1 3 5657 1960 91 106

Karl HassertDie St(dte Geographisch BetrachtetLeipzig. R.BlanchardGrenobleétudedeGeographieUrbainePrais1911.

TaglorT.G.Urban Geography1946New YorkE.P.Dutton. 2 1 48 46

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46 480 1979 1987 1 2 4 132 1958 1

2 192 1959 1 165 6265 165 6265

PU = U 100% 1 P 8 17

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TA = 1 ( PUt+ n PU t ) 4 n 1 T M I n in M I t+ n = 5 M I t

104 105

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N N M u t = t + ut 2

96 171

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174 1 42 1957

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19491957 y11.018 lgx9.429s0.365r0.961819771989 y11.261 lgx15.342s0.234r0.995

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I a = i n 2 2 9 ( Yi Xi) d 2 i 1 = 29 = 1 = 2 2 i 2

1988 7 1989 7

177

1 du( i) 1 dr( i) = K 1 U( i) dt R( i) dt du( i) dr( i) k U( i) dt = R( i) dt PU i = U(i) U i T i = U i + R i T(i) l n U ( i ) = Kt + e R( i) U( i) e k t + = c R( i) R(i) U(i) + 1 = R(i) U(i) + U(i) U(i) = T(i) U(i) = 1 + 1 k t+c e PU(i) = U(i) ) T(i) = 1 1 = (3 -k t-c -k t 1 + e 1 + αe PU( 2) PU URGD = in 1 ( 2) n 4 PU( 1) 1 PU( 1) 86 9

PU ( t ) PU( 1) e URGD = t 5 1 PU( t) 1 PU( 1) 159

r t r t S Pn = Poe + ( gboe ) α β + m 7 Q

180

179 106128 179 123 8 8 1961 1

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182

Ui Umi n Vi = i = 1 2 3 Λ Λ n U U ma x mi n 183

S = W V ( j = 1, 2, 3Λ Λ m. ) i m j= 1 j i j

1990 8586 1990 109 GB 4754 84

80 43 95

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55

196 23

Pt P t 1 p t 1 P P t P t 1 t 1 1 n n P P P t t 1 n dp = t = a Pn a P P ε log log 0 2 P P t = 1 = t 1 t 1 0 l P = l P + ε + ε Λ Λ ε g n g 0 1 2 n 3

n! S = (i = 01,, 2, Λ Λ, N) N πn i! i = 0 H = lgs = nlgn n lg n N j= 0 i i 4 5 N n u e i/ u i = 6 i/ u P{ nip i } = P ( 1 e 1 ) 7 dy y dt = b dx x dt 8

ö

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3 4 G.W.Skinner 1964 209 SmailesA.EThe urban hierarchyofenglandand WalesGeogra-phy2941 511941. BrushJ.E.and BraceyH.E.Rural service centres in SouthwesternWisconsin and Southern England Geographical Review45559 5691955. 94 79

20

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1 j 0 k n

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F = GM im j 1 2 d i j T K P P i j i = 2 j b d i j 71 72

Ti j lg lg K b lg di j PiP j = 3 T K W P α W P β ( i i) ( j j ) i = 5 j b d i j S P D i i j = 2 S j P 6 j Di

B = 1+ d i j P P i j 7 I K Q α Q β i j i = 8 j d b i j 210 74

Fij = I i j m I 9 i= 1 i j E G M M i j = 10 di j Pi Pj d E P P i 1 PiP2 Pi Pn = + + Λ + d d d i1 i2 in n PiP j = ( i j) 11 d j = 1 i j V i n PiP j = ( i j) 12 d j = 1 i j i j 29

n Pj Pi Vi = + 13 b b d d j= 1 i j i j dii 1 d S / π ii N j Mi + K 14 j N i j T = O ( e e ) i j i n 1 j = 1 n 1 D j D j = j 1 15 81

82

α β γ I = KS P d i j j i i j I i j Fi = j m I j = 1 i j

11 123 127

λ λ

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212 910

D Rd 1989 160164 1985 3 4050

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