B = F Il 1 = 1 1

φ φ φ

B = k I r

F Il

F k I 2 = l r 2 10 = k 1 1-7 2 1 k = 2 10-7 2

B = ng Il. l U

1 2 mv = qu 2 v = 2qU m = 2 19 3 16. 10 13. 10 / 27 167. 10 5 = 5.0 10 /. r = m ν 1 qb r = m ν qb = 1.67 10 5010. 29 16. 10 0. 2 = 2.6 10-2 27 5

T = 2 π m qb. 2 T = 2 m qb = 2 314. 167. 10 19 16. 10 0. 2 = 3.3 10-7 27

1 2 mv = qu 1 2 mν 2 = qvb 2 r q U = 2 2 2 m B r e 11 = 1.7588047 10 / m

f = 1 = qb / 2 m T

t φ k t φ t φ n t φ

φ t I = = 0.2 = 0.4 R 0.5

I = U - R. 1

φ t φ t I t I t

φ t I t φ I

π 2 e = m E Rm R φ φ φ φ φ φ φ φ

π π u = 30sin t i = 2sin t 2 4

I = I m 2 = 0 707 I m U = U m 2 = 0 707U T = 1 f = 1 f T φ φ φ m

φ φ φ φ φ φ π u 1 = 220 2sin 100 t 6 π u 2 = 380 2sin 100 t 3 π 2 φ φ

i = u R = U m sin t = I msin t R U m i m = R I = U 1 R 2

1 X L I = U X L U R X L = 2 fl

1 Xc I = U Xc U R

φ 1 = n 2 1 t, = φ 1 = n t 1 = n 1 1 n 2 2 U1 = n 1 2 U n 2 2

I1 = n I n2 2 1 P=UIcos3 U1I1cos1=U2cos2. cos2 (1 (2 3

ω

e = sinωt e e A B C m = sin( ωt 120 ) m = sin( ωt 240 ) m

3 U = 3 U 3 I = 3 I

η η

1 T = 2π LC,f = 2π LC

1 f = 2π LC

1 8

1 8

f R 2

i r sini sinr sini sinr

n sin i sin r n 21 v v 1 2 n1 n2 v v c c 1 2 v1 n2 151. n21 1.14 v n 1. 33 2 1 n1 1. 33 n12 0.88 n 151. 2

1 1 n 21 n12 n n 12 n2 i n sin 21 n sinr 1 sini n sin r sini nsinr 1 sin r' 1 sin i' n 21

1 n sin sin C n 90 1 sinc 1 n

CO OF' = A' B' B' F' OF' BO = A' B' B' O OF' BO = B' F' B' O f u v f = v 1 1 1 + = u v f m A ' = B ' AB A' B' v = AB u m = v u

1 1 1 + + 1 u v f 1 1 1 1 + = 2 u v f 2 2 1 1 1 1 + = + u v u v 1 1 2 2 1 1 1 1 + = u L u u + d + L u d, 1 1 1 1 1 u1 = ( L d). 2 L 2 d 2 f = 4L 1 1 1 + = u v f 1 1 1 + = u v f

1 f 1 + 1 = 1 u v f

r = + x - d / 2 r 2 2 2 2 2 = 2 + x d / 2 2 1 2 2 r - r = r - r r + r = 2dx 2 1 2 1 2 1 >> dd >> x r + r 2 2 1 d = x. l

x = k l.k = 0 1 2 d l λ x = 2k -1 k = 1 2 d 2 x = l. d a n 1 10 14 10 14 0.77 0.62 3.9 4.8 0.58 0.49 5.2 6.1 0.62 0.60 4.8 5.0 0.49 0.45 6.1 6.7 0.60 0.58 5.0 5.2 0.45 0.39 6.7 7.7

1 4

mv m 2 mv m 2 2 2 0 0.66 0.50 0.37 0.26 0.20 v 0 4.545 10 14 6.000 10 14 8.065 10 14 1.153 10 15 1.529 10 15

mv 2 m = h - W 2 hv 0 w v W 0. h

hv p c h p

h p h mv 2 mv 2 17 2 32. 10 v 30 0. 91 10 = h -34 mv = 6.63 10 0.91 10 8.4 10 30 6

hv E - E 2 1 mvr = n h n = 1 2 3 2 2 rn = n r 1, 1 E n E n = 1 2 3 n = 2 1

2 E1 rn n r1 E n 2 n

α β γ δ α β γ δ 1 λ 1 1 λ R 2-1 n 3 4 5 2 2 n α β γ δ E1 E1 En E2 2 2 n 2 1 hv E - 1 1 2 2 2 n v = c λ 1 = -E hc = ( 1 2-1 1 2 2 λ n R E 1 E 1 hc hc

α β α β

1 ct 2

92 238 1/12

4 90 2 234 238 234 4 U Th He 92 90 2 M M 4 4 X Y He 91 92 Z Z-2 2 238 234 90 234 0 1 234 234 0 Th Pa e 90 91 1 M M 0 X Y e Z Z+ 1 1 238 206 92 U 82 Pb 210 83

24 11

1 1H 1 1 14 4 17 1 N He O H 7 2 8 1

2 v' = m + m v H H 2m v' N = m + m N v v' = m + 14m H H v' m + m N H 9 4 12 1 Be He C n 4 2 6 0

27 4 30 1 A1 He P n 13 2 15 30 15 P 0 e 30 P 30 15 30 14 1 P Si e 0 1 0 15

2 1 1 + H H + n 1 1 0 1 1 2 n + H H + 0 1 1

2m = 2 1.0072 77u = 2.014554u p 2m = 2 1.008665u = 2.017330u n 4.031884u m = 4.001509u a m = 0.030375u 4 82 238 He Kr U 2 36 92 16 O 8 4 2 He 16 O 4 He 2 8 235 U 136 Xe 90 Sr 92 54 38

235 1 141 92 1 U + n Ba + Kr + 3 n 92 0 56 36 141 Ba 235 92 U 92 36 Kr 1 1 n 3 n 0 56 0 0

2 3 4 1 H + H He + n 1 1 2 0

τ 1 0 0 n P + e + v. 1 1-1

1 1 0 P n + e + v. 1 0 1 0 0 e + e v + v. 1 1 0 0 e + e 1 1 1 3 2 3

226 Ra 12 C 12 C 4 He 2 226 222 4 Ra Rn He 88 226 Ra 88 86 2 6 226 222 4 88 Ra 86 Rn + 2 He 88 6

U1 n1 U n 2 I1 n1 I n 2 2 2

sini sinr sini sinr

1 u + 1 v = 1 f 2 2 L - d f 4L 2 2 L - d f 4L 1 u + 1 v = 1 f 2 2 L - d f 4L

d x. l

I A [I] Q C [TI] 1 1 E / V/m [LMT -3 I -1 ] U(V) V [L 2 MT -3 I -1 ] 1 1 / C F [L -2 M -1 T 4 I 2 ] 1 1 / R [L 2 MT -3 I -2 ] 1 1 / m [L 2 MT -3 I -2 ] B T [MT -2 I -1 ] 1 / 2 Wb [L 2 MT -2 I -1 ] 1 1 L H [L 2 MT -2 I -2 ] 1 1 /

10 18 E 10 15 P 10 12 T 10 9 G 10 6 M 10 3 k 10 2 h 10 1 da 10-1 d 10-2 c 10-3 m 10-6 10-9 n 10-12 P 10-15 f 10-18 a