CIP /. 2005. 9 ISBN 7-301 - 08080-8 Ⅰ. Ⅱ. Ⅲ. 1-2 - - Ⅳ. F12-53 CIP 2004 106404 ISBN 7-301 - 08080-8 /F 0954 205 100871 http / /cbs. pku. edu. cn em@pup. pku. edu. cn 62752015 62750672 62752926 82350640 650 980 16 20. 75 348 2005 9 1 2005 9 1 44. 00
1985 5 1912 1898 20 20
2 2005 5
1931 11 25 1952 1953 1954 1959 1980 1981 1983 1988 1993 WTO WTO
2 12 2000 WTO WTO 1980 2 3 4 1985 1986 1995 1995 1998 1998 1999 2000 CEPA 2005
3 20 70 20 80 1982 2 4
4 1979 1978 20 80 20 80 1989 2001 WTO
5 WTO 1997 1997 20 80 2004 10
? 1978 1979 10 1980 1
4 1974 14% 9% 46% 30 180 1983
5 1970
6 1
? 1875 4 5 1 1982 2 3 4 1 3 1972 10
8 1958
? 1950 1813 1825 1 1983 2 1 1923 9 10
10 1 20 25 30 40 2 3 1 2 3 1965 35 3 1972 306 1 1972 579
11 1 2 3 1 2 3 1918 85 130 1965 327 4 1972 686
12 1 2 3 4 1921 2 5 1 18 1964 315 2 1921 2 189 190 3 1958 29 4 1920 12 5 1 513 514
13 1 1950 6 2 1 2 3 1972 310 2 1972 382 414
14 1 2 16 18 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 28 1956 123 3 1972 483 36 1974 425 3 1972 319 1 1972 273
15 1 1958 2 3 1 2 3 23 1972 95 96 3 1972 213 1976 63
16 1 2 1976 3 1 2 3 1962 9 24 26 3 1972 439
17 1 1950 1980 6. 3% 8. 6% 1951 1980 3. 8% 2 1947 170 2 800 1982 10 000 1982 22 1 15 1981 1 184 1 2 3 1972 272 30 1981 8 10
18 1 1 31 1956 73 74
? 1968 1 1 20 50 1983 3
20 20 50 50
21 1 20 50 50 2 1 2 1981 12 14
22 1 1956 12 2 1968 1 1957 1 3 1957 1968 1 1 1966 5 1968 1 1982 1 7 2 1981 11 7 12 20 3 1957 1 5
23 1 2 20 50 3 1953 6 1 1981 34 2 1980 29 30 3 28
24 1 1957 1 2 1957 5 3 1959 20 60 1977 1 1981 11 7 12 20 2 3
25 20 60 1938 10 4 1981 26 8 1 6 000 1 1 72 73
26 1968 1 1 1973 20 70 1968 1 20 60 1 1981 11 7 12 20
27 9. 3 1 071 1980 1 1
? 1 2 1984 5 1 2 1957 44 2 6 1955 117
29
30 1976
31 1954 4 28 10 1 1958 2 1974 3 1956 5 1 9 1959 130 134 2 6 3
32 1 1. 1 1956 5 24
33 2. 20 50 1 6 2 3 30% 4 1982 1 6 1982 1982 43 2 1982 43 3 4
34 10 1 2 1 1982 10 12 2 1982 228 232
35 3. 1 1 1981 10 24
36 1 4. 1960 2 1 1980 2 N. N. 1981 178
37 1 2 3 1 1981 48 2 1980 3
38
? 1961 20 1981 1967 1986 6
40 20 60 4 1 50 2 50 1 2 1979 590
41 1 2 1 2
42 20 50 1 1 1982 12
43
44
45
46 20 50
47 100 18 1986 1 1 40% 95% 30%
48
? 50 60 20 1988 2
50 1. 2. 20 60 80 1 60 6% 14% 70 4% 12% 80 3% 4% 1981 1985 5% 1980 1. 8% 1981 10. 8% 1982 2. 1% 1986 1990 2 70 70 80 350 200 1 070 160 1 000 1979 6. 33 1980 10. 84 1981 17. 10 1982 17. 73 1983 15. 32 1984 16. 38 1985 16. 64 3
51 1987 3 1979 23% 1875
52 1 1894 2 13 獉獉獉獉 2 1920 10 50 15 3 20 20 60 1 2 3 39 1974 199 203 199 203 4 1972 359
53 1950 1 1978 1 1950 6 27
54 1987 5 1987 9 16 1. 2. 3. 4.
55 5. 20 50 1. 2. 3. 4.
56 1. 2. 3. 1. 2. 3.
57 4. 5. 1950 1982
58
? 1 2 3 4 1 1 2 3 4 2 1993 65 1 1983 69 71 78 2
60 1 2 1990 1968 3 80 4 80 1987 1 26 50 1965 10 1987 6 7 12 1 1983 78 2 1981 20 3 4 1975 4 5
61 1978 1 80 1990 2 28 5 10 18 1 1978 12 22
62 1 1982 1 3 1972 10
63
64 1 1 1980 29 30
65 1 1979 20 70 1 1983 1 18
66 1992 1992 10 1993
67 1992
68 14
? 20 40 1949 215 1950 6 26 1952 4 646 10 500 1 1953 1960 7 432 156 300 2 1950 60 1979 1 1 1977 79 2 1973 6
72 1963 1965 1963 60 1969 1974 1976 11 25 1 1 1974 2 21
73 170 11% 20 1947 1948 1 2 1976 59 581 400 50 343 000 84. 5% 9 238 400 15. 5% 3 200 1 2 3 1957 5 24 143
74 2% 3% 45% 61% 15% 65% 8 70% 90% 1950 6 26 1 12 1 1976 15
75 1 2 30 30 70 70 1 2 1976 1978 6 22
76 4
77 1 2 3 4 1 69 2 647 5 100 3 104 110 114 4
78 1 2 2 500 3 000 1: 5 1 2 15 131 133
79 1946 1976 17 9. 4% 1976 70% 30% 20 1939 1976 1939 232 000 275 700 3 600 1 000 380 11 435 1 1977 232 000 41 1976 1930 1939 1 240 597 430 910 1977 3. 3% 1976 1 600 1962 42 730 1976 260 831 5 2 1976 3 535 9. 25 1 3 1955 100 1976 298 2 15 450 90% 47% 65 1977 404 273 4 10 60% 1 2 3 4 1976 1980 1977 158 310 375
80 1952 1954 56. 92 59. 33 1970 1972 65. 42 70. 22 1 1952 1971 21 1 1976 29 30
81 1 2 1970 3 90% 1969 1 2 3 1 2 3 1978 6 22 69
82 250 300
83 1 2 1871 5 3 3 4 1 2 3 4 23 1956 65 2 1972 136 1964 59 3 1972 321
? 1968 1 1 20 50 50 1983 7
85 50 1957 1956 2 /3 1 /3 1957 1968 1968 1 1 15 1 2 3
86 1968 1 1 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
87 1968 1 2 3 1968 1973 1968 1979 1980 3 1. 1981 1 17 13 2.
88 3. 4. 1980 4 5. 1
? 20 90 1991 11 15 1993 2
90 1991 8 27 445 100 1992 1992 7 31 8 1 7 7 1989 3 7 203 1992 20 80 40% 8
91 6 6 1992 3 1 2 1991 9 23 25 1991 12 31 100 8 310 100 000 20 10 000 31 2 000 500 2 600% 630% 80% 1 000% 1 300% 1992 6 14 1992 7 1 630% 15% 600% 15% 630% 15%
92 14 1992 9 1 14 14 1. 15% 50% 119 2. 30% 100% 3. 7. 5% 25% 1992 8 15 45 47 1991 11 15 1992 1
93 1991 8 27 1991 12 31 1991 9 23 25 4 1992 1 1
94 1991 12 40% 1992 1 1: 110 1: 55 3
? 1992 1994 1
96 1980 14 14 1993 6
97 134 423 1 692. 16 437. 5 20 80 1992 1 683 33. 5 50% 20 80
98
? 1994 2
100 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
101 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
? 1994 100 1995 4
103 1992 1993 11 14
104 20 60 1993 12 29 1995 7 1
105 5 6 11 13 5 50 50 30 10 1 000
106
? 20 50 1957 25 113 105 1. 2. 3. 2001
108 4. 1965 1962 9 9 1 80 1 1962 9 9
109 1962 1965 4 1965 9 10 1965 1. 1 2 3 4 4% 6% 18% 5 15% 45% 2. 1 2 6% 3 4 5 20% 3. 1 2 4. 1 2 3
110 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 1961 1965 11. 7% 1966 1970 10. 9% 1985 1985 1 2 3 4 5
111 6 7 8 9 1970 65% 1980 67% 1985 66% 1 1971 1975 85% 1981 1985 85% 15 1 1985 4 1986 5 27 6 1987 6 12 1. 2. 1 1985 1986 50
112 1 3. 4. 2 5. 1988 6. 1989 25 50 7. 8. 1 2 10 15
113 20 80 49% 1985 1990 5 3 1. 20 80 6% 7% 3. 2% 1985 1986 1988 2. 8% 1 1 000 900 1990 5 7 1 2. 1 1989 27
114 3. 1986 13 000 60 30% 40% 1989 2 6 1991
? 1989 2001
116 20 80 1990 1 1990 7 13 8 1 1990 10 25 1991 1 26 1991 7 1992 1993
117 1. 2. 3. 18 1 035 36. 9 1 000 100 3 30 10 18 1 000 11. 5 10 10 15 8 1998 1 857 1 100 297 457 3
118 1 1990 1992 50% 1996 90 GDP 65% 69% 2010 5 10 90% 2 1997 44 15 GDP 60% 80% 20 80 1 2000 82 2 1999 10 14
119 1968 1952 1989 1989
120 6% 1989 1958
121 1987 1 5 1989 1 9 1990 1 3 1. 2. 3.
122 20 90 5 10 28 30 22 45 90 20 80 1989 1
123 1 GDP 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000-10. 0-28. 0-7. 3 9. 6 9. 4 8. 9 9. 1-7. 0 7-9. 3-11. 8-7. 4-1. 5 1. 8 2. 1-10. 9-7. 2 1. 5 5-11. 6-7. 0 2. 6 3. 8 5. 2 7. 0 6. 0 6. 8 4. 8 4. 2 5-1. 2-11. 0-3. 0 0. 6 2. 7 5. 9 4. 1 1. 2-1. 9 2. 5-2. 5-14. 6-6. 5-3. 7 4. 6 6. 8 7. 0 5. 7 5. 5 2-3. 5-12. 0-3. 0-0. 6 2. 9 1. 5 1. 3 4. 0 5. 0 5. 4-5. 6-13. 0-9. 0-1. 5 3. 9 6. 9 3. 9-6. 6-7. 3 1. 3-7. 9-11. 6-28. 6-30. 6 6. 5 5. 9 7. 4 6. 0 7-7. 5-21. 1-11. 7-0. 8 5. 9 6. 8 6. 0 6. 5 5. 0 3-10. 2-7. 0-7. 9-9. 4-2. 7-1. 6 0. 9 1. 5 5. 0-8. 1-8. 9-5. 5 2. 8 5. 3 4. 1 3. 1 3. 7 3. 7 2 1990 GDP 1989 10% 1991 GDP 20% 1992 11 1994 GDP 1989 1998 GDP 1989 79% 1997 63. 75 117. 2% 95. 6% 101. 4% 96. 4% 76. 4% 53. 4% 79. 7% 7. 8% 98. 3% 9 GDP 17. 2 GDP 1989 96. 3% GDP 1. 4 1.
124 2. 2 2 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 20 58 53 70 90 48 36 375 56 42 40 105 90 109 505 401 1 348 16 96 113 101 533 388 854 2 101 117 284 580 542 1134 2 768 3 077 5 129 13 631 37 73 94 341 419 263 1 215 2 031 4 473 82 100 134 170 157 206 161 508 1 518 65 111 113 128 176 186 321 165 1 265 513 1 004 654 869 2 562 1 429 1 300 2 540 10 871 1 459 1 471 2 339 1 146 4 453 1 983 2 085 1 935 16 871 24 9 11 16 118 178 2 329 3 121 4 132 3 476 9 173 7 583 9 218 13 599 52 631 1999 2 2000 90 1998 10 526. 31 2 673. 15 19. 6%
125 2001 1 3 508. 5 3. 4. 1989 1989 5. 1989 1990 1998 GDP 1989 53. 4%
? 1986 1
130 1 2 1925 12 23 20 20 1921 3 1 2 3 31 1956 392 4 1955 548 7 1958 294 304
131 1 20 60 20 20 1 1979 562
132 20 60 70 1972 1973 1974 17 9. 37 1971 1977 240 30 1964 1970 35 5 70
133 1971 1975 18. 5% 1976 1980 10% 1970 350 1978 1 500 1983 2 000 70 1972 1973 3 500 3 000 1973 1977 5 000 2 1977 1. 76 1 2 3
134 20 60 20% 22 63 8 5 16 000 60 1966 1971 1973 1983 1972 5
135 1974 1977 500 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 1973 1976 100 98 6.
136 20 70 40% 1967 1983 200 49% 1 /3 35% 1984 11 1 2 49% 3 1 /3 4 5 1971 3 1972
137 1974 4 000 55% 45% 49% 5% 25% 30% 10% 20 70 1972 1. 49% 2. 3. 10% 4. 5.
138 20 70 70 25% 9% 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
139
? 1949 1979 30 50 20 1979 1979 1992 12
141 1980 12 1980 1984 1980 83 1981 403 1982 921 1983 1 390 1984 3 248 1985 1989 1984 5 1985 6 321 1986 7 783 1987 10 008 1988 15 997 1989 21 776 5 5 000 2 1990 10 1990 29 052 8 000
142 1991 42 027 1990 13 000 1 1 1980 83 1986 7 783 1981 403 1987 10 008 1982 921 1988 15 997 1983 1 390 1989 21 776 1984 3 248 1990 29 052 1985 6 321 1991 42 027 1979 1982 60. 1 1991 489. 6 1979 1982 11. 66 1991 223. 4 1. 1980 150 1991 4 554 1990 70% 2. 3. 5 1 /3 1991 411 31. 4 11. 8 1989 7 1992 2
143 1 242 450 1992 181 3 4. 1 /4 166 400 200 1 000 1991 700. 79 757. 56 5. 1991 4 554 88 107 1991 100 85 500 17 1 000 6 10 3 7 000 80 43 300 1991 3 153 10 70 10 30 30 1992 2 5 8 926 1. 5 104. 5 1. 7
144 5 14 10 800 1 046
145 1. 2. 3. 15% 4. 49% 5. 6.
146 7. 12
? 1914 140. 85 80 1. 1992 2 1938 82 1960 36 1985 3 3 17 5. 5 1. 5 1 1993 20 13% 1986 1990 28% 1991 1 830 1992 1 500 1994 4 1 1994 1 25
148 2. 4 1 2 3 4 1913 122 1939 715 20 10 7 3 90% 4 740 2 590 2 510 3. 20 20 1971 650 358 55. 1% 74 11. 3% 138 21. 3% 80 12. 3% 1992 500 161 32. 2% 128 25. 6% 102 20. 4% 109 21. 8% 70 43. 8 90 6. 6
149 4. 1% 50% 500 4 4 692 552 526 516 5. 50 1980 1991 366 1 90 1 150 2 1 2 1992 3 26
150 20 80 188. 81 198. 58 154 115. 79 66. 44 47 44. 63 23. 53 19. 47 18. 22 15. 98
151 1979 1980 20 80 80 1980 2. 1 1985 49. 2 80 1988 108. 4 1989 164. 3 1990 403. 2 1991 498. 6 1992 1 073. 66 1993 2 172. 16 80 80 1991 1 683 460 1 223 27% 73% 1992 4 117 1993 4 497 51. 6 1 658 36. 94 16. 87 45. 7% 4 497 120
152 1980 1992 38 201 119 82 27 26 21 1993 3 149 156 15 40 1992 4 900 1988 7 70% 1992 11 1. 2 1993 18 4 000 55% 17% 28% 20
153 1 2 3 1. 1993 1 958 32 11 1994 2 369 2000 10 000 2.
154 3. 1 2 3 4 4.
? 20 80 1995
156 49% 24 1.
157 2. 3. 1. 30% 25% 1992 32% 2 3 1992 30% 1992 1 1 2 1994 5 23 1994 1 1 30% 1 000 3 4 25% 5 50% 6 6 10 5 3 2 1 1 1994 6 20 24
158 1993 12 31 3 30% 1994 1 1 6 2 3 4 30% 100 3 5 1991 1 7 19 20 1 30% 5 5 50% 2 30% 18% 30% 10% 30% 2 50% 5 1 1 /4 1. 5 100% 10 15 20 50% 25% 1 50 1 1994 5 24 25
159 2 3 2 50% 1 2. 1991 7 3 23 200 20% 1993 12 31 2 1 2 300 35% 40% 3 2 500 30% 5 60% 5 40% 5 000 30% 5 100% 5 60% 1990 5 1 1993 1 1 45% 1993 1 1 30% 2 5 50% 100% 1 1994 2 3 14 18
160 14% 2 5 1994 70 1995 38% 1994 12 31 6 2 3 5 1995 1989 12 1990 23% 12. 83% 25. 28% 14. 75% 37. 24% 27% 19. 34% 31. 35% 3 5 30% 30% 1 2 66% 3 33% 3 4 50% 5 25%
161 7
162 1993 1 50 1 20 25 40 45 2 1994 1995 20 30 1996 50 60 1997 70 80 1998 2000 100 150 3 1992 1. 54 545 1987 1993 1. 96 3 467 1993 15 800 52 15 000 42 1993 1 23 3 10 1993 7 3 1 2 3 1994 7 1 1994 8 14 7
163 1993 7 500 1. 1 1992 1993 2 500 3 000 1 20 60 70 80 1. 20 80 2. 3. 1 1994 2225 2226 46
164 1. 1979 2. 3. 1992 15% 50% 5. 4% 28% 1992 6 47% 1 4. 1989 1 1993 9 4 6
165 1 1 1993 4 12
? 10 500 1991 498. 6 1992 1992 1 48 764 575. 06 12 1997 8 29. 69 5 000 1996 4 922. 59 2 044. 15 1994 1997 452. 7 4 1997 21 046 14. 29% 558. 72 24. 1% 517. 76 29. 34% 1998 4 25
167 1979 1990 58. 2% 22% 90 75% 1996 1 772. 17 88% 12% 1996 1997 500 444 88. 8% 56 11. 2% 1992 1992 1996 990 60% 1996 1997 500 257 241 51% 48% 1994 56% 50%
168 1. 527 156 31 11 5 1 299 194 39 2. 8 3. 5 1 2 4. 5. 6. 1994 140 17% 13% 3% 5% 20%
169 1995 12 28 1996 4 1 1996 3 31 1 2 1997 4 3 000 1995 9 30 1995 10 1 1996 3 31 1997 12 31 1998 1 1 1994 4 1 1996 3 4 1996 7 1 1996 1997 10 15 15% 1995 6 30 1. 18 2. 15
170 3. 13 20 90 1. 49% 35% 25% 2. 3. 4. 10 1. 2.
171 3. 30 1991 90 100 30 1. BOT 2. 3. 33% 23% 17% 15% 1.
172 2. 3. 4. 5. 2010
173 2010
? 1978 12 13 1 2000 3 1 1983 2 3
175 1979 1980 4 12 1 1987 4 26 2 60 3 1988 6 3 20 12 1 2 3 2 1994 312 314 3 1993 225 265 2 1994 232
176 21 50 20 10 21 50 1 10 1979 10 1979 7 1980 5 4 1989 4 28 1 3 1993 266 267
177 1 1984 2 24 1984 10 6 50 70 20 30 50 50 50 70 2 3 /4 1 2 3 1993 407 79
178 49% 49% 49% 20 80 49% 1989 1992 1 18 2 22 1 /4
179 1 1979 11 2 20 1 2 3 1993 373 2 1994 405 406
180 1978 12 1979 11 26
181 20 1975 8 18 20 1976
182 1 1978 12 1983 20 2020 1 1998 1 4 5
? William P. Alford 1949 1978 FDI 1. 2. 1979 3. 1979 1. 2001 4 5
184 2. 1978 44% 3. 1950 67% 1978 9. 9% 4. 20 60 1979 1979 20 90 1992 12 114. 7% 110. 5% 43. 9% 1994 WTO 2000 1 1. 1 363 885 2 6 760. 98 3 3 483. 49 4 18 2. 1 599. 04 45. 90% 715. 13 20. 53% 1 2001
185 1 100. 18 31. 58% 65. 82 1. 99% 3. 5 1 702. 97 48. 89% 300. 32 8. 26% 278. 01 7. 98% 261. 60 7. 51% 169. 92 4. 88% 5 2 712. 82 77. 52% 30 40 7% 400 1. GDP 1980 1997 10% 1998 7. 8% 1999 7. 1% 2000 8% 2001 2005 7% 8. 8% GDP 7. 8% 2. 3. 1978 32
186 2000 1978 44% 2000 90% 42. 3% 4. 1979 8. 4 2000 1 655. 7 5. GDP 1980 307 2000 855 GDP1 000 GDP 5 000 2005 7 000 GDP 2000 10 800 1. 3% 2. 4% 1. 76% 2. 3. 2000 188. 82 5. 42% 4. 20 80 WTO 1 1 2001 12 2 2002 1 13
187 20 90 1997
188 20 90 A B WTO 1. 177 346 188 22. 7% 10 2. 3. 4 4.
189 5. 1. 2. 3. 10% 50% 4. 1 2 3 4 25% WTO 1. WTO 2. 3. 4. 1978 9. 91 0. 048%
190 1979 20 80 90 2000 744. 70 300. 32 WTO WTO WTO
? 2001 11 WTO 1980 1980 2000 363 885 6 760. 98 3 483. 49 2001 1 6 11 973 2002 2 2002
192 18. 53% 334. 10 38. 23% 206. 9 20. 53% 2001 6 376 318 7 101. 28 3 693. 15 2000 18 2 100 10% 2000 3 367. 13 10. 32% 5 333 22. 52% 2 217 17. 50% 2 367. 14 48. 91% 1 1992 1993 1992 12 43. 9% 1993 13 76. 2% 1994 1999 1995 5 4 1999 11. 3% 1992 1993 1998 5 1 1992 1993 2 3 WTO 2000 1 2001 5
193 1980 1979 1990 1 1 2000 10 / % % % 363 858 100. 00 6 760. 97 100. 00 3 483. 46 100. 00 198 874 54. 6 3 375 49. 9 1 742. 8 50. 0 31 311 8. 60 606. 11 8. 96 300. 32 8. 62 20 383 5. 60 388. 14 5. 74 278. 01 7. 98 46 624 12. 81 478. 16 7. 07 261. 60 7. 51 9 122 2. 51 353. 80 5. 23 169. 92 4. 88 3 188 0. 88 279. 26 4. 13 132. 28 3. 80 15 291 4. 20 187. 06 2. 77 103. 26 2. 96 2 815 0. 77 169. 75 2. 51 87. 48 2. 51 2 421 0. 67 122. 35 1. 81 58. 53 1. 68 1 720 0. 47 57. 48 0. 85 44. 35 1. 27 2001 18
194 2000 1 10 1992 70. 03% 1993 64. 91% 1994 59. 75% 1995 54. 64% 1996 50. 95% 1997 46. 46% 1998 41. 64% 1999 41. 35% 2000 38. 92% 2000 1992 31. 11 2000 158. 47 1993 1999 WTO 189. 29 166. 71 158. 47 45 20 1 2000 1 702. 97 48. 89% 39. 84 1. 14% 11
195 WTO 1. 2. 20 WTO 3. 1 2 25% 25% 3 4 5 6 7 40% 8 4. 1984 52. 2% 1996 23% 1997 17% 2001 15. 3% WTO 5.
196 1 2 WTO 2000 171 158 7 6 7 9 19 28 16 300 30 90 16 130 280 WTO WTO 16 WTO 6. 1980 20 1978 32 206. 4 2000 7 4 743 2001 6 1 808. 4 GDP 10 800 1996 WTO
197 WTO WTO 2000 198 874 WTO GDP 3 /4 WTO
198 20 2000 3 483. 46 188. 82 5. 42%
WTO
? 1946 12 6 15 1947 1948 3 24 1948 4 21 1948 5 21 1949 1950 3 6 1982 1983 1984 1983 12 1986 1997 11
202 85% 1986 1 10 7 11 1986 1. 2. 3. 1992 3 371 7. 3 1994 50% 90% 35% 1996 4 23%
203 4. 1993 1996 46 1993 12 1994 23 1995 9 1996 2 1996 170 5. 6. 1993 1994 1994 6 000 700 600 100 7. 1994 1996 7 1 8. 9. 10. 1993 1993 12 8 1994
204 1995 21
205 1991 42 027 498. 6 1992 1996 283 793 4 693. 25 1 772. 13 1997 1997 6 293 556 4 922. 59 1 979. 8 2 2 000 1978 206. 4 32 1976 1980 20. 7% 1981 1985 13. 0% 1986 1990 10. 6%
206 1991 1995 19. 5% 1976 1980 1 160. 3 1981 1985 2 523. 95 1986 1990 4 863. 97 1991 1995 10 143. 98 1996 2890 221 1996 601 407 428 1 1950 9. 3% 1979 44% 50% 1980 51. 8% 1990 74. 4% 1991 77. 5% 1992 77% 1993 81. 8% 1994 83. 7% 1995 85. 6% 1981 1985 95. 68 7. 97% 1991 1995 1 322. 34 25. 51% 35. 5% 1994 61 58 32. 1 25. 4 13. 5 190 82. 8%
207 11
WTO? 1999 1 15 WTO WTO WTO WTO WTO WTO WTO WTO WTO WTO WTO 2000 3
WTO 209 1. WTO WTO GATT 1994 GATT 1 2 GATT 3 4 5 6 7 2. WTO WTO 1
210 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 5 6 5 6 WTO WTO WTO WTO WTO WTO
WTO 211 WTO WTO WTO WTO WTO WTO WTO 20 90 WTO 2000 1 28 1 1 2000 1 4
212 WTO WTO WTO WTO WTO WTO WTO WTO GATT WTO WTO 1. 1980 1999 3 607 1978 32 10
WTO 213 GATT WTO GATT WTO 6 WTO WTO WTO WTO WTO WTO 1987 1997 10 2 215 264 11. 9% 1987 1998 287 1 20% WTO WTO 2. 1999 12 341 812 6 137. 62 3 078. 51 90 1994 43% 1995 22. 2% 1996 33. 7% 1997 15. 3% 1998 5. 7% 1994 25. 9% 1995 10. 4% 1996 19. 7% 1998 0. 69% 1992 1993 1999 1 11 9. 7% 1994 17. 1% 1 1999 12 3
214 1999 1 11 11% 1 WTO WTO WTO WTO WTO 3. 1979 1998 27 800 1 054. 8 1950 1978 845 119. 7 32. 9 8. 8 WTO WTO WTO 4. WTO 1 2000 1 4
WTO 215 WTO GDP 2 4 5. 20 WTO WTO WTO GATT WTO WTO 1. 20 1981 1985 95. 68 7. 97% 1986 1990 318. 66 13. 7% 1991 1995 1 322. 34 29. 48% 1997 593. 2 32. 5% 1999 770 39. 5%
216 35% 1 88% 1995 1998 200 126 1999 500 277 1985 1996 32. 1% 24% 16% 30% 1998 1985 40 1998 119 324 20 10 1999 103 1998 93% 88. 75% 88. 15% 57% 50% WTO 2. 1999 400 20 110 26 6 000 80% 95% 8 900 1997 15 1994 1 2000 1 25
WTO 217 GATT WTO 1996 10 1998 14 GATT 1995 10 1 10 2005 1 WTO WTO WTO WTO 30% 30% 3. 20 40% 1996 54. 1% 1997 52. 8% 1998 52. 1% 59. 6% 89. 9% WTO WTO WTO 16. 8 3 1 /4
218 WTO WTO WTO WTO WTO 1. WTO 2. 20 86% 3.
WTO 219 WTO WTO 1. 50 1978 1978 1 1980 1982 20 1995 150 32 1999 25 810 60 1996 1996 16 WTO WTO WTO 2006 60% 80% 25% 10% WTO 25% 10% 14 47 54
220 1 /40 25% WTO WTO WTO WTO 20 30 1998 12 1999 12 2. 2 /3 20 WTO 1 000
WTO 221 10 10% 10% 70% WTO 2004 1 17% 14. 5% 1% 3% WTO WTO WTO 3. 3 /4 WTO WTO WTO 20
? 2001 11 9 WTO WTO 1979 1. 1979 1982 920 49. 58 17. 69 90 1992 1993 12 13 43. 9% 76. 2% 1994 2001 6 376 318 7 101. 28 3 693. 15 2001 6
223 1995 1997 1998 1999 1 2. 20 90 1991 4. 15% 1992 7. 51% 1993 12. 13% 1994 17. 08% 1995 15. 65% 1996 15. 10% 1997 14. 70% 1998 13. 23% 1999 11. 17% 2000 10. 32% 3. 2000 10% 1990 2. 28% 1994 11. 26% 1998 24% 1999 27. 75% 2000 22. 51% 1999 17 696 2000 23 145. 59 63 775. 24 73 963. 94 4. WTO 1986 4. 04% 1989 12. 28% 1991 21. 34% 1993 34. 27% 1996 47. 29% 2000 49. 94% 2000 2 367. 14 1 172. 73 1 194. 41 5. 1992 4. 25% 2000 17. 5% 2 22 5 GDP 1 2 2000 2001 5 6
224 7% 400 1983 9 20 1 2 3 4 5 6 1979 1990 403. 32 58% 22% 2. 85% 1. 18% 1. 8% 4. 15% 0. 12% 9. 9% 90
225 1995 6 28 1. 18 2. 15 3. 13 4. 1995 2000 1 1 2000 363 885 100. 00 6 760. 97 100. 00 10 355 2. 85 123. 10 1. 82 265 609 73. 00 4 115. 34 60. 87 87 921 24. 15 2 522. 53 37. 31 2001 25 2000 2. 42% 1% 0. 31%
226 1987 61% 10% 3% 2% 1987 2000 61% 28. 9% 10% 9. 62% 3% 8. 14% 2% 12. 55% 1. 4% 6. 06% 2. 6% 4. 13% 4. 52% 1. 5% 3. 21% 2. 2% 4. 26% 2. 4% 3. 81% 3% 2 /3 14. 2% 2 2 2000 363 885 100. 00 6 760. 97 100. 00 3 483. 46 100. 00 292 561 80. 40 5 835. 73 86. 31 2 988. 72 85. 80 44 580 12. 25 516. 49 7. 64 305. 92 8. 78 26 744 7. 35 408. 76 6. 05 188. 82 5. 42 2001 30
227 494. 74 100% 1990 48. 3% 28. 71% 7. 56% 15. 43% 20 90 1992 3 3 2000 363 885 100. 00 6 760. 97 100. 00 3 484. 46 100. 00 206 573 56. 77 2 902. 92 42. 94 1 599. 04 45. 90 49 781 13. 68 1 488. 02 22. 01 715. 13 20. 53 107 309 29. 50 2 322. 48 34. 36 1 100. 18 31. 58 176 0. 05 45. 80 0. 68 65. 82 1. 89 2001 9 2000 1990 48. 3% 45. 9%
228 28. 71% 20. 53% 7. 56% 31. 58% 24 20 80 1979 1990 62. 4% 53. 4% 3. 59% 9. 5% 3. 56% 6. 6% 2% 20 90 1 2 3 2000 1992 70. 03% 2000 38. 92% 2000 1992 31. 11 2000 158. 47 1993 1999
229 WTO 189. 28 166. 71 158. 47 45 1987 1 1987 1988 1 1994 1992 9 7 565 64 5 272 31 2000 8. 62% 7. 98% 7. 51% 5 000 40% 1 1995 747 750
230 WTO WTO WTO WTO GDP GDP GDP 4 4 GDP 1999 63% 67% 65% 69% 54% 46% 72% 67% 62% 74% 71% 72% 74% 51% 71% 33% 61% 2001 15 GDP
231 2001 WTO 2000 20 WTO 1 9 11 2 9 11 500
232 3 200 200
? WTO WTO GATT 1947 GATT 1950 3 26 GATT 1995 1 1 WTO WTO WTO 90% WTO 85% WTO WTO WTO WTO WTO WTO 1 1994 WTO WTO 2002 1 1
234 WTO 1. WTO WTO WTO 2. WTO 1994 GATT 2 WTO 1948 40% 4% 10% 3. 1994 GATT 1 GATT 3 17 4. GATT 11 1 2
WTO 235 5. GATT 6 WTO 6. GATT 10 3 7. 7 8. GATT 22 22 8 WTO
236 WTO WTO 8 WTO GATT 5 1. GATT 12 1 2 2. GATT 18 3. GATT 19
WTO 237 4. GATT 21 1 2 1 2 3 3 5. GATT 28 3 GATT 36 1 2 3 4 5
238 5 WTO WTO WTO WTO WTO WTO WTO WTO WTO WTO
GATT WTO? GATT WTO WTO WTO 1947 20 21 2003 2
240 1970 20 80 WTO 1. 30 1 1 2002 11 7
GATT WTO 241 2. 10% 1 3. 300 36 24 2 2003 2003 0. 5 0. 1 43 1 2 2002 11 12 2002 11 14
242 1 WTO WTO 4 2 WTO WTO 1. 2. WTO 3. WTO 1 2002 12 19 2 2001 149 151
GATT WTO 243 4. WTO 5. WTO 40% 1994 5% 10% WTO WTO WTO 1978 2001 32 44% 86% 2001 50% WTO 2002 6 000 2001 WTO WTO 1978 2001
244 498 2001 WTO 2002 1 10 47 2001 67 WTO WTO 2002 3 2002 9 23 11 1 WTO
WTO? WTO WTO GATT 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 12 160 WTO 1 1 1994 GATT 1947 GATT 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 WTO WTO 1 2004 2 24 2001
246 WTO WTO 14 WTO 1979 GATT WTO WTO 1986 WTO 2001 WTO 1 150 2001 11 16 249 100 7 356 1 WTO WTO WTO 2002 1. 1 2 1 2001 11 29
WTO 247 3 4 5 6 2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 WTO GATT WTO WTO WTO WTO WTO 1. 2001 10 31 2002 1 1 2. 2001 12 5 2002 1 1 3. WTO WTO 1. 1979 7 1
248 WTO 2001 3 15 WTO 2001 3 15 1 1 9 2 8 3 74 4 75 5 77 6 57 7 58 8 61 9 65 10 66 1 2001 12 2 2002 1 13
WTO 249 11 71 12 78 2. WTO WTO 2001 10 31 WTO 2 1999 12 1 56 2 32 1 2001 6 31% 69%
250 1 3. 2001 10 31 2002 1 1 WTO WTO 14 WTO 2 1947 GATT 19 32 2002 3 30% WTO WTO 1 2001 12 14
WTO 251 WTO
? 1841 1841 1949 108 1978 1 1948 7. 11 1951 24. 67 1948 2. 5 1990 5
256 51. 39% 2 1948 2. 8 1951 16. 04 1948 4. 7 3 1952 1951 67. 6% 50 1967 1966 17. 9%
257 1. 1978 1978 1988 39% 326 1985 1 201 1986 1 405 1987 2 053 1988 2 980 1985 1985 25. 5% 23. 1% 1987 31. 1% 19. 0% 1985 460. 23 1987 601. 7 1988 34% 18% 6% 2. 1979 1988 330. 4 1989 20 000 1979 20 80 60% 70% 80% 18 1979 1987 20 1987 5 1 1 1988 1988 1979 1987 1979 1988 11 000 12 000 85 120 20 18 19 2 400 2 700 48 54 29 32 13 000 15 000 130 170 47 51
258 4 000 500 600 1987 47 1988 49 17. 39 29. 53 1979 2. 13 1988 591 59 999 20 70 986 1987 1 410 1988 1 630. 7 1989 1987 80
259 80% 70% 1989 1989 20 90 21 1997
? 1979 1984 7 1988 6 25 1988 7 3 1. 2.
261 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 80% 32 1979 6% 1988 20% 1989 20
262 80 90 40 40 12 1989 10. 4 6 124 1. 37 1988 306 5 88 1 233 45 5 1988 526 18. 98 37. 6% 40 40 1978
263 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 1. 2. 3. 4. 1. 2. 3. 4. 1. 2. 3. 4.
264 1. 2. 3 /4 1986 2 039 39% 20 80 1987 9 1. 4 5 090 2 500 100 3. 1992
265
? 1997 7 1 1 092 1841 1 25 1842 8 29 1841 20 50 60 70 80 1997 3
267 70 1975 1995 20 3 7. 5% 1 2 6% 20 44 26 1 620 310 1995 23 000 1995 3714 3 8 100 85 1996 10 23 700 3 077. 9 1995 1996 1 1996 40
268 1841 20 50 20 50 1 60 70 1 1959 800 600 40%
269 90 1996 1980 1994 1. 0% 0. 2% 31. 6% 16. 8% 67. 5% 83% 1950 2. 555 1. 505 4. 06 1. 05 1950 1995 751 753 755 8 000 500 8. 1 105 30 1 1980 1 1996 11 19
270 20% 1978 206. 4 32 1980 1976 1980 1 160. 30 1991 1995 10 143. 98 9 1996 2 890 11 1981 61. 8 1992 580 1996 407 30% 1995 15 59% 2 322 59% 778 58% 20 80 4 4 1980 80 1996 1 756 5. 3
271 3 1995 17 H 160 20 80 1991 1995 1993 1995 1 2 2 3 70 1986
272 601 1. 4% 13 1987 1990 4 1. 9% 2. 4% 11 1992 3. 3% 10 1991 1993 3. 7% 8 1996 1995 1 020 720 39. 5% 20 80 98% 80
273 2 068 1984 1990 90 1996 600 1996 283 793 4 693. 25 1 772. 17 1996 95% 5 96% 5 1996 5 98% 2000 16 1 1 1996 5 14
274 1. 1995 11 154 100 85 159 2. 1995 200 3. 24 1995 4 910 6% 5 4. 500 200 5. 8 500 3 000 6. 1995 1 800 1997 1997
275 50 21
? 1984 1993 1 000 400 600 1996 600 90 4 000 100 85 500 27% 30% 1997 3
277 30% 1 160 1. 2. 1872 1979 107 122 1980 1996 1 756 5. 3 1994 3 320 425 2 1987 2. 4 1996 300 130 3. 2 /3 1 1993 326 1996 64 2 1996 8 28
278 100 3 000 400 31. 35% 1 30% 1984 3 1990 13. 5 27. 7% 1989 60 1992 85. 4 1993 105 1995 6 150 26. 8% 1989 80. 66 1994 127 1995 6 130 1 500 33. 5% 2 50% 1 2 1992 7 1 1996 79
279 20 80 1. 80% 50% 10 7 36. 23% 80% 1 2. 1 1996 8 19
280 3. 150 1996 99% 53% 4% 1% 1 40 1996 11 27 1 1996 11 9 29
281 1996 11 1 1994 1997 1997 2 1995 15 59% 2 322 59% 778 58% 3 1 2 1 2 3 1996 11 9 29 1994 6 27 1996 10 15
282 3 4 5 1 772. 17 1996
283
284
? 19 20 1845 1849 220 717 3 /4 165 000 1 20 1997 6 1 1996 7 5 8
286 1842 8 29 1845 20 70 80 1995 1996 1895 3 15% 40% 1 /5 20 60 70 70%
287 70% 34% 20 80 1 1995 424 439. 69 33. 5% 26. 8% 9. 6% 6. 8% 2 1984 1984 3 1990 5 1990 3 1 1992 149 157 2 1996 79
288 1990 12 1992 3 1991 3 21 1984 1 1984 28% 1989 30% 25% 46% 1989 60% 50% 20 80 1981 13 51% 1987 60 49% 3. 83 14. 9% 90 70% 2 1992 8 9 38 1 2 1990 3 22 1992 163
289 1 1991 3 1990 1997 1984 2 1989 60 1992 85. 4 1993 105 1995 6 150 1989 80. 66 1994 127 1995 6 130 3 1 2 3 1986 12 1991 3 20
290 18 1 772. 17 1989 60 1995 150 95% 5 1995 4
291 99% 53% 1 1996 19 2 90% 50% 3 1996 5 98% 2000 4 1 2 3 4 1996 11 29 1995 8 5 1997 3 24
? 1997 1998 4 8 1998 0. 2% 8. 5% 1. 5% 0. 3% 1 1. 4% 1. 8% 3. 2% 1999 2 1998 1 1 1998 2% 2 4 23 1998 1% 3 1998 3% 3% 3% 4% 1997 5. 8% 2. 9% 1998 4 30
293 1997 74772 8. 8% 5 1992 1996 11 1997 10 1997 3 251 12. 1% 403 1 827 20. 9% 453 1997 1 309. 6 1 128. 2 86. 1% 181. 4 13. 9% 324. 1 99. 4 7. 3% 1 1997 1 1998 4 7
294 1998 2 16 1 400 85% 1 1998 1 1998 2 19
295 80% 1997 10 263 1986 1996 12% 25% 1996 5. 04 1997 11 6. 72 1997 11 23. 3% 229. 95 1997 10 439. 96 8. 16% 8 5 1 1 % 10 143. 98 100. 00 1 2 265. 83 22. 34 2 1 900. 57 18. 74 3 1 356. 09 13. 37 4 594. 17 5. 86 5 474. 91 4. 68 6 452. 29 4. 46 7 279. 86 2. 76 8 231. 73 2. 28 7 555. 45 74. 49 8 7 555. 45 74. 49% 5 5 444. 59 53. 7% 5
296 53. 76% 49. 74% 1 1997 60% 2 1997 1997 1 6 26. 2% 1 9 24. 0% 20. 9% 1997 720 87% 240 1998 1998 2 450 200 6. 1% 1976 1980 20. 7% 1981 1985 13. 0% 1986 1990 10. 6% 1991 1995 19. 5% 696. 6 8. 2% 2. 1 3. 9 12. 8% 8. 1 2. 6% 0. 1 1 2 1996 5 8 1998 4 11
297 20 1992 48 764 581. 24 12 1993 83 437 1 114. 36 13 91. 4% 100. 6% 1997 304 866 5 211. 64 2 218. 71 14. 5 1 750 1993 20 21 1997 85% 1997 1 9 52. 32% 48. 92% 3. 4 7. 89% 7. 22% 0. 67 65. 9% 1 2000 1 1997 1998 1 24
298 500 100 20% 80 1997 750 1 600 113% 1997 2 340 55 1996 95% 1997 13% 1 6 Daesang 500 37% 27% 11% 2 1 2 1998 2 10 1998 3 24
299 1998 8% 6. 1% 1998 8% 1998 401 12. 8% 226. 5 55. 2% 4. 2% 65. 2 2. 5% 13. 1 24. 5% 9 23. 2 7. 8% 1 83 1998 4 21 37597 68. 3% 1 1998 4 11
300 8 4. 7% 3. 4% 49. 5% 1998 1998
? 1998 5 3 11 1999 1 1 11 20 1992 20 50 1998 4
302 1950 5 1951 4 6 1952 7 25 1955 6 1957 3 25 1958 1 1 10 1 6 12 15 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 10 3 2. 4 8 650 7 150 200 9 10 6 6 1965 4 8 6 3 1967 7 1 10 12 6 1991 12 12 1992 5 7
303 1993 11 1 1995 5 15 5 1997 6 17 18 2004
304 6 7 5 1958 4 129 2 417 1. 7 1970 9 696 7 577 1. 27 1997 11 6. 3 8. 5 11 1. 34 11 74. 1% 4 20 80
305 1999 1 1 3 2002 1 1
306 20 90 11 3 200 640 656 1 280
307 0. 5% 1997 400 3 1982 1996 1 800 119. 28 35 1982 1996 1 503 54 17 1983 1986 1 128 30. 73 15. 08 3 67 1997 1998 3 3
? 20 8 1929 1933 1929 1933 20 80 90 8 21 20 1997 1999
312 21 21 20 80 1929 1933
313
? 50 50 30 20 21 30 20 2000
315 1997 WTO 20 50
316
? 2001 1 20 90 2 9 3 4 2003
318 5 21