44
45
46
张 电脑验 飞检 应 华 医学杂 临 47
1 P < 0.01 P < 0.01 48
2 49
3 a a 20/20 20/15 20/10 3 4 6 4.5 6.0 9.0 a 1200 ( Aerospace Ophthalmology, 1998) 4 I ( ) 20/70 20/20 20/20 - +2.00-1.50 1.50 2.00 IA 20/200 20/20 20/40 20/20 +3.00 II ( ) -2.75 20/400 20/20-20/20 +3.50-4.00 II/III 20/400 20/20-20/20 +5.50-5.50 2.00 2.50 2.00 2.50 3.00 3.50 Medical Examination And Standards. AFI 48-123. 1 January 2000 50
5 Naval Operational Medicine Institute 2002 6 2000 51
7 2 November 2000 8 Decimal Snellen Metric Visual Angle min 2.0 20/10 0.5 1.0 20/20 6/6 1.0 0.8 20/25 1.25 20/30 0.5 20/40 6/12 2.0 0.4 20/50 0.2 20/100 5.0 0.1 20/200 10 Azusa Kikukawa, 1999 52
9 1998 53
10 n=40) G n=50) G n=76) 50 100 75 75 1.0 1.0 19.2% 11.8% 11.8% 7.9% 7.9% 9.3% 11.3% 7.0% 7.0% 2.0% 2.0% 6.1% 14.3% 16.3% 16.3% 22.5% 22.5% 2.6% 18.4% 18.4% 10.0% 10.0% 40.0% 40.0% 75 1.0 54
1. 2. 3. 4. 55
5. 6. Contrast sensitivity 1000 100 10 1 0.1 1 10 100 Spatial frequency (cpd ( cpd) Brian H.Tsou 2002 8 7. 56
8. 9. 10. 11. 57
12. 58
16 14 12 N = 78 Number of Eyes 10 8 6 19.2% > -0.25 D (n =15) 4 2 0 2.5 2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5 0.0-0.5-1.0-1.5 Diopters 13. spherical refraction N 78 25 19.2 59
40 30 Number of Eyes 20 N = 78 2.6% > -0.75 D (n = 2) 10 0 0.5 0.0-0.5-1.0-1.5-2.0 Diopters 14. cylindrical refraction N 78 75 19.2 60
25 20 Number of Eyes 15 10 N = 98 14.3% > -0.25 D (n = 14) 5 0 3 2 1 0-1 -2-3 Diopters 15. G spherical refraction N 98 25 14.3 61
50 40 Number of Eyes 30 20 N = 98 6.1% > -0.75 D (n = 6) 10 0 0.5 0.0-0.5-1.0-1.5-2.0-2.5 Diopters 16. G cylindrical refraction N 98 75 6.1 62
40 30 Number of Eyes 20 N = 150 11.3% > - 0.25 D ( n = 17) 10 0 3.0 2.5 2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5 0.0-0.5-1.0-1.5-2.0 Diopters 17. G spherical refraction N 150 25 11.3 63
60 50 Number of Eyes 40 30 20 N = 150 9.3% > -0.75 D (n= 14) 10 0 0.5 0.0-0.5-1.0-1.5-2.0-2.5-3.0-3.5 Diopters 18. G cylindrical refraction N 150 75 9.3 64
100 80 88.9 Percent (%) 60 40 44.4 20 16.7 10.5 16.3 14.8 0 <25 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 >44 n = 6 n = 57 n = 49 n = 27 n = 18 n = 9 Age Group 19. 1.0 75 1.0 65
2.0 1.8 ** ** n = 72 Log Contrast Sensitivity 1.6 1.4 1.2 Night Vision Day Vision ** 1.0 0.8 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 Spatial Frequency ( Cycles Per Degree ) 20. log cycles per degree p < 0.01 66
2.0 1.8 ** ** ** n = 100 Log Contrast Sensitivity 1.6 1.4 1.2 Night Vision Day Vision ** 1.0 0.8 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 Spatial Frequency ( Cycles Per Degree ) 21. G log cycles per degree ** p < 0.01 67
Log Contrast Sensitivity 2.0 1.8 1.6 1.4 1.2 ** ** n = 152 Night Vision Day Vision ** 1.0 0.8 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 Spatial Frequency ( Cycles Per Degree ) 22. G log cycles per degree ** p < 0.01 68
2.0 1.8 ** ** ** n = 324 Log Contrast Sensitivity 1.6 1.4 1.2 Night Vision Day Vision ** 1.0 0.8 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 Spatial Frequency ( Cycles Per Degree ) 23. log cycles per degree ** p < 0.01 69
2.0 1.8 * ## * # Aerotransport, n = 72 F5, n = 100 IDF, n = 152 Log Contrast Sensitivity 1.6 1.4 1.2 ** ## ** ## 1.0 0.8 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 Spatial frequency ( Cycles Per Degree ) 24. log cycles per degree * ** p < 0.05; p < 0.01 # ## p < 0.05 P < 0.01 70
2.2 2.0 ## * Aerotransport, n = 72 F5, n = 100 IDF, n = 152 Log Contrast Sensitivity 1.8 1.6 1.4 1.2 ## 1.0 0.8 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 Spatial Frequency ( Cycles Per Degree ) 25. log cycles per degree * p < 0.05 # ## p < 0.05 P < 0.01 71
2.0 Log Contrast Sensitivity 1.8 1.6 1.4 1.2 1.0 0.8 0.6 > 38 yrs old, n = 30 < 38 yrs old, n = 42 0.4 0.2 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 Spatial Frequency ( Cycles Per Degree ) 26. log cycles per degree 72
Log Contrast Sensitivity 2.0 1.8 1.6 1.4 1.2 1.0 0.8 0.6 ** > 38 yrs old, n = 10 < 38 yrs old, n = 88 ** 0.4 0.2 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 Spatial Frequency (Cycles Per Degree) 27. G log cycles per degree ** p < 0.01 73
2.0 1.8 > 38 yrs old, n = 32 < 38 yrs old, n = 120 Log Contrast Sensitivity 1.6 1.4 1.2 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 Spatial Frequency (Cycles Per Degree) 28. G log cycles per degree 74
2.0 1.8 > 38 yrs old, n = 30 < 38 yrs old, n = 42 1.6 Log contrast Sensitivity 1.4 1.2 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 Spatial Frequency ( Cycles Per Degree ) 29. log cycles per degree 75
2.2 2.0 1.8 * > 38 yrs old, n = 10 < 38 yrs old, n = 88 Log Contrast Sensitivity 1.6 1.4 1.2 1.0 0.8 ** 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 Spatial Frequency (Cycles Per Degree) 30. G log cycles per degree * ** p < 0.05; p < 0.01 76
2.0 > 38 yrs old, n = 32 < 38 yrs old, n = 120 1.8 Log Contrast Sensitivity 1.6 1.4 1.2 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 Spatial Frequency (Cycles Per Degree) 31. G log cycles per degree 77
2.0 Log Contrast Sensitivity 1.8 1.6 1.4 1.2 1.0 * ** >38 yrs old, n = 72 <38 yrs old, n = 250 ** 0.8 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 Spatial Frequency ( Cycles Per Degree) 32. log cycles per degree * ** p < 0.05; p < 0.01 78
2.0 1.9 >38 yrs old, n = 72 <38 yrs old, n = 250 Log Contrast Sensitivity 1.8 1.7 1.6 1.5 ** 1.4 1.3 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 Spatial Frequency ( Cycles Per Degree) 33. log cycles per degree ** p < 0.01 79
0.8 VA N = 332 0.6 0.25 Visual Angle (Log MAR) 0.4 0.2 0.0-0.2 0.4 0.63 1.0 1.6-0.4 2 1 0-1 -2-3 Spherical Equvalent Value (diopters) 34. visual angle log visual acuity spherical equivalent value = spherical value + 1/2 cylindrical value p < 0.0001 R square = 23.4% 80
0.8 VA N = 332 0.6 0.25 Visual Angle (Log MAR) 0.4 0.2 0.0-0.2 0.4 0.63 1.0 1.6-0.4 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 Age 35. visual angle log visual acuity p < 0.0001 R square = 8% 81
-3 N = 332 Spherical Equivalent Value (diopters) -2-1 0 1 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 Age 36. spherical equivalent value = spherical value + 1/2 cylindrical value P 0.353 R square = 0.5% 82
Visual Angle Vision and Aging Laboratory Department of Psychology University of Calgary ( ) Version 1.1 07/96 0.5A/D tan (0.5 θ) θ degree 1 degree = 60 minutes (1 minute = 60 seconds) Visual Angle ( ) Visual Angle = X 1/X = Decimal fraction (1/X)(20/20) = Snellen s fraction (1/X)(6/6) = Metric fraction 83
http://www.lasikeye.com.tw/eye/eye1/1-2.htm 84
SEQ Age LOG_OU visual angle Log MAR log OU_SE SEQ AGE LOG_OU OU_SE 48.4 LOG_OU AGE 28.2 OU_SE 85
AGE 5 LOG_OU OU_SE p 0.0001 LOG_OU AGE p 0.0001 OU_SE AGE p 0.185 AGE OU_SE LOG_OU R square 30.1 Durbin-Watson 1.48 2.52 86
AGE OU_SE LOG_OU p 0.0001 P 0.0001 87
Tolerance = 1/VIF 0 1 tolerance 0 tolerance = 0.998 88