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HISTORICALRESEARCH NO.0 double-characternamesreflectingupperclassconceptsinturninfluencedthenamestakenbythe lowerlevelsofsociety.underlyingthechangesinthesingle-and double-characternamesof southernersduringthe HanandJindynastiesisthecontinuousinfluenceof Huaxiacultureon southernsociety. From atownnamedaftertemples"to atownthatgrew OutofTemples"TheHistoryofthe LayoutofThreeAncientTemplesandtheSetlementinNanxiangTown WuTao () EversinceitwasfirstsetledNanxiangTownhashadaninseparablerelationshipwithits templesandmonasteries.overalongperiodofconstantaccumulationlayeruponlayerduring thesongyuanmingandqingdynastiesthetown shistoryhasbeentracedbackbythelocal peopletotheliangdynastyinthesoutherndynastiesperiodcompletingtheshapingfrom a townthatwasnamedafterthetemple"to atownthatgrew outofthetemple." Theabove processwasadirectresultofthemarketdevelopmentandtheexpansionoftownsandsetlements sincethe middleofthe Mingdynastyinthesouthernpartofthelower Yangtze River.The NanxiangTempleasthelargestofthe threeancienttemples"innanxiangtownnotonlytook partinandwitnessedthehistoricaldevelopmentofnanxiangtownfromitsbirthtoitsincreasing prosperitybutalsogrewfroma merereligiouscenterintoanimportantplaceincorporatingthe religiouscommercialandadministrativefunctions.howevertemples werenotthedominant drivingforcebehindthemarketdevelopment;theemergenceandgrowthofnanxiangtownwas aresultofinteractionsofmultiplefactorsofspacesystemcommerceandtradeandculture. MacauChineseBusinessmenandSunYat-sen smedicalpracticeandrevolutionaryactivities LinGuangzhi(7) DrSunYat-sen searlyactivitiesin MacauincludinghisenteringtheKiang Wu Hospital openingpharmaciesandpromoting Westernmedicineandevenhisrevolutionaryactivitieswere alcloselyrelatedto Macau schinesebusinessmen.becauseoftheexclusionandjealousyofboth PortugueseandChinesedoctorsandbecauseofhisfailuretofind enthusiasticcomrades"forhis politicalmovementamongchinesebusinessmensunregretfulyleftmacauinearly89.after therevolutionof9thenew generationofchinesebusinessmenin Macaurepresentedby LouLim Lokandhisbrothersgainedanew understandingofdr.sun sgreatrevolutionary causeandprovidedboththeirmoneyandtheireforts.theyevenjoinedthe UnitedLeagueof ChinaorKMTandthusgradualybecamethe enthusiasticcomrades"oftherevolution.sun Yat-sen searlyactivitiesin MacaupromotedtheopennessandprogressofMacauChinesesociety intheearlymodernperiod. AReviewofKMTPartyCels(9-99) XuXiuli(88) Fromtheveryearlydaysofitsre-organizationthe Kuomintang (KMT )begantosetup secretkmt celsin non-party organizations.these weresubjecttotheleadership oftheir respectiveheadquarters.thefunctionsofthecels weretoimplementthe KMT sdoctrines consolidatetheirownpositionswinoversympathizersatackdissentingviewsabsorb new membersetc. with the aim of controling and guiding non-party activities and mass organizations.during thefirst Kuomintang-Communistcooperationthese celsfocused on studentorganizationsandthearmy.intheperiodofthenanjinggovernmenttheirfocuswason massorganizationsand publicopinioninstitutions."theinitialpurposeofsetingupthecels wasto promotethe nationalrevolutionbutthe main goalsoon changedto contestingthe leadershipofthemassmovementwiththecommunistpartyofchinathisfocussharpenedinthe laterperiod.partycelshadalongexistenceinthekmtandgained muchatentionfromtop leaders.seeninthislighttheyrevealtheuniquecharacterofthekmt sideology. TheAmbivalentAtitudeoftheCouncilofTrenttowardthePapacyAn AnalysisBasedonThe Canonsand DecreesoftheCouncilof Trent Chen Wenhai(0) TheCouncilofTrentwasaseriesoffar-reachingmeetingscaledbytheCatholicChurchin themid-sixteenthcenturyinresponsetotheprotestantchalenge.giventhesituationatthe timethewidelyreviledinstitutionofthepapacyanditsentrenchedevilsshouldhavebeenamong 9
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