2.42 KPIC A.2.43 Kpic A.2.44 keeptmp A.2.45 Lpath A.2.46 llib A.2.47 libmieee A.2.48 libmil A library=l[,l...] A m32 -m A mc A.2.52 migration A.2.53 misalign A mr[, string] A.2.55 mt A.2.56 native A.2.57 noex A.2.58 nofstore A.2.59 nolib A.2.60 nolibmil A.2.61 noqueue A.2.62 norunpath A.2.63 O A.2.64 Olevel A.2.65 o filename A p A.2.67 P A.2.68 p A.2.69 pentium A.2.70 pg A PIC A.2.72 pic A.2.73 pta A.2.74 ptipath Sun Studio 12C++

13 A.2.75 pto A.2.76 ptr A.2.77 ptv A.2.78 Qoption phase option[,option ] A.2.79 qoption phase option A.2.80 qp A.2.81 Qproduce sourcetype A.2.82 qproduce sourcetype A.2.83 Rpathname[ :pathname ] A.2.84 readme A.2.85 S A.2.86 s A.2.87 sb A.2.88 sbfast A staticlib=l[,l ] A sync_stdio=[yes no] A.2.91 temp=path A.2.92 template=opt[,opt ] A.2.93 time A.2.94 Uname A.2.95 unroll=n A.2.96 V A.2.97 v A.2.98 vdelx A.2.99 verbose=v[,v ] A w A w A w A Xm A xa A xalias_level[= n] A xar A xarch=isa A xautopar A xbinopt={prepare off} A xbuiltin[={ %all %none}]

14 A xcache=c A xcg[89 92] A xchar[= o] A xcheck[= i] A xchip=c A xcode=a A xcrossfile[= n] A xdebugformat=[stabs dwarf] A xdepend=[yes no] A xdumpmacros[= value[,value...]] A xe A xf[=v[, v...]] A xhelp=flags A xhelp=readme A xhwcprof A xia A xinline[= func_spec[,func_spec...]] A xinstrument=[ no%]datarace A xipo[={0 1 2}] A xipo_archive=[a] A xjobs=n A xlang=language[,language] A xldscope={v} A xlibmieee A xlibmil A xlibmopt A xlic_lib=sunperf A xlicinfo A xlinkopt[= level] A xm A xm A xmerge A xmaxopt[=v] A xmemalign=ab A xmodel=[a] A xnolib Sun Studio 12C++

15 A xnolibmil A xnolibmopt A xnorunpath A xolevel A xopenmp[= i] A xpagesize=n A xpagesize_heap=n A xpagesize_stack=n A xpch=v A xpchstop=file A xpg A xport64[=(v )] A xprefetch[= a[,a...]] A xprefetch_auto_type=a A xprefetch_level[= i] A xprofile=p A xprofile_ircache[= path] A xprofile_pathmap A xregs=r[,r...] A xrestrict[= f] A xs A xsafe=mem A xsb A xsbfast A xspace A xtarget=t A xthreadvar[= o] A xtime A xtrigraphs[={ yes no}] A xunroll=n A xustr={ascii_utf16_ushort no} A xvector[= a] A xvis[={yes no}] A xwe A Yc,path A z[]arg

16 B Pragma B.1 Pragma B.1.1 pragma B.2 Pragma B.2.1 #pragma align B.2.2 #pragma does_not_read_global_data B.2.3 #pragma does_not_return B.2.4 #pragma does_not_write_global_data B.2.5 #pragma dumpmacro s B.2.6 #pragma end_dumpmacros B.2.7 #pragma fini B.2.8 #pragma hdrstop B.2.9 #pragma ident B.2.10 #pragma init B.2.11 #pragma no_side_effect B.2.12 #pragma opt B.2.13 #pragma pack( n) B.2.14 #pragma rarely_called B.2.15 #pragma returns_new_memory B.2.16 #pragma unknown_control_flow B.2.17 #pragma weak Sun Studio 12C++

17 gcount I/O I/O MT iostream string A 1 foo.cc A 2 -E foo.cc A

18 18

19 Sun TM Studio 12 C++ C++ Solaris TM UNIX C C++ 4 C C C++ 14 iostream A C++ B C++ pragma 19

20 P 1 AaBbCc123 AaBbCc123 AaBbCc123 AaBbCc123.login ls -a % You have mail. % su Password: rm filename class 6 P 2 [] {} O[n] d{y n} O4, O dy " " "-" B{dynamic static} Bstatic : Rdir[:dir] R/local/libs:/U/a xinline=f1[, fn] xinline=alpha,dos 20 Sun Studio 12C++

21 Shell Shell C shell C shell Bourne shellkorn shell GNU Bourne-Again shell Bourne shellkorn shell GNU Bourne-Again shell machine-name% machine-name# $ # Sun Studio SPARC x86 UltraSPARC SPARC64AMD64Pentium Xeon EM64T Solaris x86 "x86" x86 "x64" AMD64 EM64T x86 x86 32 Sun Studio Solaris file:/opt/sunwspro/docs/index.html Linux file:/opt/sun/sunstudio12/docs/index.html /opt Solaris /opt/sun Linux docs.sun.com sm Web Solaris C++ C++ 21

22 Tools.h++ Tools.h++ Solaris Linux docs.sun.com Web IDE IDE Internet docs.sun.com Web ( Sun Microsystems Sun Web Sun Sun /opt C++ C++ Tools.h++ Tools.h++ HTML HTML Solaris (file:/opt/sunwspro/docs/index.html) HTML Sun Developer Network sunstudio/documentation/ss12 22 Sun Studio 12C++

23 HTML Solaris file:/opt/sunwspro/docs/index.html Linux file:/opt/sun/sunstudio12/docs/index.html HTML IDE HTML Sun Studio file:/opt/sunwspro/docs/index.html /opt C C++ Fortran Fortran OpenMP API ISO/IEC 9899:1999 C99 pragma lint C++ pragma Solaris Fortran / Fortran OpenMP API 23

24 C++ C++ C++ c++filt dem fbe fpversion gprof inline lex rpcgen sigfpe stdarg varargs version yacc C++ C++ CPU FPU C/C++ RPC SIGFPE LALR(1) Solaris docs.sun.com Web Solaris Reference Manual Collection Solaris Software Developer Collection Solaris Solaris 24 Sun Studio 12C++

25 Sun Developer Network Sun Studio ( Sun Studio Sun Developer Network Web ( C++ Bjarne Stroustrup The C++ Programming Language Addison-Wesley 1997 Nicolai Josuttis The C++ Standard LibraryAddison-Wesley 1999 Matthew Austern Generic Programming and the STLAddison-Wesley 1999 Angelika Langer Klaus Kreft Standard C++ IOStreams and Locales Addison-Wesley 2000 Bruce Eckel Thinking in C++, Volume 1, Second EditionPrentice Hall 2000 Margaret A. Ellis Bjarne Stroustrup The Annotated C++ Reference Manual Addison-Wesley 1990 Erich GammaRichard HelmRalph Johnson John Vlissides Design Patterns: Elements of Reusable Object-Oriented SoftwareAddison-Wesley 1995 Stanley B. Lippman Josee Lajoie C++ PrimerAddison-Wesley 1998 Scott Meyers Effective C++50 Ways to Improve Your Programs and DesignsAddison-Wesley

26 Scott Meyers More Effective C++35 Ways to Improve Your Programs and DesignsAddison-Wesley 1996 Sun URL Sun Sun URL Sun Sun Studio 12C++

27 1 C++ 27

28 28

29 1 1 C Sun Studio 12 C C C Sun Studio 12 C Sun Studio 12 C C Linux x86 x64 C Service Pack 3 SuSE Linux Enterprise Server 9 Red Hat Enterprise Linux Linux -m32 -m64 -xarch -xtarget -xchip UltraSPARC T2 SPARC64vi -fma=fused x86 SPARC (-xprefetch=explicit) 29

30 1.1 Sun Studio 12 C A xarch=isa 32 ILP32 64 LP A m32 -m64 ILP32 C intlong 32 LP64 long 64 Solaris Linux OS LP64 -m64 64 Solaris OS Linux OS 64 UltraSPARC(R) x Solaris Linux OS x86 x86 Solaris Sun pragma x86 OpenMP OpenMP Sun Studio 12: OpenMP API User s Guide -xarch ssesse2sse2a sse3 Solaris 9 4/04 Solaris OS Pentium 4 SSE/SSE2 Solaris OS SSE/SSE2 Solaris OS -xarch -xarch x86 SPARC x fstore x-arch=sse2 SSE2 Solaris Linux sin(x) Sun Studio 11 Solaris 10 OS -xarch Solaris Sun Studio 12C++

31 1.3 C++ -xarch SSESSE2SSE2a SSE3.il asm() 1.2 C++ (CC) C++ ISO ISO IS 14882:1998C++ SPARC TM SPARC V8 SPARC V9 UltraSPARC TM Prentice-Hall for SPARC International 8 (ISBN ) 9 (ISBN ) SPARC Architecture Manual C++ Sun C C++ C++ C++ example% CC -xhelp=readme HTML Netscape Communicator4.0 /opt/sunwspro/docs/index.html 1 C++ 31

32 1.4 C++ /opt HTML 1.4 (man) example% man topic C++ CC(1) man CC man -s ieee_flags(3m) example% man -s 3M ieee_flags 1.5 C++ C++ UNIX UNIX lex yacc C prof gprof tcov UNIX Program Performance Analysis Tools 1.6 C++ C++ C++ ASCII 8 C++ C++ 32 Sun Studio 12C++

33 1.6 C++ UNIX (Extended UNIX Characte, EUC) ascii "/" "/" 1 C++ 33

34 34

35 2 C++ C++ C++ C++ (.o) (.a) xar (.so) (-g) (-pg) 2.1 C++ C dlopen C C++ CC C++ 1. C example% cat greetings.cc #include <iostream> int main() { 35

36 2.2 std::cout << Real programmers write C++! << std::endl; return 0; } example% CC greetings.cc example% a.out Real programmers write C++! example% CC greetings.cc a.out a.out UNIX a.out -o example% CC o greetings greetings.cc -o greetings mv a.out example% greetings Real programmers write C++! example% CC CC [options] [source-files] [object-files] [libraries] ( ) (+) -features I -l L-library pti R-staticlib -U-verbose-xdumpmacros -xprefetch 36 Sun Studio 12C++

37 2.2 U D CC growth.c fft.c growth example% CC -g -o growth growth.c fft.c C++.c C++ C++.o.C C++.c.cc C++.c.cpp C++.c.cxx C++.c.c++ C++.c.i C++ C++.c.s.S C.il inline(1).o.a.so.so.n 2 C++ 37

38 C++ C C instances=extern C++ Template Database at./sunws_cache is incompatible with this compiler C C C C SunWS_cache) CCadmin -clean rm -rf SunWS_cache CC prgrm example% CC file1.cc file2.cc file3.cc -o prgrm file1.ofile2.o file3.o prgrm 38 Sun Studio 12C++

39 2.4 file1.ofile2.o file3.o.o.o.o c.o -c example% CC -c file1.cc Make new object file example% CC -o prgrm file1.o file2.o file3.o Make executable file "undefined external reference" B -compat fast -g -g0 -library -misalign -mt -p -xa -xarch xcg92 -xcg89 -xipo -xpagesize 2 C++ 39

40 2.4 -xpg -xprofile -xtarget -library-fast-xtarget -xarch -p-xpg -xprofile -g -g0 -g -g0 main -g -g0 -xcg92 -xtarget=ss1000 -xarch=v8 -xchip=super -xcache=16/64/4:1024/64/1 example% CC -c -xcg92 sbr.cc example% CC -c -xcg92 smain.cc example% CC -xcg92 sbr.o smain.o SPARCV9 64 V9 SPARC Solaris xarch=v9 xarch=v9a -xarch=v9b verbose ( ) (+) 40 Sun Studio 12C++

41 2.4 CC -bit (ld) ld -bit -b -i -t ld example% CC -bit move.cc < - -bit is not a recognized CC option CC: Warning: Option -bit passed to ld, if ld is invoked, ignored otherwise CC -fast example% CC fast move.cc < - The user meant to type -fast move.cc: ld: fatal: file fast: cannot open file; errno=2 ld: fatal: File processing errors. No output written to a.out C++ CC -v -dryrun C++ ccfe iropt SPARC -xo[2-5], -fast ir2hf x86 -xo[2-5], -fast inline SPARC.il ube_ipa x86 -xcrossfile=1 -xo4-xo5 -fast fbe cg SPARC ube x86 -xo[2-5], -fast 2 C++ 41

42 C++ CClink ld 2.5 C Pragma pragma C++ pragma C++ pragma 331 A z[]arg C++ #define #define identifier (...) replacement_list #define identifier (identifier_list,...) replacement_list VA_ARGS #define debug(...) fprintf(stderr, VA_ARGS ) #define showlist(...) puts(# VA_ARGS ) #define report(test,...) ((test)?puts(#test):\ printf( VA_ARGS )) debug(flag); debug(x = %d\n,x); showlist(the first, second, and third items.); report(x>y, x is%dbutyis%d, x,y); fprintf(stderr, Flag); fprintf(stderr, X = %d\n, x); puts(the first, second, and third items.); ((x>y)?puts(x>y):printf(x is%dbutyis%d, x, y)); 42 Sun Studio 12C++

43 #error 2.6 A 2 #ifdef +p sununixsparc i386 #error SPARC -xolevel swap -s swap(1m) swap example% swap -s total: 40236k bytes allocated k reserved = 47516k used, k available mkfile(1m) swap(1m) mkfile swap -a 2 C++ 43

44 2.6 example# mkfile -v 90m /home/swapfile /home/swapfile bytes example# /usr/sbin/swap -a /home/swapfile xo3 sh shell ulimit sh(1) 16M example$ ulimit -d csh shell limit csh(1) 16M example% limit datasize 16M 16M 32M sh shell example$ ulimit -d csh shell example% limit datasize 16M M 128M 44 Sun Studio 12C++

45 2.7 example% /usr/sbin/dmesg grep mem mem = K (0x ) avail mem = shell CCFLAGS make C Shell example% alias CCfx "CC -fast -xnolibmil" CCfx example% CCfx any.c CCfx example% CC -fast -xnolibmil any.c CCFLAGS CCFLAGS CCFLAGS CCFLAGS (C Shell) example% setenv CCFLAGS -xo2 -xsb CCFLAGS example% CC $CCFLAGS any.cc make CCFLAGS makefile make CC -xo2 -xsb files make make Sun make(1s) 2 C++ 45

46 make CCFLAGS makefile C++ make CCFLAGS Makefile makefile C++ C++.cpp SUFFIXES makefile SUFFIXES:.cpp.cpp~ makefile makefile.cpp: $(LINK.cc) -o $< $(LDLIBS).cpp~: $(GET) $(GFLAGS) -p $< > $*.cpp $(LINK.cc) -o $*.cpp $(LDLIBS).cpp.o: $(COMPILE.cc) $(OUTPUT_OPTION) $<.cpp~.o: $(GET) $(GFLAGS) -p $< > $*.cpp $(COMPILE.cc) $(OUTPUT_OPTION) $<.cpp.a: $(COMPILE.cc) -o $% $< $(COMPILE.cc) -xar $% $(RM) $%.cpp~.a: $(GET) $(GFLAGS) -p $< > $*.cpp $(COMPILE.cc) -o $% $< $(COMPILE.cc) -xar $% $(RM) $% make.h istreamfstream istream.ccfstream.cc 46 Sun Studio 12C++

47 3 C++ C dlopen C C E = Ipathname xunroll=4 o filename " " "-" 3.2 C++ llib liblib.a liblib.so llib 47

48 3.3 U D -features I -l L-library pti R-staticlib-U-verbose -xprefetch -D -D dlopen C C++ SPARC Solaris OS SPARC x86 Solaris OS x compat +e{0 1} g KPIC Kpic mt xcode=a xmerge xmodel (SPARC) (SPARC) Solaris x w +w2 +w 48 Sun Studio 12C++

49 xregs -z arg instlib -m32 -m64 -xinstrument xjobs xpch xpchstop xprofile_ircache xprofile_pathmap Thread Analyzer include -xpch include (SPARC) -xprofile=collect (SPARC) d C++ dryrun E C++ stdout 3 C++ 49

50 g g0 H keeptmp migration P.i Qoption readme README s temp=dir verbose=vlst -xcheck -xdumpmacros xe xhelp=flags xport64 xs xsb xsbfast (.o) dbx fma (SPARC) 50 Sun Studio 12C++

51 fns[={no yes}] fprecision=p fround=r fsimple=n fstore ftrap=tlst nofstore xlibmieee (SPARC) SPARC x86 IEEE x86 IEEE x86 libm IEEE compat features=alst -xchar xldscope xthreadvar -xtrigraphs xustr C++ char (SPARC) Bbinding d{y n} 3 C++ 51

52 G hname i ld(1) LD_LIBRARY_PATH Ldir llib library=llst mt norunpath Rplst staticlib=llst xar -xbuiltin[=opt] -xia -xlang=l[,l] xlibmieee xlibmil xlibmopt -xlic_lib=sunperf -xnativeconnect xnolib xnolibmil xnolibmopt dir liblib.a liblib.so C++ (SPARC) libm IEEE 754 libm (SPARC) Sun Performance Library TM C++-library=sunperf Java TM xlibmil 52 Sun Studio 12C++

53 xlic_lib=sunperf xlicinfo (SPARC) Sun Performance Library C++-library=sunperf library=%all noqueue -ptr -vdelx -xcg89 -xnativeconnect -xprefetch=yes -xprefetch=no -xtarget=ss2 -xprefetch=auto,explicit -xprefetch=no%auto,no%explicit c (.o) 3 C++ 53

54 dryrun E C++ stdout -erroff -errtags -errwarn -filt cc G H migration o filename filename P.i Qproduce sourcetype CC sourcetype s verbose=vlst +w w -xdumpmacros -xe xhelp=flags xhelp=readme xm xm1 README makefile /usr/include xsb xsbfast xtime 54 Sun Studio 12C++

55 xwe -z arg fast -fma (SPARC) -g s -m32 -m64 -xalias_level xarch=isa -xbinopt -xbuiltin[=opt] xcache=c xcg89 xcg92 xchip=c xf -xinline=flst -xipo xlibmil xlibmopt xlinkopt (SPARC) SPARC SPARC V8 libm (SPARC) 3 C++ 55

56 xmemalign=ab xnolibmil xnolibmopt xolevel xpagesize -xpagesize_heap -xpagesize_stack -xprefetch[=lst] -xprefetch_level xprofile xregs=rlst xsafe=mem xspace xtarget=t xthreadvar xunroll=n xvis (SPARC) xlibmil level (SPARC) -xprefetch=auto (SPARC) (SPARC) (SPARC) (SPARC) (SPARC) (SPARC) VIS TM Dname[=def] name E C++ stdout -H P.i 56 Sun Studio 12C++

57 Uname xm xm1 name makefile /usr/include p prof xa xpg xprofile gprof (SPARC) migration xhelp=flags xhelp=readme README H Ipathname pathname include 3 C++ 57

58 I- xm xm1 makefile /usr/include instances=a ptipath template=wlst mt xsafe=mem xthreadvar (SPARC) Allows no memory-based traps. (SPARC) 58 Sun Studio 12C++

59 2 C++ 59

60 60

61 4 331 A z[]arg -features=extensions C++ -features=extensions -features=extensions 4.1 mapfile -xldscope 286 A xldscope={v} 61

62 global symbolic hidden -Bsymbolic -Bsymbolic C++ symbolic ld(1) 4.2 global symbolic hidden C++ thread 325 A xthreadvar[= o] thread thread thread thread thread thread intx=4; thread int x = f(); std::string 62 Sun Studio 12C++

63 4.4 enum (&) 4.3 C++ -features=extensions 4.4 enum -features=extensions enum enum enum int -features=extensions enum E; // invalid: forward declaration of enum not allowed E e; // invalid: type E is incomplete enum enum enum 64 enum int

64 4.5 enum 4.5 enum -features=extensions enum -features=extensions typedef enum E F; // invalid, E is incomplete enum 4.6 enum enum enum enum E {e1, e2, e3}; int i = E::e1; // invalid: E is not a scope name -features=extensions -features=extensions enum E:: 4.7 struct typedef C++ -features=extensions struct struct -features=extensions union U { struct { int a; double b; }; // invalid: anonymous struct struct { char* c; unsigned d; }; // invalid: anonymous struct }; 64 Sun Studio 12C++

65 4.8 struct struct U Uu; u.a=1; struct union U { struct { int a; double b; }A; struct { char* c; unsigned d; }B; }; Uu; U.A.a = 1; 4.8 -features=extensions class C { public: C(int);... }; void f1(c*); int main() { f1(&c(2)); // invalid } C c(2); f1(&c); f1 4 65

66 class A { friend static void foo(<args>);... }; -features=extensions A "helper" foo foo 4.10 func -features=extensions func const char function-name static const char func [] = "function-name"; #include <stdio.h> void myfunc(void) { printf("%s\n", func ); } myfunc 66 Sun Studio 12C++

67 5 C++ C 5.1 C C C C++ C Kernighan Ritchie C (K&C)ANSI C Annotated Reference Manual C++ (ARM C++) ISO C++ C++ STDC cplusplus K&R C STDC ANSI C C++ K&R C ANSI C C++ #ifdef STDC int function(char*,...); #else int function(); #endif // C++ & ANSI C declaration // K&R C C cplusplus C++ 67

68 5.1 C++ c_plusplus cplusplus c_plusplus cplusplus C C++ extern "C" extern "C" #include extern "C" #include header.h... //... other include files... #if defined( cplusplus) extern C { #endif int g1(); int g2(); int g3() #if defined( cplusplus) } #endif ARM C++ cplusplus 1 ISO C L long ARM C++ ISO C++ // template function specialization #if cplusplus < L int power(int,int); #else template <> int power(int,int); #endif // ARM C++ // ISO C #ifndef HEADER_H #define HEADER_H /* contents of header file */ #endif 68 Sun Studio 12C++

69 main.cc template <class Number> Number twice(number original); template <class Number> Number twice(number original ) { return original + original; } int main() { return twice<int>(-3); } twice.h #ifndef TWICE_H #define TWICE_H template <class Number> Number twice(number original); template <class Number> Number twice( Number original ) { return original + original; } #endif main.cc #include twice.h int main() { return twice(-3); } twice.h 5 69

70 5.2 #ifndef TWICE_H #define TWICE_H template <class Number> Number twice(number original); #endif TWICE_H twice.cc template <class Number> Number twice( Number original ) { return original + original; } main.cc #include twice.h int main( ) { return twice<int>( -3 ); } typedef.c.c.cc.cpp.cxx.c Sun Studio 12C++

71 template <class Number> Number twice( Number original ); Number Number template <class Number> Number twice( Number original ) { return original + original; } 71

72 6.2 // Expressions with non-type template parameters // in the function parameter list are not supported template<int I> void foo( mytype<2*i> ) {... } template<int I, int J> void foo( int a[i+j] ) {... } double twicedouble( double item ) { return twice( item ); } template<class T> T func(); // no function arguments int k = func<int>(); // template argument supplied explicitly Array template <class Elem> class Array; String unsigned int template <unsigned Size> class String; Sun Studio 12C++

73 6.2 template <class Elem> class Array { Elem* data; int size; public: Array( int sz ); int GetSize(); Elem& operator[]( int idx ); }; template <unsigned Size> class String { char data[size]; static int overflows; public: String( char *initial ); int length(); }; class Elem unsigned Size Array template <class Elem> Array<Elem> template <class Elem> Array<Elem>::Array( int sz ) {size = sz; data = new Elem[size];} template <class Elem> int Array<Elem>::GetSize() { return size; } String 6 73

74 6.3 #include <string.h> template <unsigned Size> int String<Size>::length( ) {int len = 0; while (len < Size && data[len]!= \0 ) len++; return len;} template <unsigned Size> String<Size>::String(char *initial) {strncpy(data, initial, Size); if (length( ) == Size) overflows++;} template <unsigned Size> int String<Size>::overflows = 0; Array int_array Array Elem int Array<int> int_array(100); String short_string String<8> short_string("hello"); int x = int_array.getsize( ); int x = short_string.length( );. 6.3 Array<int> Array<double> Array<int> int Elem 74 Sun Studio 12C++

75 C template template float twice<float>(float original); template int twice(int original); template template class Array<char>; template class String<19>; template template int Array<char>::GetSize(); template int String<19>::length(); template template int String<19>::overflows; 6 75

76 C++ template <class Elem> void sort(array<elem>); template <class Elem> void sort(array<elem> store) {int num_elems = store.getsize(); for(inti=0; i<num_elems-1; i++) for (int j = i+1; j < num_elems; j++) if (store[j-1] > store[j]) {Elem temp = store[j]; store[j] = store[j-1]; store[j-1] = temp;}} Array Array<int> int_array(100); sort(int_array); // construct an array of ints // sort it template <class Elem = int> class Array; template <unsigned Size = 100> class String; twice sort twice sort 76 Sun Studio 12C++

77 6.6 template <> unsigned twice<unsigned>( unsigned original ); template <> sort<char*>(array<char*> store); template <> unsigned twice(unsigned original); template <> sort(array<char*> store); template <> unsigned twice<unsigned>(unsigned original) {return original << 1;} #include <string.h> template <> void sort<char*>(array<char*> store) {int num_elems = store.getsize(); for(inti=0; i<num_elems-1; i++) for (int j = i+1; j < num_elems; j++) if (strcmp(store[j-1], store[j]) > 0) {char *temp = store[j]; store[j] = store[j-1]; store[j-1] = temp;}} template<class T, class U> class A {...}; //primary template template<> class A<int, double> {...}; //specialization 6 77

78 6.7 template<class U> class A<int> {...}; // Example 1 template<class T, class U> class A<T*> {...}; // Example 2 template<class T> class A<T**, char> {...}; // Example 3 1 int 2 3 char converter intermediary temporary use1.cc use2.cc intermediary temporary use_common.h // Common template definition template <class Source, class Target> Target converter(source source) {temporary = (intermediary)source; return (Target)temporary;} use1.cc typedef int intermediary; int temporary; #include "use_common.h" use2.cc typedef double intermediary; unsigned int temporary; #include "use_common.h" 78 Sun Studio 12C++

79 6.7 cin cout cin cout array.h template <class Type> class Array { Type* data; int size; public: Array(int sz); int GetSize(); }; array.cc template <class Type> Array<Type>::Array(int sz) {size = sz; data = new Type[size];} template <class Type> int Array<Type>::GetSize() {return size;} file1.cc #include "array.h" struct Foo {int data;}; Array<Foo> File1Data(10); file2.cc #include "array.h" struct Foo {double data;}; Array<Foo> File2Data(20); file1.cc Foo file2.cc Foo operator<< 6 79

80 array.h // generates undefined error for the operator<< function #ifndef ARRAY_H #define ARRAY_H #include <iosfwd> template<class T> class array { int size; public: array(); friend std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream&, const array<t>&); }; #endif array.cc #include <stdlib.h> #include <iostream> template<class T> array<t>::array() {size = 1024;} template<class T> std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& out, const array<t>& rhs) {return out << [ << rhs.size << ] ;} main.cc #include <iostream> #include "array.h" int main() { std::cout << "creating an array of int... " << std::flush; array<int> foo; std::cout << "done\n"; std::cout << foo << std::endl; return 0; } array friend friend ostream& operator<<(ostream&, const array<t>&); 80 Sun Studio 12C++

81 6.7 operator<< template class array operator<< type array<t> array<t> array.h #ifndef ARRAY_H #define ARRAY_H #include <iosfwd> // the next two lines declare operator<< as a template function template<class T> class array; template<class T> std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream&, const array<t>&); template<class T> class array { int size; public: array(); friend std::ostream& operator<< <T> (std::ostream&, const array<t>&); }; #endif C++ typename typename struct simple { typedef int a_type; static int a_datum; }; int simple::a_datum = 0; // not a type template <class T> struct parametric { typedef T a_type; static T a_datum; }; template <class T> T parametric<t>::a_datum = 0; // not a type template <class T> struct example { static typename T::a_type variable1; // dependent static typename parametric<t>::a_type variable2; // dependent static simple::a_type variable3; // not dependent }; template <class T> typename T::a_type // dependent example<t>::variable1 = 0; // not a type template <class T> typename parametric<t>::a_type // dependent 6 81

82 6.7 example<t>::variable2 = 0; template <class T> simple::a_type example<t>::variable3 = 0; // not a type // not dependent // not a type ">>" ">" Array<String<10>> short_string_array(100); // >> = right-shift Array<String<10 >> short_string_array(100); Array<String<10> > short_string_array(100); C instances=extern make a.ccb.ccx.h x.cc -instances=extern... Makefile Sun Studio 12C++

83 6.7 CCC=CC all: a b a: b: $(CCC) -I. -instances=extern -c a.cc $(CCC) -instances=extern -o a a.o $(CCC) -I. -instances=extern -c b.cc $(CCC) -instances=extern -o b b.o clean: /bin/rm -rf SunWS_cache *.o a b... x.h... template <class T> class X { public: int open(); int create(); static int variable; };... x.cc... template <class T> int X<T>::create() { return variable; } template <class T> int X<T>::open() { return variable; } template <class T> int X<T>::variable = 1;... a.cc... #include "x.h" int main() { X<int> temp1; temp1.open(); 6 83

84 6.7 temp1.create(); }... b.cc... #include "x.h" int main() { X<int> temp1; } temp1.create(); a b make clean example% make a example% make b example% make a example% make clean example% make b 84 Sun Studio 12C++

85 7 7.1 C++ UNIX C++ -verbose=templatec++ -verbose=no%template+w 7.2 CCadmin(1) CCadmin clean ptclean

86 7.2 -template=wholeclass ISO C++ ISO C++ -template=wholeclass C++ C Sun C Sun Studio 12C++

87 instances=extern -instances=global -instance=extern dmake -instances=extern CC C++ CC xar ar example% CC xar -instances=extern o libmain.a a.o b.o c.o instance=extern -instances=extern.o.a.so dmake makefile 7 87

88 instances=static -instances=static -instances=global C dbx instances=static -g instances=global 88 Sun Studio 12C++

89 7.4 instances=explicit instances=semiexplicit SunWS_cache SUNWS_CACHE_NAME SUNWS_CACHE_NAME /sub/a.o./sub/SunWS_cache example% CC -o sub/a.o a.cc 7 89

90 /sub1/SunWS_cache./sub2/SunWS_cache./SunWS_cache example% CC sub1/a.o sub2/b.o ISO C instances=extern -instances=extern g g DDEBUG DEBUG template=no%extdef 90 Sun Studio 12C++

91 Cfront include foo() foo.h foo.cc.c.c.cc.cpp.cxx.c++ include I ptidirectory -pti -ptidirectory I ptidirectory I ptidirectory foo.h foo.cc foo.h foo C++.C.c.cc.cpp.cxx.c foo.cc.h.cc -template=no%extdef 7 91

92 92

93 8 C Bjarne Stroustrup The C++ Programming LanguageAddison-Wesley throw C terminate() abort() 93

94 features=no%except C++ dynamic_cast new 8.4 <exception> C++ -compat=5 <exception> // standard header <exception> namespace std { class exception { exception() throw(); exception(const exception&) throw(); exception& operator=(const exception&) throw(); virtual ~exception() throw(); virtual const char* what() const throw(); }; class bad_exception: public exception {...}; // Unexpected exception handling typedef void (*unexpected_handler)(); unexpected_handler set_unexpected(unexpected_handler) throw(); void unexpected(); // Termination handling typedef void (*terminate_handler)(); terminate_handler set_terminate(terminate_handler) throw(); void terminate(); bool uncaught_exception() throw(); } 94 Sun Studio 12C++

95 8.6 exception C++ exception what() C <exception.h> C++ C++ C++ <exception> <exception.h> // header <exception.h>, used for transition #include <exception> #include <new> using std::exception; using std::bad_exception; using std::set_unexpected; using std::unexpected; using std::set_terminate; using std::terminate; typedef std::exception xmsg; typedef std::bad_exception xunexpected; typedef std::bad_alloc xalloc; ( compat[=4]) <exception> <exception.h> C Setjmp/Longjmp setjmp/longjmp setjmp/longjmp A B A B longjmp longjmp try catch longjmp non-trivial 8.6 -Bsymbolic C++ -Bsymbolic dlopen RTLD_GLOBAL 8 95

96 96

97 9 C++ const_castreinterpret_cast static_cast dynamic_cast dynamic_cast<> _cast const_cast<int*>(v) (int*)v 9.1 const_cast const_cast<t>(v) const volatile const_cast<> const T class A { public: virtual void f(); int i; }; extern const volatile int* cvip; extern int* ip; void use_of_const_cast() { const A a1; 97

98 9.2 reinterpret_cast const_cast<a&>(a1).f(); ip = const_cast<int*> (cvip); } // remove const // remove const and volatile 9.2 reinterpret_cast reinterpret_cast<t>(v) v reinterpret_cast long C++ T1 T2 T1 T2 T1 T2 T1 X T2 Y reinterpret_cast const const_cast reinterpret_cast reinterpret_cast class A {int a; public: A();}; class B: public A {int b, c;}; void use_of_reinterpret_cast() { A a1; long l = reinterpret_cast<long>(&a1); A* ap = reinterpret_cast<a*>(l); // safe B* bp = reinterpret_cast<b*>(&a1); // unsafe const A a2; ap = reinterpret_cast<a*>(&a2); // error, const removed } 98 Sun Studio 12C++

99 static_cast static_cast<t>(v) v T void class B {...}; class C: public B {...}; enum E {first=1, second=2, third=3}; void use_of_static_cast(c* c1) { B* bp = c1; // implicit conversion C* c2 = static_cast<c*>(bp); // reverse implicit conversion int i = second; // implicit conversion E e = static_cast<e>(i); // reverse implicit conversion } static_cast const static_cast static_cast 9.4 (-compat[=4]) -f eatures=rtti T1 T2 T1 T2 T1 T2 dynamic_cast<t>(v) v T T cv void cv constvolatile const volatile T v static_cast<t>(v) 9 99

100 void* T void*v dynamic_cast<void*>(v) v void* void* v T T v T T T C++ std::bad_cast #include <assert.h> #include <stddef.h> // for NULL class A {public: virtual void f();}; class B {public: virtual void g();}; class AB: public virtual A, public B {}; void simple_dynamic_casts() { AB ab; B* bp = &ab; // no casts needed A* ap = &ab; AB& abr = dynamic_cast<ab&>(*bp); // succeeds ap = dynamic_cast<a*>(bp); assert(ap!= NULL); bp = dynamic_cast<b*>(ap); assert(bp!= NULL); ap = dynamic_cast<a*>(&abr); assert(ap!= NULL); bp = dynamic_cast<b*>(&abr); assert(bp!= NULL); } B #include <assert.h> #include <stddef.h> // for NULL #include <typeinfo> 100 Sun Studio 12C++

101 9.4 class A {public: virtual void f() {}}; class B {public: virtual void g() {}}; class AB: public virtual A, private B {}; void attempted_casts() { AB ab; B* bp = (B*)&ab; // C-style cast needed to break protection A* ap = dynamic_cast<a*>(bp); // fails, B is inaccessible assert(ap == NULL); try { AB& abr = dynamic_cast<ab&>(*bp); // fails, B is inaccessible } catch(const std::bad_cast&) { return; // failed reference cast caught here } assert(0); // should not get here } class AB_B: public AB, public B {}; class AB_B AB: public AB_B, public AB {}; void complex_dynamic_casts() { AB_B AB ab_b ab; A*ap = &ab_b ab; // okay: finds unique A statically AB*abp = dynamic_cast<ab*>(ap); // fails: ambiguous assert(abp == NULL); // STATIC ERROR: AB_B* ab_bp = (AB_B*)ap; // not a dynamic cast AB_B*ab_bp = dynamic_cast<ab_b*>(ap); // dynamic one is okay assert(ab_bp!= NULL); } dynamic_cast void using_dynamic_cast(a* ap) { if (AB *abp = dynamic_cast<ab*>(ap)) 9 101

102 9.4 { // abp is non-null, // so ap was a pointer to an AB object // go ahead and use abp process_ab(abp);} else { // abp is null, // so ap was NOT a pointer to an AB object // do not use abp process_not_ab(ap); } } (-compat[=4]) -features=rtti dynamic_cast static_cast dynamic_cast<t&> static_cast<t&> dynamic_cast Erich Gamma Design Patterns: Elements of Reusable Object-Oriented Software Addison-Wesley Sun Studio 12C++

103 10 C++ C++Tom Cargill C++ Programming StyleAddison-Wesley 1992Jon Louis Bentley Writing Efficient ProgramsPrentice-Hall 1982Dov Bulka David Mayhew Efficient C++: Performance Programming TechniquesAddison-Wesley 2000 Scott Meyers Effective C++ 50 Ways to Improve Your Programs and Designs Addison-Wesley 1998 C C++ C++ += + = a+b Tx=a+b; T x(a); x += b; 103

104 w switch try/catch 10.3 C 104 Sun Studio 12C++

105 10.4 C C++ Plain-Old-Data (POD) C++ C (-compat[=4])

106 C++ C C SPARC V7/V8 SPARC V9 x C++ this 106 Sun Studio 12C++

107 10.5 complex& operator*= (complex& left, complex& right) { left.real = left.real * right.real + left.imag * right.imag; left.imag = left.real * right.imag + left.image * right.real; } x*=x;

108 108

109 11 C++ iostream Tools.h++ C C++ mt D_REENTRANT l ld ( compat[=4]) mt libthread libc -mt libthread libcrun lthread libthread example% CC -c -mt myprog.cc example% CC -mt myprog.o example% CC -c -mt myprog.o example% CC myprog.o -lthread < -libthread is linked incorrectly ldd libthread 109

110 11.2 example% CC -mt myprog.cc example% ldd a.out libm.so.1 => /usr/lib/libm.so.1 libcrun.so.1 => /usr/lib/libcrun.so.1 libthread.so.1 => /usr/lib/libthread.so.1 libc.so.1 => /usr/lib/libc.so.1 libdl.so.1 => /usr/lib/libdl.so C++ C++ libcrunlibiostreamlibcstd libc iostream new delete 11.2 terminate() unexpected() set_terminate() set_unexpected() terminate() abort() pthread_cancel(3t) -noex -features=no%except pthread_cancel(3t) pthread_cleanup_push() 110 Sun Studio 12C++

111 11.3 C C++ C++ libcstd -library=cstd MT setlocale(3c) attributes(5) Rogue Wave copy on write C++ _RWSTDMutex _RWSTDGuard _RWSTDMutex void acquire() void release() class _RWSTDMutex { public: _RWSTDMutex (); ~_RWSTDMutex (); void acquire (); void release (); }; _RWSTDGuard _RWSTDMutex _RWSTDGuard std::exception on error ::thread_error class _RWSTDGuard { public: _RWSTDGuard (_RWSTDMutex&); ~_RWSTDGuard (); }; _RWSTD_MT_GUARD(mutex) _STDGUARD _RWSTDGuard

112 11.4 iostream #include <rw/stdmutex.h> // // An integer shared among multiple threads. // int I; // // A mutex used to synchronize updates to I. // _RWSTDMutex I_mutex; // // Increment I by one. Uses an _RWSTDMutex directly. // void increment_i () { I_mutex.acquire(); // Lock the mutex. I++; I_mutex.release(); // Unlock the mutex. } // // Decrement I by one. Uses an _RWSTDGuard. // void decrement_i () { _RWSTDGuard guard(i_mutex); // Acquire the lock on I_mutex. --I; // // The lock on I is released when destructor is called on guard. // } 11.4 iostream libc libiostream iostream (input-output, I/O) iostream C++ iostreamlibc libiostream libcstd iostream C Sun Studio 12C++

113 11.4 iostream iostream Solaris MT iostream C++ iostream MT libc MT MT MT MT iostream MT iostream iostream iostream iostream unsafe_ 11 1 iostream 11 1 iostream stream_mt streambuf unsafe_ios unsafe_istream unsafe_ostream unsafe_iostream streambuf streambuf unsafe_istream unsafe_ostream MT stream_mt MT streambuf unsafe_ class streambuf: public stream_mt {...}; class ios: virtual public unsafe_ios, public stream_mt {...}; class istream: virtual public ios, public unsafe_istream {...};

114 11.4 iostream stream_mt iostream MT MT I/O unsafe_ MT MT unsafe_ base MT unsafe_ base streambuf streambuf _unlocked iostream MT 11 2 char *oct_r (char *buf, int buflen, long num, int width) char *hex_r (char *buf, int buflen, long num, int width) char *dec_r (char *buf, int buflen, long num, int width) char *chr_r (char *buf, int buflen, long num, int width) ASCII ASCII ASCII chr ASCII chr width 114 Sun Studio 12C++

115 11.4 iostream 11 2 char *form_r (char *buf, int buflen, long num, sprintf format int width) libc iostream octhexdec chr form MT MT libc libc iostream -mt -D_REENTRANT -lthread -mt -lthread libc libthread -lthread iostream libc MT iostream iostream MT iostream iostream MT I/O 11 1 #include <iostream.h> enum iostate {IOok, IOeof, IOfail}; iostate read_number(istream& istr, int& num) { stream_locker sl(istr, stream_locker::lock_now);

116 11.4 iostream 11 1 istr >> num; } if (istr.eof()) return IOeof; if (istr.fail()) return IOfail; return IOok; stream_locker sl istream istr read_number sl istr MT gcount istream gcount gcount 11 2 gcount #include <iostream.h> #include <rlocks.h> void fetch_line(istream& istr, char* line, int& linecount) { stream_locker sl(istr, stream_locker::lock_defer); } sl.lock(); // lock the stream istr istr >> line; linecount = istr.gcount(); sl.unlock(); // unlock istr... stream_locker lock unlock I/O MT I/O I/O 11 3 I/O #include <rlocks.h> #include <iostream.h> class mystream: public istream { // other definitions Sun Studio 12C++

117 11.4 iostream 11 3 I/O }; int getrecord(char* name, int& id, float& gpa); int mystream::getrecord(char* name, int& id, float& gpa) { stream_locker sl(this, stream_locker::lock_now); *this >> name; *this >> id; *this >> gpa; } return this->fail() == 0; libc MT libc unsafe_ unsafe_ cout.unsafe_ostream::put( 4 ); cin.unsafe_istream::read(buf, len); unsafe_ cout cin unsafe_ unsafe cout cin 11 4 #include <iostream.h> //disable mt-safety cout.set_safe_flag(stream_mt::unsafe_object); //disable mt-safety cin.set_safe_flag(stream_mt::unsafe_object); cout.put(4 ); cin.read(buf, len); iostream MT iostream MT iostream MT

118 11.4 iostream 11 5 fs.set_safe_flag(stream_mt::unsafe_object);// disable MT-safety... do various i/o operations iostream iostream MT iostream MT iostream 11 6 generic_lock(); fs.set_safe_flag(stream_mt::unsafe_object);... do various i/o operations generic_unlock(); generic_lock generic_unlock / libc stream_locker iostream iostream MT libc 11 7 stream_mt stream_locker unsafe_ios unsafe_istream unsafe_ostream unsafe_iostream unsafe_fstreambase unsafe_strstreambase 118 Sun Studio 12C++

119 11.4 iostream iostream 11 8 class streambuf: public stream_mt {...}; class unsafe_ios {...}; class ios: virtual public unsafe_ios, public stream_mt {...}; class unsafe_fstreambase: virtual public unsafe_ios {...}; class fstreambase: virtual public ios, public unsafe_fstreambase {...}; class unsafe_strstreambase: virtual public unsafe_ios {...}; class strstreambase: virtual public ios, public unsafe_strstreambase {...}; class unsafe_istream: virtual public unsafe_ios {...}; class unsafe_ostream: virtual public unsafe_ios {...}; class istream: virtual public ios, public unsafe_istream {...}; class ostream: virtual public ios, public unsafe_ostream {...}; class unsafe_iostream: public unsafe_istream, public unsafe_ostream {...}; iostream 11 9 class streambuf { public: int sgetc_unlocked(); void sgetn_unlocked(char *, int); int snextc_unlocked(); int sbumpc_unlocked(); void stossc_unlocked(); int in_avail_unlocked(); int sputbackc_unlocked(char); int sputc_unlocked(int); int sputn_unlocked(const char *, int); int out_waiting_unlocked(); protected: char* base_unlocked(); char* ebuf_unlocked(); int blen_unlocked(); char* pbase_unlocked(); char* eback_unlocked(); char* gptr_unlocked(); char* egptr_unlocked(); char* pptr_unlocked(); void setp_unlocked(char*, char*);

120 11.4 iostream 11 9 void setg_unlocked(char*, char*, char*); void pbump_unlocked(int); void gbump_unlocked(int); void setb_unlocked(char*, char*, int); int unbuffered_unlocked(); char *epptr_unlocked(); void unbuffered_unlocked(int); int allocate_unlocked(int); }; class filebuf: public streambuf { public: int is_open_unlocked(); filebuf* close_unlocked(); filebuf* open_unlocked(const char*, int, int = filebuf::openprot); filebuf* attach_unlocked(int); }; class strstreambuf: public streambuf { public: int freeze_unlocked(); char* str_unlocked(); }; unsafe_ostream& endl(unsafe_ostream&); unsafe_ostream& ends(unsafe_ostream&); unsafe_ostream& flush(unsafe_ostream&); unsafe_istream& ws(unsafe_istream&); unsafe_ios& dec(unsafe_ios&); unsafe_ios& hex(unsafe_ios&); unsafe_ios& oct(unsafe_ios&); char* dec_r (char* buf, int buflen, long num, int width) char* hex_r (char* buf, int buflen, long num, int width) char* oct_r (char* buf, int buflen, long num, int width) char* chr_r (char* buf, int buflen, long chr, int width) char* str_r (char* buf, int buflen, const char* format, int width = 0); char* form_r (char* buf, int buflen, const char* format,...) 120 Sun Studio 12C++

121 11.4 iostream C++ iostream iostream.h, cout cincerr clog iostream MT iostream MT int c; cin.get(c); get ThreadA ThreadA get libc ThreadB ThreadA get get iostream I/O MT cout << " Error message:" << errstring[err_number] << "\n"; cout cout iostream libc stream_locker iostream stream_locker iostream

122 11.4 iostream thr_keycreate(3t) private iostream iostream iostream iostream iostream stream_locker iostream stream_locker iostream iostream stream_locker #include <fstream.h> #include <rlocks.h> void lock_example (fstream& fs) { const int len = 128; char buf[len]; int offset = 48; stream_locker s_lock(fs, stream_locker::lock_now);...// open file fs.seekg(offset, ios::beg); fs.read(buf, len); } stream_locker stream_locker ThreadA ThreadB 122 Sun Studio 12C++

123 11.4 iostream stream_locker I/O vbstream_locker lock unlock I/O { }... stream_locker file_lck(openfile_stream, stream_locker::lock_defer);... file_lck.lock(); // lock openfile_stream openfile_stream << "Value: " << int_value << "\n"; if(!openfile_stream) { file_error("output of value failed\n"); return; } file_lck.unlock(); // unlock openfile_stream stream_locker(3cc4) iostream MT MT MT stream_locker MT stream_locker streambuf _unlocked streambuf xsgetnunderflowpbackfailxsputnoverflowseekoff seekpos ios iword pword ios iword pword MT char

124 11.4 iostream iostream #include <fstream.h> #include <thread.h> fstream* fp; void *process_rtn(void*) { // body of sub-threads which uses fp... } void multi_process(const char* filename, int numthreads) { fp = new fstream(filename, ios::in); // create fstream object // before creating threads. // create threads for (int i=0; i<numthreads; i++) thr_create(0, STACKSIZE, process_rtn, 0, 0, 0);... // wait for threads to finish for (int i=0; i<numthreads; i++) thr_join(0, 0, 0); } delete fp; fp = NULL; // delete fstream object after // all threads have completed MT libc iostream 255 cout MT iostream // create tagged thread data // the output file is of the form: // <tag><string of data>\n 124 Sun Studio 12C++

125 11.4 iostream MT iostream // where tag is an integer value in a unsigned char. // Allows up to 255 threads to be run in this application // <string of data> is any printable characters // Because tag is an integer value written as char, // you need to use od to look at the output file, suggest: // od -c out.file more #include <stdlib.h> #include <stdio.h> #include <iostream.h> #include <fstream.h> #include <thread.h> struct thread_args { char* filename; int thread_tag; }; const int thread_bufsize = 256; // entry routine for each thread void* ThreadDuties(void* v) { // obtain arguments for this thread thread_args* tt = (thread_args*)v; char ibuf[thread_bufsize]; // open thread input file ifstream instr(tt->filename); stream_locker lockout(cout, stream_locker::lock_defer); while(1) { // read a line at a time instr.getline(ibuf, thread_bufsize - 1, \n ); if(instr.eof()) break; // lock cout stream so the i/o operation is atomic lockout.lock(); // tag line and send to cout cout << (unsigned char)tt->thread_tag << ibuf << "\n"; lockout.unlock(); } return 0; } int main(int argc, char** argv) { // argv: 1+ list of filenames per thread if(argc < 2) { cout << usage: " << argv[0] << " <files..>\n";