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(CIP) : /. :, 2003 ISBN 7-5045 - 3998-8... - - -. TU767 CIP (2003)097691 (1 : 100029 ) : * 787 1092 16 31. 25 678 2004 4 1 2004 4 1 : : 48.00 : 010-64929211 : 010-64911190 : http: / / www. class. com. cn : 010-64911344
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( 1 ) ( 1 ) ( 36 ) ( 56 ) ( 90 ) (118 ) (128 ) (128 ) (151 ) (193 ) (263 ) (292 ) (328 ) (344 ) (371 ) (429 ) (429 ) (432 ) (437 ) A B C D E A B (442 ) (446 ) (451 ) (455 ) (459 ) (463 ) (466 )
C D E (469 ) (472 ) (475 ) (478 ) (483 ) (491 )
,,,,, 1. (1 ),,, 11,,,, 11 1
( ), 12 12 a) b) :, ; (2 ),,,,,, 13 (3 ), 1) S, 14a 13 14 a) b) c) 2
: S,,,,, 2),, 14b, 14c,,,, 2. (1 ) 1), 15 2),, 15, 16a 16,, 16b,, AB H, H a ( b), a ( b), B A,, B A, b, ( b),,, 16c,,,,, 16 c,, 3
( ), 16a 16c acab = ACAB ABCD, abcd, 16d,, 16d ABCD = abcd 3),, 17a 17,, 17b,,,, 17c,, 17d,,, 18 : ;, (2 ) 1),, 19a 18 4 19
,,,,, 19b 2),, 16a,, 17a, 3), (, ),, 110 110 3. ( ) (1 ), 111a,,,,, 111 a) b) c) 5
( ) (2 ) ( ), 111b,, ( ), (3 ), 111c,, :, 1.,, ( H ),,,,,, 112 112 a) b) 113, :,,,, 113 a) b) 6
2. 113, ( H ) ( V ), 114 V H OX V, 114 a) b) 3. (1 ), V, H, 115 V, H,,, ( W ), : V H W, 116,, OX, O Y, OZ, O 7
( ) 115 a) b ) c) (2 ),,,, V H W, 117 116 117,,, 8
,, : V, H OX 90, W OZ 90, 118 V, 119 118 119 (3 ), ;,, 1) V H,, H W,, V W,, :,,,, 120, 2) V ; H ; W 121 9
( ) 120 121 (4 ),,,,, : 1), 122a 10
122 2) (), ( ), 122b 3), (, 11
( ), ), 122c 4), 45,,, 122d :,,,,,,,,, (5 ) 11 : 10 mm, B A, 123a B A 123 12
:, H, B H b a 10 mm, b V, B V ba 10 mm, b, b, 123b 12, :, 124 124 ( ) V H, AB V H,, a b= ab, H W, AD H W,, ad = a d, V W, AE V W, a e= a e, 1. (1 ),,,,,,,,,,, 125a 13
( ),, 125b 125 a) b),,,, 126b,, 1 26c,, 126d 126 (2 ),,, 127 2., 14
, 128,, 129 : (1 ),,, 130,, (2 ),,,, 131, 1/ 4, 3/ 4 : ; 127 128 a) b) c) 15
( ) 129 130, (3 ),,, 132, 133,,, (4 ),, 134,,, 16
131 132 135,,, 90,, 135c,,,, 135a 135b 3.,, 17
( ) 133 1 2 3 4 5 134, : (1 ),,, 136 (2 ),, 137, 90, 18
135 136 19
( ), 137 a) b) 138 (3 ), 139 140 138 139 140 20
4.,,,, 141 141 (1 ),,,,, 610 mm,,, 6 mm 4 (2 ),, : 11 AA, (3 ),,,, : ; ( ) 5. : (1 ), ( ) (2 ), ;, (3 ) ;, ( ) 21
( ) :, 6. (1 ),, (2 ), (3 ) 1. (1 ),,, :, ;,,, 142, 143 142 143 (2 ),,,,,,,, 144 22
144 (3 ) 1), 2) OX, O Y, OZ,,,,,, ( ), 3), (4 ) 1), 2) () OX, O Y, OZ O1 X1, O1 Y 1, O1 Z1, 3), X1 O1 Y 1, X1 O1 Z1, Y 1 O1 Z1, 4),, 5),, 0. 82 1, 1. 22, 1,,, 1. 22 (5 ), : 1), 145a 2),, 145b : 23
( ) 2. 145 a) b) (1) OX, O Y, OZ,, 120, O1 Z1, O1 X1 O1 Y 1 30,, 0.82,, 1,, 1. 22, 146 146 (2 ),, X1 O1 Y 1 = Y 1 O1 Z1 = 131 25, X1 O1 Z1 = 97 10, 147b 24
147, O1 Z1, O1 X1 7 10, 18, O1 Y 1 41 25, 78, 147a, : p = r = 0. 94, q = 0.47, : p = r = 1, q = 0. 5, 1. 06, 148 (3 ),, OX, OZ,,, 149 148 149 a) p = q = r = 1 b) p = r = 1, q = 1/ 2 25
( ), X1 O1 Z1 90, Y 1 O1 Z1 135 120, 150, OX, OZ,, p = r = 1, q = 0. 5, 149b, O1 X1, O1 Y 1, O1 Z1 1, p = q = r = 1, 149a,, O1 Y 1, O1 X1 45( 30, 60 ), 150 150 (4 ), 151 151 a) p = q = r = 1 b) p = q = 1, r = 1/ 2 26
(5 ) : ( ) :,,, ;,, ;,,,, 1),,, 2),,, 3) () ( ) 13, 152a : : 152 27
( ), 120,, 1, X1 A, a ; Y 1 B, b ; a, b Y 1, X1, C, 152b O1, a, c, b Z1, H,, 152c,,,, 152d 14 153a 28 153
:, :,, 153b,, 153c,,,, 153d 15 154a 154 :, ( ), ( ), :, 154a 29
( ), a, b, g,, 154b c, d, e, f, h,, 154c,,, 16, 155a : 155a V, H :,, 155a X, Y,, 155b,,, 155c 155 17, 156a 156 30 : 156a,
:, a, b, c, d, 156a, 60, 156b O1, O2 b1, c1, a1, d1, O3, O4 O1, O2, O3, O4, 156c O1, O2, O1 b1 ; O3, O4, O3 b1,, 156d 1. (1 ), ( ),,, 157 157 (2 ) 1),,, 2),, 3),, 4),, (3 ) ( 158) P. P./ ; G. P./ ; 31
( ) ; E./ ; G. L./ P. P. G. P. ; H. L./ P. P. ; V./ ; D./ E. P. P. ; M./,, H./ E. G. P. 2. 158 (1 ),,,, (2 ),, ( X,, ( 159) Z ), ( Z ), ( ), ( 160 ),, ( )( 161 ) 32
159 160,,,,,, ( ), (),, ( X Z ),,, ( ),, 162 161 162, ( Z ),,,, ( ),, 163 33
( ),, ( ), ( ),, 164 163 164 3. 18 : ABCD P. P., 165a : ABCD 165 18 : ABCD ( AD, BC ), ( AB, DC ), ABCD : 165a, AB, DC P. P. O EX, X, Y, Y 34
G. L. H. L., V., Y, 165b O E, O O, O e = BC, O V. ev., OBA, B, A O V., C, D ev. M., ABCD O f = OB, B O K = OA, M. k, ECD, M. f, O V. a, ba, b A, a, b G. L. H. L., e. V. d, c abcd ABCD 19,, V. ( ),,,,, ABCD,, H. L., V., V. A, B, C, D, H. L. M., V. M., M. CD D, CD (, D CD ), DM., V. C C,, 166 166 19 C, V. B, V. D, V. A B, D, A, A B C D DC V., DC,, ( ), 167 35
( ) 167 19,,, 168 168, 1.,, 11 36
11 A0 A1 A2 A3 A4 bl ( mmmm ) 8411 189 594 841 420594 297420 210297 c ( mm ) 10 5 a ( mm ) 25 : b l, 12, mm, b, l, c, a 169 169 A0A3, A0A3, 169,, 170 A4, 171 172 2.,, 25 mm,,, 11 169 171 3. 37
( ) 170 A0A3 171 A4 172, 169 171 173,,, 174, 100 mm20 mm, ;,, ; 38
173 174 4.,, 12 b, : 2.0 mm, 1. 4 mm, 1.0 mm, 0. 7 mm, 0. 5 mm, 0. 35 mm 12 1. ( ) 2. b 3. 4. 5. 39
( ) 1. ( ) 0. 5 b 0.25 b 0. 5 b 2. 3. 0. 5 b 1. 2. ( ) 3. 0.25 b 0. 5 b b ( ) 0.25 b 0.25 b 0.25 b,, 10. 50.25; 2, : ; ; () ; ( ) ; ;, ; ( ),,,,, ( 176) 40 ( 175 )
175 a) b) 5. 176 a) b), 1100 1200,,, 11, 150, 51 1100, 100,,, 13 13 1500, 11 000, 12 000 12 500, 15 000, 11 0000 1100, 1200, 11 000, 12 000 1500, 15 000 150, 1100, 1200 1150, 1300 1300, 1400 1500 11, 12, 15, 110, 125, 150 13, 14, 130, 140, 150, 120 1 30, 11011, ;, 177 41
( ) 177,,,, 178a ;,, 178b, 178 a) b) m, 1100, 50 mm, 1100, 5 m,, 11 000, 1100, 10, 1 m 11 000 10 m,,, 6., ;, 179, 14 15, 75180 42
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 179 14 : mm 20 14 10 7 5 3. 5 14 10 7 5 3. 5 2. 5 15,,,,,,,,,,, 43
( ),,,,,, 180 7., (1 ), mm, 181,, 2 mm, 2 3 mm, 182 183 44
, 610 mm,,, 45, 23 mm,, 184 181 182 183 184,,,,,,,,, 185,, 186, 187 185, 188a 30, 188b (2 ),, 189a, 189b, L, H ( ) 45
( ) 186 187 188,, 189c 189 46
,, 190 m,, 0.000, 5. 325, - 0.650 +, -, :, 191 190 191 1., : (1 ),,,, 610 mm,, ;, 192,,, 192 (2 ),, 10 mm,, 1 93a 193 47
( ), :,,, 193b ;,,, 193c ;,, 193d,,,, 194 194 (3 ), 14 mm, 195 :,, 195a ;,,,, 195b 195 a) b) (4 ),,,, 30, 45, 60, 90,,, ( 196) 48
196,, 197a,, 197b 197,,, ;,, 198 198 49
( ) (5 ),, 199, 812 mm 199 2. (1 ) ;, 610 mm, 23 mm;, 23 mm1100,,, (2 ),, 1101 (3 ) 24 mm,, 3 mm, N, 1/ 8, 1102 1100 1101 1102 (4 ),, 1103 50
8 16,, 3. 1103, 51
( ), ;,,,,, 810 mm,,,,, I, O, Z,, A A, BB A1, B1 Y 1, 1104 1104, :,,,, 1105a; 1 A 01 0A, 1105b 1105 4., 16, 17,,,, 52
16 1 2 3 4 5 6 7, 8 9 10 11 53
( ) 1. 12 13 2. 3., 4.,, 14 15 16 1., 17 2. 18 19 20 1. 2., 21 1. 2. 22 23 54
24 25 26, 27 : 1, 2, 5, 7, 8, 13, 14, 16, 17, 18, 22, 23 45 17 ( ) ( ) 55
( ) 1., 1.5,,,,,,, 1106 2.,, ;,, 3. :, 56 (1 ),
1106,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ),, (2 ) ( ), ( ),,, ( ) 57
( ),,,,,,, ( 1107 ),, 1108,,,,,, 1109 1107 1108 ( : c ),,,,, 1110 1111 (3 ),, ( 0. 03 ) 58
1109,,, 1112 (4 ),,,,,,, 0. 000, 59
( ) 1110 ( ) 1111 60
1112,,,, 1113 4., :,,, 1( 100200 ),,,, ( ),,,,,, ( 810 mm),,,,,, I, O, Z, 1, 0, 2 61
( ) 1113 ( 1500) (, ),, 62
,,,,, : ;, ;,,,,,, - ; mm, m M, C, 1114 1114, 63
( ),,,,,,,,, 1115,,,,,,,, 5., : ; ; : (1 ), : ; ;,,,,, (2 ),,, (3 ), (4 ) (5 ) (6 ), (7 ) (8 ), (9 ), 6., : (1 ),,, ( ), 64
1115 a) b) c) 65
( ) 1116 66
(2 ),, (3 ),,, (4 ),,,, (5 ),, : ( ) (6 ),, 1.,, 1117 1117 67
( ),,,,,,,, A B 1118 1118 68
2.,, 3.,,,,,,,,,,,, 1119 1119,,, : (1 ),, 150, (2 ), ;,, (3 ), ( ), 69
( ), (4 ), ( ), 1120 4. 1120, : (1 ) (2 ), (3 ),,, ;,, (4 ),, (5 ),, (6 ),, (7 ),, (8 ),,,, 1.,,,,, 70
,,,, 1121 1 122 1121, 2.,,,,, : :,, 71
( ) 72
,,,,, ;,,, 1.,,,, 1/ 3,, 2/ 3,,,, 1123 1124 1123 a) b ),, 73
( ) 2. 1124 a) b) ( ),,, 1125 74
: 1125 (1 ), (2 ), (3 ), 3., ( ), 1126,,,,, 4.,,,,,,, 1127 75
( ) 1126, 5. (1 ), ;, (2 ), ; ;, ; ( ) (3 ),, 1.,,,, ;, 76 :
1127 (1 ),,,,, (2 ),,,, : : : (3 ),,, ( ),, (4 ), 77
( ) (5 ),,,,,,, ( ),,,, 1128 1128 ( ),,, ( ),,, ( 4872 h) 2. 1. 5 m, ( ),, 78
(1 ) 1), 2), 3), 4),, 5),, (2 ) 1), 2),, ( ),, 3), 4) (),, 50 mm,, 100 mm 5),,,,, 0. 3 m, ;, 2 m, (3 ), ( ),,,, : ; ; ; (4), 45,,, 79
( ),, 1132 1134 1129 1 2 3 4 5 45 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 (5 ) 1), 2),, 3),, 80
,,,, 3. 1130 a) b), : (1 ), ; ; ; ;,, 1135 (2 ) 1131 81
( ) 1132 82 1133
18 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 ( ) 10 11 12 13 14 83
( ) 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27, 1136 1137 (3 ),, : ; : 19 (4 ) 1), 84
1134 2), 3), ( ) 4), 5),,, (5 ) 1) 1135,, VV 1 000 V, 235 2 35 mm 2, PC, 50 50 mm, FC, DBVV235, PC50, FC : 2 85
( ) 1135 35 mm 2 1 000 V, 50 mm, DB KX BV, 34 3 4 mm 2, PC15 15 mm, WC BV - 34, PC15, WC : 3 4 mm 2, 15 mm, KX 2 1 2) DB, 2 35 mm 2, 50 mm, NC100-100, 86, 5 (20) A; C45N/ IP15A, 15 A; BV3 4, PC15, WC,, 86
1136 1137 19 BV ( kv) 0. 45/ 0. 75 ( C) 70 ( C) 30 35 40 30 35 40 S + S 24 5 8 9 12 12 12 12 24 5 8 912 24 5 8 912 ( mm 2 ) ( A ) ( A) 1. 5 23 22 20 13 9 8 7 12 9 7 6 11 8 7 6 2. 5 31 29 27 17 13 11 10 16 12 10 9 15 11 9 8 4 41 39 36 24 18 15 13 22 17 14 12 21 15 13 11 6 53 50 46 31 23 19 17 29 21 18 16 26 20 16 15 10 74 69 64 44 33 28 25 41 31 26 23 38 29 24 21 16 99 93 86 60 45 38 34 57 42 35 32 52 39 32 29 25 132 124 115 83 62 52 47 77 57 48 43 70 53 44 39 BV 87
( ) 110 1. 2. 3. 500 V ( ) 1, 2 ; 3, 4 1. 2. 3. 1. 2. 3. 1. ( G B ) 2. 1. 2. 3. 1. 2. 3. (6 ) 1), A, B, C (L1, L2, L3), ( N )( ) ( ) 220 V : A, B, C (L1, L2, L3 ) ; ( N ) ( ) ; ( PE ) / 2),, 30 ma,,,, 88
3), 40%, 8, 4), 0.5 M 5),, 27, 1. 2 mm 6) 200 mm, 150 mm,,, 1. 3 m, 150 mm,,,,,,,,, 1138 1138 ( ) a) b ) c) 7), 6 mm 2,, 300 mm, 2. 5 m;, 1. 8 m, 1. 8 m 8),, 0. 2 m, 0.3 m; 0. 5 m; 1 m, 0.2 m; ( ) 0. 1 m;, 89
( ) 9), 111 111 : mm 100 50 150 10 ),, ;,,,, 112 112 : % 0 10 10 40 4060 6090 90100 100 90 90 60 6040 4010 100,,,,,,,,, 90, (
),,,, ( ) ( ) 1. (1 ) 1), 2) (2 ),, 1) (), 2),, 3) ( ), ( ) 4), 5) (3 ),, ( ),, : 1) (), : 2),, (, ) 3),,, ( ), 4), 91
( ) (4 ) 1) 16 2) 10 24 m ( 24 m ) 3) 100 m 2. (1 ), 113 113 A B1 B2 B3,,,,,,,,,,,,, 114 A B1 B1 PVC B2 B1 PVC, B2 PVC P VC B1 B2 B1 B2 92
, 220 C,, ( h), ;, ;, ;, (2 ), 115 115,,,,, 100 50 40 50, 15 40 5 15 ( )(), 1139, ( ) 1.,,,,,,,, 5 m ;, : 0.55 m 0. 5 m,,,,,, ;,, 2, 93
( ) 1139 1140,,,,,,,, 1141a, 1140,,,,,, 1141b 94
: 1142 1144 1141 a) b) 1142 1 2 3 4 1/ 2,,,,,,, :, ;,, 1143 1 2 3 4 1144 1 2 3 95
( ), 2., (1 ), : 1) ( 1145a),, 1145 a) b ) c) 96
2) ( 1145b) ( ), ( ), ( ),, 3) ( 1145c),, (2 ), ( 1146 ) : 1146 a) b ) c) d) 1),,,,,, 97
( ) 2),,,,,,, 3),,,, 4),,,, (3 ) 1),, 2), 3), (4 ) 1), ;,,,, 2), 3) 4), 5) 1147 6),, 1 2 3 4 5 6, 7 8 9 (5 ) 10 11 12 13 ( ) 14 15 1147 16 17 98
1),,, 2),,,, 3),,, 4),, : 250 mm, 500 mm60 mm, 120 mm, 180 mm, 240 mm, 1148 5),,,, :,,,, 2030 mm ;,,,,,, 50100 mm,,,, 6),,,, ; 99
( ), ;, 1149 1151 1148 1149 1150 a) b),, 120 mm,, 120 mm, 180 mm, 240 mm, 300 mm, 240 mm, 2/ 3,,,, 1151 2, 1 000 mm, 1152 7) 100
,,,, 500 mm, 300 mm,, 1153 1152 1153 a) b) 101
( ),, 240 mm 180 mm240 mm240 mm 412, 250 mm,, 7 8 9, 4 14, 200 mm, 1154,, 60 mm, 500 mm ( ) 2 6, 1 000 mm 1154 (6 ) 1) :,, ; ;, 1155 1157 1155 a) 1 2 3 b) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 2) 102
, 1156 1157 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8, 12. 5 ( ) 10 mm, 23 mm 107 (107 10% 15% ), AH - 03,, 1158 1159 1158 1159 a) b) 103
( ),,,,,, 500 mm, 2 ; 500 mm 3,, 1160 1160, : 13 mm 13, 6 mm 10. 32,,, 3) :,, 20 mm, 3.,,,, (1 ) ( ), 1161 1),, 2) (),,,,, 104
1161 a) b) 3),, (),,,,,, 1162 1162 a) b) c) d) (2 ) 1), 2), 105
( ) 3),,,, 50100 mm;,, 50100 mm 80100 mm 5070 mm,,, (3 ),,,,, ( ),,,,,,, ( ), 4.,,,,,,,, ( ) ;,, ;,, 1163,, 318 3, ; 18,,, : 620 mm, 260310 mm, 140210 mm, 1164, : 2 R + T = 600620 mm; R + T = 450 mm ( R ; T ), ( ) 106
( 1.10 m; 6 6, 1 m), 1.20 m 1163 a) b) c) d ) e) f) g ) h ) i) 1164 a) b) c) 2 m, 2. 2 m, 900 mm; 500 mm, 1 050 mm; 110 mm; 500600 mm 1 107
( ) 165 ( GB 500961999 ) : (1 ) 7 16 m (2 ) 12,, (3), (4 ), 1. 50 m 5. 1165 (1 ) : ; ( ) ( ) ;,,, 1166 (2 ) 110,,,,,,,, 900 mm, 500 mm,, 240 mm,, 60 mm, 115,, 300 mm, :, 5 m ;,, 108
, 2%, 1%, 3 5 1166 a) b ) c),, 700 mm, (3 ) 110 ( ), 3 900 mm, 109
( ), ( ),, 1167 1167 ( ) a) 1 2 3 4 b) 1 2 3 4 5,,,,,,, 1168,,, 1169 (4 ),,, 1170 :, 6. (1 ),, 110
( ), 1168 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31,, (2 ) 1), 111
( ) ;, ( ) 1169 1170 1 2 3 4 2), (, ) ;,, 1171 (3 ) 1) M,, 112
,, 1171 a) b) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 ( ) 8 2 000 mm, ;, 900 mm, ( ) 700 mm 800 mm, 2) C,, ( ), ), (, 1/ 41/ 5, 1/ 7, 1/ 31/ 5, 1/ 61/ 8, 1/ 10, 3, 300 (4 ) 1),, 1172, ( ),, 900 mm 1173 2),, 1174 1175 113
( ), ;, ( )( ) 1176 60 B 1177,,,,,, : (1 ) ; ; (2 ), ; ; 1172 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 ; ; (3 ), (4 ), ;, (5 ) ( ), ; (6 ) ; (7 ),, ; 114
1173 1174 1175 115
( ) 1176 116
117
( ) 1. (1 ),,,,,,,,,, ( ), ( ),,, (2 ),,,,,,, ( ) ( ) : :,, :,,,, :,,,, :,,,, 1178, 2. 118
(1 ),,, 380760m,, 1179, : ; ;,, 1178 1179,,,, (2 ),,,, 1),,, 2), ;, ;, 119
( ), :,, ;,, 3),,,,,, (3 ) 1) (), 2) (),, + = ; + = ; + = 3) (), : + =, + =, + = 4) ( ), :,, (4 ) 1), ;,,,, ;,,,, 2),,,,, :,,,,, ;,,,,, (5 ),,,, ;,,,,, 120
,,,,, ;,,,,, ;,,,,, 3.,, (1 ), ( ),,,,,,, 1180 1180 121
( ) : ; ; ( ),,,,, 1181 1182 1181 (2 ),, ( ),,, : ; ;,,,,,,,, (3 ),,,, 122
,,,,,,, 1),,, ( 1183 ) 1182 1183 123
( ),,,,, 2),,,, 3),,,,,, 4),,,,,,, 1184 124
1. (1 ),,,,,,,,,,,, (2 ),,,, : 1) ; 2) ; 3) 2. (1 ),, ( ),,, : ; ; ; ;, ; ; ;, 1),,,, ( ),,, 125
( ),, 2), :,,,,,,,,, 3), ( ),,,,, :,, (2 ) 1),,,,,,, 2), 3),,,,,,,,,,,,,, 126
(3 ), ( ) ( ), 1) ( ) : ; ;,, ;, ; ; 2), : ; ; ; : ( ) 150 120, 150 ( ) ( ) 3), 4) ( ), ;, ( ) ;,,,,,,, 127
,,,,,,,, 10, 10 : 1.,, (1 ) : 1),, 128
: ( ) 2), : 3), : (2 ) 1),, 2) 200 kgf/ cm 2 ( 1 960 N/ cm 2 ), 800 kgf/ cm 2 (7 840 N/ cm 2 ) 3),, 4) 5) 6),, (3 ),,, GB 17592,, 425, 425R, 525, 525R, 625, 625 R, 725 R R (4 ) : ( 501) kg 2.,,,, 9001 000 ;,, (1 ) 1),, 240 mm115 mm53 mm, 512, 2. 5 kg, 3 kg, 20 %, 1 m 3 1 700 kg, 2 mm 2) 190 mm190 mm90 mm, 129
( ) 240 mm115 mm90 mm 1 100 kg, 1 400 kg (2 ) 1),,, MU 21 21 ( M Pa) ( M Pa) MU20 20 14 4 2. 6 MU15 15 10 3. 1 2. 0 MU10 10 6 2. 3 1. 3 MU7. 5 7.5 4. 5 1. 8 1. 1 MU5 5.0 3. 5 1. 6 0. 8 2),, 8% 23% 3), 4),,,,, 1., (1 ),,, 1), 8%,,,,, 2),,, (2 ), 130
,, 1) 10% ; ; 20 ; 24.5 MPa 2) 22 22 1 m, 5 % 2 m, 5 % 3 m 3 m,, 23 23 : mm < 150 1. 5 150 250 2. 0 > 250 2. 5 < 12 1. 0 (3 ),,, 1) 21 %, 130, 16 MPa 2),, 24 25 2. 131
( ) 24 1 2 1 m 2 m 3 m 25 : mm 152 0.5 > 152 250 0.8 > 250 1.0 5 + 0.4-0.3 > 5 8 % (1 ), 1),,,, 7001 500 kg/ cm 2 ( 100300 M Pa), 7. 816 MPa, 1%, 150, ;,,,,,,,,,,, 26 2),, 65% 2 500 2 700 kg/ m 3, 120 132
260 MPa, 8. 515 MPa, 1%, 200, 100120,,, 800,,,,, 27 26 : mm + 0-1 + 0-1 + 1 1 1 1 < 400 400 800 2 000 0.3 0.6 0.8 1.0-2 + 0-1. 5 + 1-2 + 0-1. 5 + 1-2 0.5 0.8 1.0 1.2 + 2-3 + 1-2 < 400 400 0.4 0.6 0.6 0.8 > 2 6 > 33 > 2 2 > 33 > 40 10 > 4015 > 1/ 4 > 1/ 2 27 : mm 0-1 0-2 0-2 0-3, 0-1 0-2 0-2 0-3, 1 mm, 2 + 2-3 + 1-3 + 1-3 + 0 mm, - 3 mm 133
( ) < 400 400 800 1 000 0.3 0.6 0.8 1.0 0. 5 0. 8 1. 0 1. 2 1. 0 1. 5 2. 0 2. 5 1. 2 1. 7 2. 2 2. 8 < 400 400 0.4 0.6 0. 6 0. 8 1. 0 1. 5 1. 2 1. 7 90,, JC205-85 > 41, 102 22 2515 40 10 1 1 2 2 2 3 0.5 m 1 m 1/ 3 1, 1/ 10 1 800 2 50 mm30 mm, > 800 15 mm15 mm, 10% 5% (2 ),,,,, ;, ;,,, ; 1),, 134
2),,,, 100 MPa, 38 MPa, 0.15 Ncm/ cm 2, 0.1 %, 80 3), 4), ( 60 % ) ( 40% ), 1 000 3. (1 ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ;, 1),,,,, 12%, 18%,, 15% 200300 mm 60% 15% 1015 ; 20 2),,,, 3), ;,,,,,,,, 135
( ),,,,,,,,,,, (2 ),,,, 1) :, 3 3,, 3 mm 12 mm 3,,,, 28 28 : mm 915 1 220 1 525 1 830 2 135 2 440 2, 5, 2. 7, 3, 3. 5, 4, 5, 6 915 915 1 830 2 135 ( 4 mm, mm ) 1 220 1 220 1 830 2 135 2 440, 3, 3.5, 4, 5, 6 ( 4 mm mm ) 1 525 1 525 1 830,, 29 29 : mm 16, 19 915 1 830, 2 135 1 220 2 135, 2 440,,,,, 136
2) ( ),, ( 0. 80. 9 g/ cm 3 ) ( 0. 40.8 g/ cm 3 ) ( 0. 4 g/ cm 3 ) 210 210 : mm 3, 4, 5 915, 1 220 1 830, 2 440, 5 490 10, 12, 13, 15, 19, 25 914 2 330 3),,,,,,,, 211 211 : mm 16, 19 915 915, 1 220, 1 525, 1 830, 2 135 1 220 1 220, 1 525, 1 830, 2 135, 2 440 4.,,,,, (1 ),,, 0. 2%,, 8 10 mm, 100 mm 100 mm, 100 mm 200 mm, 150 mm150 mm, 200 mm200 mm, 200 mm300 mm, 300 mm300 mm, 400 mm400 mm, 500 mm500 mm 800 mm800 mm, 1 000 mm 1 000 mm, 1 200 mm800 mm 18 mm, 100 mm100 mm, 150 mm 150 mm, 100 mm200 mm, 200 mm200 mm (2 ),, 137
( ) 8%,, 150 mm150 mm10 mm, 108 mm 108 mm 10 mm, 150 mm75 mm 10 mm, 150 mm150 mm15 mm (3 ),, 305.5 mm305.5 mm, 0. 093 m 2, 40, 3. 7 m 2 212 212 : mm ( ) a 39. 0 23. 6 18. 5 15. 2 39. 0 39. 0 32. 1 b 39. 0 23. 6 18. 5 15. 2 18. 5 19. 2 15. 9 c 27. 9 22. 8 d 5. 0 5. 0 5. 0 5. 0 5. 0 5. 0 5. 0 ( ) a 36.4 25 15 7. 5 b 11.9 15 15 c 37.9 18 18 d 22.7 40 20 5. 0 5.0 5. 0 5. 0 5., SiO2, Na2 O, CaO MgO (1 ) 1) 138
, 2 mm, 3 mm, 4 mm, 5 mm, 6 mm, 8 mm, 10 mm, 12 mm 200 mm 300 mm 800 mm1 200 mm, 2),,, 84 % 56 mm,,,, 3),,,,, 213 213 : mm 3 9001 360 600900 4 9001 800 600900 5 9001 800 600 1 360 6 9001 800 600 1 360 4),, 60% 70 %, 1 600 mm900 mm, 26 mm 5),,,, 2 200 mm1 000 mm, 6 mm 6),, 214 (2 ),, 139
( ) 214 ( mm ) 1501 000 150 800 56,, 1), 56, 5,,, 120 130,, ( 400900 ) mm(5001 500 ) mm( 25 ) mm 2),,,,,,,,, 319 mm 215 215 : mm 1 000 900 1 200 800 700 600 6 3),,,,,,,,,, 21 140
(3 ), 1),,,,, 16.6 %,,, 80 db 30 db,,, 22, 12 mm, 14 mm, 16 mm, 22 mm 21 mm, 33 mm 21 a) b ) c) 22 a) b ) c) d) e) f) 2),, 20% 30 %,, 70 % 75%,,,, 319 mm, 512 mm 3),,, 141
( ),, 30 %,,, 2 600 mm1 200 mm, 3 mm, 6 mm 4),, 5),,,, 80%, 115 MPa,,,,,,, 0.0570.13 W/ m 2 K, (4 ),,,,, 50% 80% 115 mm, 145 mm, 240 mm, 300 mm (5 ),,,,,,, 2 000 mm 50 1 000 mm (6 ) 45 mm,,,,,,,,,,, 20 mm20 mm4 mm, 327 mm 327 mm, 40, 4.2 m 2, 27 kg 6.,,, ( CaSO42H2 O) 142
, 107170, 8001 000 kg/ m 3, 20. 93%,, :( GB 977588 ) ( GB 9777 88 ) ( GB 977888 ) (1 ),,,,,, ( PJ )45 ( PD) ( PC) ( PB) ( PY) 23 23 a) ( PJ ) b) 45 ( PD ) c) ( PC) d) ( PB) e) ( PY ) : 800900 kg/ m 3 12 mm, 811 kg/ m 2 ; 9 mm, 68. 3 kg/ m 2 111210 5 Pa, 0.1930. 2 W/ mk, 35.5 db 216 143
( ) 216 : mm 1 800, 2 100, 2 400, 2 700, 3 000, 3 300, 3 600 900, 1 200 9, 12, 15, 18 PB90012GB 9715 :,, 900 mm, 12 mm (2 ),, PVC 217 217 P K D FP F K F D 218 218 ( mm ) ( kg/ m 2 ) 913 300300 9 ( N ) 140170 ( ) 500500 9 ( ) ( % ) < 5 600600 11 ( mm ) < 9 0.87 ( kg/ m 2 ) 7 9. 5 ( ) 300300 9 500500 9 600600 9 ( ) ( N) ( mm ) ( % ) 180 < 12 < 1. 38 (3 ),, 144
,, 5 132,,,,, :, 1618 kg/ m 2, 1 2701 570 N, 3 mm, 24 h 5%, 600 mm600 mm28 mm,, 1. 500 mm500 mm25 mm ( 0. 10.5 m ), (1 ) :,,,, ;,,,, ;,,,,,,, ;,, 1), ;, 2),, 3),, 4) ( ) 5) (),,, 145
( ) 6),,, (2 ) 1) ( VOC),,,,,,,,, 2),,,,, 2., (1 ),,,,,,, ;, 20% 25% 20% 30%, ;,,, (2 ),, ( ), (),,, 50%, 12, (3 ),,,,,,,,,,,,,, (4 ), 146
,,,,,,,, (5 ),,, 1.,,,, (1 ),,,,,,,,,,,, 6103 060 mm, 9104 270 mm, 9. 53 mm, 12.7 mm, 15. 9 mm (2 ),,,,, 20 m, 1.4 m, 1.6 m, 1. 8 m, 2.0 m, 6 mm, 10 mm (3 ),,,,,,,,, (4 ),, 5 6 mm 500 mm500 mm, 1 000 mm 1 000 mm, 147
( ), (5 ),, 4 m, 50 m (6 ),, 500 mm500 mm, 400 mm600 mm, 1 000 mm1 000 mm, ;,, ;, ;, ;,,,,,,,,, ;, 12, 17.96 cm ;,,,,, ;,, ;, 2.,,,, (1 ),,,,,,,,,,,, 1) 2),,,, 3), 148
,,,,,,,,,, 530 mm 10 000 mm, 920 mm ( 10 000 50 000 ) mm, 1 000 mm(10 00050 000) mm, 1 200 mm( 10 00050 000 ) mm (2 ),,,,,,,,, 5001 000 mm, 5 50015 000 mm (3 ),,,,, 530 mm10 050 mm, 3.,,,,,,,, (1 ) PVC PVC,, PVC PVC, PVC 300 mm 300 mm 1. 5 mm, 250 mm 250 mm 1. 5 mm, 333mm333 mm1.5 mm, 303 mm303 mm1. 6 mm, 305 mm305 mm 149
( ) 1. 2 mm (2 ),,, 300 mm300 mm( 35 ) mm, 300 mm 35 mm (3 ) PVC PVC PVC, 0. 2 mm, PVC, PVC,,,,,,, 4. (1 ),,, 3050 mm, 8090 mm, 9, 1012,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ) (2 ),,,,,,, 6 0007 000, 10,,,,,,,, 150
, ;, ; ;,,, ;,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 1.,, 6% 10%, ( ) ; ( 15 20 ) mm ( ) ( 50 100 ) mm ( ) (1 5004 000) mm (),,,, ( 15 20 ) mm ( ) ( 50 100 ) mm ( ) 600 mm, 700 mm, 800 mm, 900 mm, 1 000 mm, 1 200 mm, 1 500 mm () 151
( ),,,,,,,,,, (820) mm () (2550) mm () (120500) mm () 2. (1 ),, 24 : 1530 mm 13,, 5 mm, : 1),,,, 24 11820 mm 2 1 mm ( ) 3 ( ) 4 515 30 mm 6,,, ( ),,,,,,,, 12 mm,,, 1 mm, 56,,,,,, ( ),,,,,, 152
,,, ( 5 000 r/ min ),,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ),,,, 2),,,,,,, (2 ) 25, 50 mm(5070 ) mm,, ( ), 300 mm, 350mm, 400 mm, 450 mm, 500 mm, 500 mm,, 50 mm (5070) mm, 25 1 1825 mm 2 50 mm70 mm 3 6 mm ( 8 mm ) 42030 mm 5 400500 mm,, 45,, : 153
( ) 1) ( ),,, 800 mm, 400 mm,,, ( 26 ),,,,, 27,,, ;,, 28 26 27 28, 16, 40 mm, 0. 8 m,, ( 29 ), 1 m 10 mm 20 mm ( ),, 29,, 1 2,,, 3 4, 3645, 210 120150 mm, 25 mm,, 23 mm,,, 154
23 mm, 2 1, 2,,,,,, 210 1 2, 9 3, 11 4, 10 5 6 7 8, (a),,,,,,, ( 211 ) 2() 45, ( 2 12 ), ( ) 10 mm, 211 1 2 3 4 5 212 ( b) : ( ) (, ) ( ) (, ) ( ), 213 155
( ) 213 a) b) c) d) e) :,, 90 45,, ( ) ( 300 mm ), ( 214),, ( 210 ), ( 215 ),,,,,,,,, 216 217,, ( 218), 214 1 2, 3 4 215 216 217 218, ( ),,, 45,, 156
,, 219 : ( 220 ),, 35, 400 mm, 45,, 23 mm,,,,, 45, 219 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1015 mm 8 220 1 2 3 4 5 10 15 mm 6 7 3. (1 ),,,,,, 810 mm, (2 ) ( 219) 219 ( ) ( mm ) ( ) ( ) 1 3 2 2 1 2 3 3 3 3 2 2 2 4 1 0. 2 0. 5 2 m 5 m 5 m,, 5 0. 5 0. 5 0. 5 :, 157
( ) 4.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 15,,,, 221 : 190 mm, 1 200 mm, 7. 510 mm, 9 kg/ m 2 222 221 222 1 2 3 4,,,, 12 : ( ) (1 ),,,, PVC, ( 20 cm ) 158
PVC,, : 1820 C, 40% 50%,, 48 h,,,,,,,, 810 mm 10 m ( ), 8 m ( ), 11,,,,, ;, (2 ) 223 240 1) 223,,, 2) : PVAC (D3 ) 810 mm, 224 223 3),,,,, 225, 4),,, 226 5) ( 227 ), 180, ( ),,,,, 224 225 226 227 159
( ) 6) ( 228 ),,, ( ) 1014 mm, 30 cm, 7) ( 229 ), 1/ 3,,, 228 229 8) ( 230 ) 30 cm,, 2 h,, 9) ( 231 ),,,, 10 ) ( 232 ),, 11 ) ( 233),, 24 h,,, 230 231 232 233 12 ) ( 234 ) 10 mm,,, 13 ) ( 235 ),,, 14 ) ( 236 ),, 160
234 a) b ) c),, 60 mm 40 mm 235 236, ( ) 15 ) ( 237) 100 m 2 10 m,, 16 ) ( 238),, 17 ) ( 239) 18 ) 240 (3 ) 1), () 50 mm, ( ) 161
( ) 237 238 239 240 a), T b) c) 2 ) 1215 m 2 0. 5 L 1/ 3,,, 3) 10 m 8 m, T 810 mm 4),, 5),,, 241, 8 mm,,,, 6),, 241 (4 ) 162
,,,,, ( ), 1) ( 238 ),,,, 810 mm, 2),,,,,,, ( 239) 3), ;,,,, ( 242) 4),,, 5) T, 240, T,, : ;, 243, 6),,,, PVAc (D3 ) ( 244 )PVAc (D3 ) :, 242 243 244, 245 163
( ) 245 a),, b),, c), ( ) d), e),, f ), : g),,,, ;,,,, 1. (1 ),,,,,,, ;,,,, ;,,, 300 mm300 mm, 400 mm400 mm, 450 mm450 mm, 500 mm500 mm 600 mm600 mm, 1825 mm 164
( 246) : : ( ) 14 ( 23 ) 246 a) b) c) d) 12025 mm 2 1 ( 2.5 3) 3 5 mm 42030 mm 5 6 7 84080 mm 9 10 15 mm 10 20 30 mm 1125 mm 12 1),,,,,,, 2),,, 14,,, 2080 mm, 3),,,, 4),, 23 mm,,, 5), 1 mm,,, 1 mm,,,, 165
( ) 1(23) 6), 23, 60 % 70 %, (2 ) 65% 75%,,,,, (),, 573 C 2. 65 g/ cm 3 2.53 g/ cm 3, :, 1),, 2),, 3),, 4),,, : 300 mm300 mm, 400 mm400 mm, 600 mm300 mm, 600 mm600 mm, 20 mm, (3 ) ( ),, : 1),,, 2),,, 3),,, (4 ) 1),,,, 300 mm 2),,, 3) 13, 1015 mm, 4),,,,,, 166
5), ( ),,,,,, 247 6),,, 23, 80100, 247 100160, 240280, 1 750, 2 2.,,,,, 23 mm 0. 40.5,,, ; 24 h, 11 ( ) 2/ 3,,,,, 3, 60% 70%,, 220 220 ( mm) 2.0 2 m 0.5 2.0 2.0 3.,,, : 167
( ) (1 ),, (2 ),, : 6010 = 1002010100,,, (3 ),, 0. 5 mm,, (4 ),,, 4.,,,, ( ) ( ),,,,,,,,,,,,,, 30% 50%, (1 ) 221 221 ( mm) ( MPa) ( M Pa) ( HB) ( ) ( g/ cm 3 ) ( % ) 2 000 800 8 20 40 30. 3 100 35 7090 2.2 < 0.1 168
( mm) A1 150450 ( 810 ) B2 600600 ( 10 12 ) C3 700700 ( 12 15 ) D4 800800 ( 15 20 ) ( MPa) ( M Pa) ( HB) ( ) ( g/ cm 3 ) ( % ) 38 100 40 80 2.6 0. 1 3101 3102 3103 3104 1 78089012 2. 5 90 > 22 90 2.5 0. 3 3105 3106 530 1 850 530 1 960 520 1 960 345 1 960 520 1 940 20 31. 3 100 5060 100.9 2.23 < 1 530 1 850 (2 ), 1),, 13, ( ) 12,,, 100.526 (107 ) 2),, 169
( ),,,,,, (3 ),,,, : 1), 2) 3) 4), 40% 60%,, 1 000 C 5.,,,,,, (1 ),, (2 ),,,,, :,,,,, 1), 425 ; 425 ;, 425 170
,, 84, 80, 75, 70, ( ),,,,,,, 12 mm,,,,,,, 12 % ( : ),,,,,, 1. 53 mm, 23 mm,,,,,,,,,,,,, : = 1( 45 ) 0. 60. 1,,, 2),,,,, + =, + =, + =,,,,,,,,,, ;,,,, 171
( ),, ;,,, 2 48,,, ( ),,,,,, 248,,,, 60%,, ( 23 cm),,, ;,, ;, 0. 51 mm,,,, ;,,,,, 6 cm, ( + + ) 11 % 12 %, ( + ) 38% 42%,,, ;,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ;,,,,,,,, 172
,,,,,,, 3) :,, 412 mm, 1015 mm249 249 a) b) c) 110 15 mm 223 mm 315 mm 4 5 : ( ) :,,,,, 0.40.5, 12,, 24 h,,,, 1. 01.2 m,, 22,, 250 250 a) b) 1 2 3 4 5 30 50 mm 173
( ),,,, 35, 1 m,, 900 mm,, 23, 1/ 5,, 12 mm,, 1/ 5, ;,,,,,, 24 h,, 27,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 2 h,,,, :,,,, 222 222 ( C) ( ) ( ) 20 30 34 12 10 20 45 1. 52. 5 5 10 67 23 ;,,, 1/ 5,,,, 6080, 8,, 2 m, 1/ 2 ; 120180,,, ; 180240,, 174,
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, (3 ), : 2025 mm, 300 mm 300 mm500 mm500 mm,,,, 4 mm ( 100150 mm), 251 1) 251 11015 mm 21215 mm 3 4 mm 100 150 mm,,,,,,,, 2 mm,,,,,,, (,, ), 90,,,,, 12. 5,,, 1520 mm, ( ),, 175
( ),,,,,,,,,,,, 2, 2/ 3, 1/ 3,, 510 mm,, 23,,,, 2),,,, (4 ),,,,,,,, 252,, 252 252,,,,,,, 253,,,,, : 820 mm, (100200) mm(50200) mm 176
253 1), 13 ( ), 20 mm,, 2 mm, 23 h ( ),,, : = 10.40.46, 1015 mm,,,,, 12, 11,, 2) :, ( ),,,,, 24 h, 34,, 1., :, (1 ), 0. 1%, 530,,,, (2 ) 7,, 20 000, 177
( ) (3 ) 40 M Pa ( 1. 7 ), (4 ),,, (5 ) 0.70, 0. 44,,,, 254 : 254 G50040 P 1) U ; F ; G ; I ; Z 2), 0 ; 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5; 6; 7 3), 099 4) 20200 mm200 mm; 30300 mm300 mm; 40400 mm400 mm; 50500 mm500 mm 5) P; U ; B; S; C; T ; A 2.,,,,,,,, 150 mm 150 mm13 mm, 100 mm100 mm10 mm, 150 mm100 mm20 mm, 300 mm 300 mm20 mm,,,,,,,,, 23 h,,,,,, 13 ( ),,,,, 20 mm,, ;,, 6 mm 11, 24 h, 3, 3,, 178,
, 24 h, 34 3. (1 ), ( 45 mm, ),,,, 255 : 11. 5 0. 5 h ( 34 ) 18.5 mm18.5 mm5 mm, 39 mm39 mm5 mm 25 mm 255,,,, 305 mm305 mm600 mm600 mm :,,,,,,,, 20 60,, 13,,, 5%,,,,, 34 mm11.5,,,,,, 0. 5 h,,,,,, 12,,,,,, (2 ),,,, 179
( ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ), ( ) ( ),,, 2 3 mm, 1.62. 0 m, 0. 51.6 m, 20 m,,, 1.,,,,,,,,,,,,,, (1 ),, 1),,,,,,,,,, 20% 25%, 5,, ; ( ),,,,,,,,,,, 180
,,,,,, 2),,, ;,,,,,,,,,,, 3),, (2 ), 1),,,, 2),, 223 223 ( % ) 500 100 1 500 2 000 23 25 27 26 37 43 43 44 20 22 24 26 12 12 13 14 13 23 23 25 3), 1 2, 1 ( 202 ) C 1 h ; 2 ( 702) C, 24 h ( 202 ) C, 4 h, 181
( ) 4) 5),, 6),,,,,, 7), 12 min, 17.96 cm,,,, :, 8), (3 ),,,,,, :, 1),, : ( ),,,, (, ),, 30 min,,, 256, 46 mm, 2425 mm,,, 256,,, 182
257 257 L a) L b) 1 2 3,,,, 2 mm, 258,,, 259 258 259,,, ( ), : : 3 m/ min,, 260c :,,,,, :,,, 260a 260b :,,, 261d : ( ) ( ) 183
( ),,,,,,,,,,,,, 261a 261b 261c :,,,, 261e 260 a), b ) c) 261 a) b ) c) d) e) : ( ) : : :,,,,, 262,,,, ( ) ( ) ( ) 12 cm,,, 263,,, 5 cm,,,,, 264,,,,, 184
,, 265,, 262 1 2 263 1 2 3 4 58 mm 6 7 8 9 264 265 1 2,, :,, 10 cm, ;, ( 20 cm ), 266, 1 2 3,,, 266,,,,,, 267, 185
( ),, 268,,,,, 267 a) b ) 268 1 2, 3 4,,,, : ( ), ;,, ;, ;, ;,,,, ; ;,, 2),,,, ;,, :,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ;,,, 186
2.,, 20,,,,,,,,,,,,, (1 ) : ; ; ; ( PVC, 269 ) - ; (2 ) 1), 269,, 23, 1PVC 2),, 2 3 PVC,,,, 4 5 P VC,,,, 6, 7 ; 3) 2 g/ cm 3,,, 10, 4),,,,,,, (3 ),, 224 187
( ) 224 1., 601 2. 3. 1., 2. 3., XY401, 404 ; E44 ; 6101, 684 1., 2. 3.,,, 717 ; HN302 ; E44 ; 6101, 684 1., 2.,,, 404, 405 ( 101 ) ; jq 1, 2 1. 2., 3.,, 4. 101,, 4 1.,,, 2.,, 5 min, 7 6 M Pa, 3., 200250 g/ m 2 106, 107,,, 10 C, 188
(4 ) 1),, 5% 10%, 303 mm303 mm ( 1.5 3.2) mm, 303 mm303 mm (1.53.2) mm, 500 mm500 mm(1. 53.2) mm PAA 120 mm 150 mm, 300500 m 10 MPa, 15 180,, 2), 270 270 a) b) c) d) e) f ) g) 3),, 6%,, 189
( ), 5 mm,, (5 ), :,,,,,,,,, 1), 107 ( 107 = 0. 80.22 ),,,, 107 2),,,,, 271 271 a) b ) c),, ( ) ( 1/ 3 2/ 3 ), 272 273 272 a) b) 273 a) b) 190
,,,, 1/ 2, 274 3),,,,,,,,, 1 mm, 275 0. 5 kg/ m 2 34 h, 274 275 4),,, 1035, 515 min,, ( = 18 ),,,, 276,,,,,, 277 276 a) b) 278, ( 279) 191
( ) 277 278 1 2 279 a) b) 5), 6), 23,,,, 7), :,, (6 ) 1),,, 2), 3),,,, 4) 225 225 ( mm ) 1 2 2 m 2 3 5 m, 7. 5 m 3 0. 5 (7 ) 192
1),, 2), 3) 60, 4), ( ), (8 ) 1) 1035,,, 2),,, 3),,, 4),,, 5),,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ),,,,,,, ( ), ;,,,, 193
( ),,, 9002 400 mm, 280 280 a) ( 2 400 mm ) b) ( 9001 500 mm ) 1. 9001 500 mm, ( ),, 1 800 mm, : (1 ) 1),,, 400 600 mm,,, (2045) mm(4050 ) mm,,, 15% 35,, 281,, 25 m : ( ), 194
281 A B C D E 2) 3),,, 8% 10%, 195
( ), 4),,, ( ), 400 mm, 282,,,,,,, 400 mm, 450 mm,,,,, 283, 282, 283 1,,,,,,,, :,,, ( ), ( 284 ),, ( 285),,,, 286 196
284 a) b) 285 1,,, 150 mm, 10 mm, 58 mm, 287 286 a) b) 287 288 289 288 a) 45 b) c) 289 a) b) c) 1 2, 3 290,,,,, 197
( ) 290 a) b), 1 2 3 ( ) 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 5) 16 17 18 19 20 21,,,, 45 198
(2 ),,,,,,,, 226 226 ( mm ) 2 5 m, 5 m 2 1. 5 1 m 2 2.,,, 281,,, 291 292 291 1 2 292 a) b) c) 1 2, 45,,, 3. (1 ) ( ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 1),,, 48 h 199
( ), 293,, (a),, QB 294 293 294 ( b), 7. 8 cm, 60 cm, 45,,,, 295 (c),, 1.5 cm ( ),, ; 200
, 45, 296 295 296 ( d),,, 60 cm 4.9 cm ( 1. 5 ),,,, 297 (e),,, 298 (f),,,, 299 297 298 299 ( g) :,, ( ),, 2100, 4. 9 cm (1.5 ),, 201
( ),,, 2101 2100 2101,,,, 2102 2103 2102 2) 2103 202
,, 810,,,,,,,,,,,,,, (2 ),,, 1),,,,,, S, ( ), 2104 2 600 mm 150 mm10 mm 2 000 mm150 mm10 mm; 22 mm22 mm2 700 mm; ( ) 60 mm22 mm2 500 mm; 22 mm40mm2 700 mm 2104 a) b) c) d) 203
( ), (a),,,, ( ), 1520 mm,, ( b),, 20 mm40 mm ( ), 400 mm,,,,, 500 mm, 2105,,,, 2106 2105 2106 (c), 3,,, ( 2 106),,, 2107,, 2108 ; ( ),, 2109 10 mm, 20 mm,, 2110 204
2107 2108,, ( ),,,,,,, 2111 2109 2110 2111 2112a 2112b2112c2112d ; ; ( ), 2113 2118 2),,,,,,, : (820 ) mm() 65 mm( ) ( 1 000 4 000 ) mm; ( 820 ) mm85 mm (1 0004 000) mm( 820) mm95 mm( 1 000 4 000 ) mm, 205 ( )
( ) 2112 a) b ) c) d) 1 2 3 4 5 2113 1 2 3 4 5 6 2114 2115 2116 2117 2118 206
,, : ( ) ( ),,,,,,,,,,,,,, 2119,,,,, ( ),,,,, 1.,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( 2120),, : 108 mm 108 mm, 152 mm 152 mm, 200 mm200 mm, 300 mm 300 mm, 200 mm300 mm, 100 mm200 mm, 152.4 mm304. 8 mm : 45 mm, 89 mm,,,,, 2121 (1 ) : 207
( ) 2119 a) b) 2120 2121 a) ( ) b ) c) d ) e) f) g ) h) i) j),,,,, ; 208
801 ; 1),,, 227 228229 227,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 228 ( g/ cm 3 ) 2. 32.4 ( % ) < 18 ( MPa) 2. 04.0 30 g 30 cm ( ) 140 3 ( % ) > 78 209
( ) 229 ( mm ) ( B ) 0. 5 1. 78 % ( A ) 0. 5 2. 22 % ( D) + 0. 3, - 0. 2 3., 150 ( 191) ( R ) 0. 5 325,, 0. 35 mm,,, 2) : : 11 30% 801 + 70 %, 2, 13 : 13 : ;,,,,,,,, 11. 5 mm,,,,,,,,,,,,, :,,,, :,,,, 30 min 3),,,, 210
12, 15 mm,,,, 4 6 mm,,,,,,,,,,, 2 h,,, 1, 34 h,, 12 15 %, 23 mm,, 11.5 mm,,, 5 mm,,,, 510,,,,, 45,,,,,, 4) 801 801 801 2% 3% 801,,,,,, 801, 2,, 68 cm, 12, 1012 mm,, = 10.74. 6 801,,,,,,,, 211
( ),,,,,,,,,, 801, 46 mm,,,,,, (2 ), 1) (a), ( b),,, (c),, 0. 5 mm, (a),, 1 mm,,, ( b),,,,, (c),,, 2) (a),,, ( b),, (c),, ( d),, (a),, ( b),,, 2 h 212
, (c) 710 mm, 801, ( d),,, 801 3) (a), ( b), (a),,, ( b),,,,,,,, (c),,,,,, 4) (a), ( b) (a),, 18%, ( b),,, (3 ),,,,,,,,,,,,, 213
( ) 2.,, :,, 20 mm, 400 mm, 400 mm,, (1 ) 1), ;,,, ;,,, 2) 12.5 ( ), 10 mm,,,,, 4 mm, 5 mm 3), 30 40 mm,,,,,, 2122, 2123 2122 a) b) 4),,, 23 mm 801 ( 801 10 % 15 % ), AH - 03,,,,,,,, (2 ),, 1) 214
2123 a) b),,, ;, 4050 mm,,, 6 mm 6 mm, 6 mm,, 2 124, 3540 mm, 56 mm,,, 500 mm,, 1. 2 m, 2124,, 215
( ) : 500 mm, 2, 500 mm 3 2/ 3,,,,, 5 mm, 2125 2125,,, 6 mm,, 5 mm, 2126 2126 a) b) c) :, :, 3040 mm;,, 2127, 1 8 2 0 216
2127 a) b) 300 mm, U U, U, :,,,, 2128 :,,, 2128 1 6 mm 2 3 4 5 6,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 217
( ),, :,,,, 23,, 20 %,,,,, 13 (),, 1/ 3, 150 mm,,,, 150 mm, 12 h,,, 100 mm, 1/ 2 50 mm,,,,,,,,,,,, 2),, :, 1/ 4, 6 mm, 35 40 mm 500 mm, 500800 mm, 800 mm 90,, 100 mm, 6 mm, 3540 mm,, 7 mm, U, 2129,,,, 45 6 mm, 4050 mm, 2130,, 5 mm U, 2131,,,,, U,, U, 2132,, 218
2129 2130 2131 5 mm U 2132 1 2U 3 4 5 (3 ) 1),, 10 mm, 2133 2),,,, 2134,, 2135 3),,,,,, 2136 219
( ) 2133 a) 10 mm b) 5 mm 1 2 2134 2135 4),, :,,,,,,, 16,,,, 2137 2136 2137 1 2 3 5),,, 13 ( ),,,,,,,, 220
6) 2138, 2138 1 4 mm 2 2 mm 3 4 6 mm 5 8 mm 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 7), : (a) ( b) (c),, ( d), 230 230 ( mm ),, 2. 0 2 m 3. 0 2 m 3. 0 200 mm, 221
( ) ( mm ),, 2. 0 5 m, 5 m 2. 0 5 m, 5 m 0. 5, 2. 0,,,,,,, ( ),, :,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 1.,,, ;, ;, ;,, 2139 (1 ),,, 222
2139,,,,, ( ),,, (2 ), ( ),, 2140 1) 80 g/ m 2, 100 g/ m 2,,,, 2 ) 100 g/ m 2, 300400 g/ m 2 PVC,,,,, ; ;,,,, 3),,, ;, ;, PVC,, (3 ),,,,,,,, 223
( ),, (4 ),, ( ),,, ;,, ;,,, (5 ), 2141 2140 1 2PVC 3 4 5 6PVC 7 8 2141 (6 ),,,, : 1), 2), 224
, 1 mm,,, 20 h,, 25,,, : 5 min, 1. 96 N/ 1.5 cm 2142, (73 ), 2 h, 4 h, 24 h, A, B, C, 2142 1 2 3),,, 4) 5), 2. (1 ),, 1),, 400 / cm 2,,, (a),,,,,,,,, 225
( ) ( b), 231 231 1 1. 10 % 0. 2 %, 2. 0. 02 % 0. 2 %, 3. (107 ) + ( 4 % ) = 7. 5 + 1 1. ( 45 % ) ; ( 2.5 % 2 ) = 1003050 ( ) 2. = 11 3 ( 2.5 % ) = 6040 4 ( ),,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ) 232 232 ( 2 % ) 5 3. 5 1 10 6 0.5 0. 6 20 7 50,, 2 33,, 226
233 801 801 ( ) 1 0. 2 1 801 ( ) 1 0. 5 1. 5 1 3 2) : ; ; ; ; ;, 2143, 2 m 2143 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 (2 ), 8%, 15,,, : : ( ) 1) 234,,, 2),,, 227
( ) 234 P VC PVC P VC 1 + + + + + + + + + 2 + + + + + + 3 + + + + + + 4 + + + 5 + + + 6 + + + + + + 7 + + + + + + + + + 8 + + + + + 9 + + + 10 + + + + + + 11 + + + + + + + + + 12 + + + + + + + + + 13 + + + + + + + + + 14 + + + 15 + + + + + + + + + 16 + + + + + + + + + : +, 900 mm, 1 000 mm, 1 100 mm P VC,,, ;, 12 ( 801 = 11),,,,,,,,, 2144 2144 228
,,,,, 2030 mm,,,,,,,, (a), 510 min, 0. 5% 1.2%, 0.2 % 0.8%,, 23 min,,, 20 min, 10 min,,, ( b),,,, 48 min,,,,,,,,,, 2145 (a),,,, 1 min,,, ( b) PVC, 2145, 30 mm, 0. 15 kg/ m 2,, :,,, (c),, : ; ; ;,, ; : (a), :,, ( b), :, 2030 mm,,,,, 229
( ),,, 2146 (c),,,,,,,,,,, 2146 1 2,,, ( d),,,,,, 2147 2148 2147 2148 (e),,, (f),,,,,,,, 2149 ( g),,, ; ( h),,,,,,,, 2150,, 2149,,,,,,,,, 230
,,,, 2151,,,,,,,, 2152 2150 2151 1 2 3 2152 a) b) c) d ) e) 3),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 231
( ),,,,,,, (3 ),,,,,,,, 1. 5 m,,,,,,,,, 235 235,,,, 3 m, 4 mm ( ) 0. 5 mm 3 m, : 3.,,, ;, (1 ),, 400 600 mm, 13, 20 mm,,, ( 2050 ) mm (4050) mm,,, (2 ) 232
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, : (1 ),,,,, (2 ),, ( ),,,, (3 ),, (4 ),, ; ; ; ; 1., 2153,, (1 ) 1),,,,, 233
( ) 2),,, 3),,,, ; 2153 (2 ),, ; 1),, 18 2), ;, ;, ;, ;, ( ) (3 ),,,,,,, : 1),,,, 2),,, 234
,,,,,,, 3),, 4),,,,,, 2. (1 ),,, 1),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 235
( ) ;,,, ;,,,, ; V, V,,,,, ;, 2),,, 106 ( ), = 100(46 ) (1013 ),,,,,,, (2 ),,, 5; 040, 6,,,,,,,, 8% ( ), (),,, 1),,,, 10%, 10%,,,,,, ( ),, 2154,,,, 2155,, 236,
2154 a) b) c) d ) e) 2155 1 2 3 4,,,,,,,,,, ;,,,, ( ),, 1/ 3,,,,,,,, (, ) M,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ;,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ),, 300400 mm, 25 mm,,,, 2156, 5 mm, 237
( ) 2156 2157 2), 0. 30. 8 M Pa,,, 400 mm, 1.85 mm,,,,, 2 h,,,,, 2157,, 2158, 2159 2158 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 2159 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15,,, 2160, 2161 3) (), 238
, 2162 2160 a) b) 2161 a) b ) c) 239
( ),,,,,, 801,,,,, 200 300 mm,,,,,, 2162, a) b), 1 2 3 4 5 6,,,, (3 ), 1), ( ),,, ; 2) ( ) 236 ( ) 237 :, ; :,,, 236 ( ) 1,, 5 3 3 1 2 2 m, 1.5 m, 2 m,,, 2 m, 1.5 m, 1 m,,, 240
3, 5, 3 4,,,,,, ( 3 mm 2 mm 5 5 m 5 m, ) 2 mm 1 mm, 6 : 4, 237 ( ) 1 2 3,,,, 2 mm 1 mm 3.,,,,,,, : (1 ),,,,,,,, (2 ),,,,,,,,,, 241
( ) (3 ),,,,, (4 ),, : (1 ) ;,, 2163 1),,,,, 2163, 1 2,, 3 4, 5 238 238,, 0.5 h,, (B882 ) 2 h, 8 10 m 2 / kg,, 917, 30 40 min, 2 h, ( 11 0. 5 ) %,, 810 m 2 / kg 612 m 2 / L, 924 30 min, 8 h ( 45 2 ) % 0. 05 mm, kg 251,, 9 m 2 4 1 SKK 1 5 (1 24 kg) 20 m 2 / kg 2),, 12 h, : : 801 = 10. 2( 0.30.5 ),,, ;,,, 242
,,, 2 h,,, 1 h,, ;,, 3, : (a),,, ( b),,,,,,,, 5% 9 %, 5% 7%, 3% 5 %, 10%,,,, 65% 70%,,,,,, 3),,,,,, (2 ) 1),, 2),, 3),,,,, (3 ) 1) (a),, ( b) 6, 15,, 0,,, 243
( ) (c) 5% 4 000, 24 h 0. 50.7 M Pa (a) 378, 0.66. 5 MPa, 5 m/ s ( b), 18 MPa (c),, 2158 ( d), 220 V (e) 2) (a),, 7 M Pa ( b),,,, 10% (c), ( ),,,,,,, (a),,, ( b),,,,,, (c),,,,,,, 500 mm, 6090,, 810 mm, 67 mm, 45 mm,, ( d),,,,,,,,,, 244,
,, 70%, 2. 5 mm, 510 min,,,,,,,,, ;,,, 24 h, 7,,, (a),,,,, 24 h, ( b) 1, 0.30. 5 MPa, 90, 400500 mm,,,,,,,,, 3),,,,,, ;,,,, (4 ) 1), ;,, ;,, (a) ( ), ( b),, (c), 10%,, 245 ph
( ) 710 ( d),, 107 2),, (a),,, ( b),,,,, (c),, ;, ;, (a),, 300 mm,, ( b),, (c),, ( d), 3), (a) ;,,, ( b),,,,,, ; ; ; ; ; ; ( ) 246
1., (1 ) 1),,, 2),,, 3),,,,,,,,,,, (2 ),,, 1),,,, 2),,,,,,,,,,,, 3) 247
( ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 2 m 1. 2 m, 3, 100 mm, 12 mm,,,,,,,, 2.,,,,, (1 ),,, : 1),,,, ;,,,, :,,,, 248
,,,,,,,,,, ( ) ( 95),,,,,,,,,,,,,, 685, ( IDI ),, ( - OH) ; ( - NCO),, - NCO - OH,,,,,,,,, ( ),,,,,,,,,,, 2), ( ) 249
( ) ( ),,,,,, :, ( ),,, 10% 20%, 30% 40%,,,, 239 239 ( PbCrO 4 ) [ FeO( O H)nH 2 O ] ( HgS ) ( Fe 2 O 3 ) ( CoO, Al 2 O 3 ) ( ZnO) ( TiO 2 ) ( ZnO + BaSO 4 ) ( C) (C) ( Fe 3 O 4 ) ( Al) ( Cu), 240 240 1. ( ) 51.22. 55. 82317.5 2. = 501510 3. = 7564141 = 24162 ( ) = 141110 250
3), 2154 2164 4) 2164 5-3,,,, 241 241 1 + + 13 + + 2 + + 14 + + 3 + + 15 + + 4 + + 16 + + 5 + + 17 + 6 + + 18 + 7 + 19 + 8 + 20 + 9 + + 21 + 10 + + 22 + 11 + + 23 + 12 + + 24 + : + ( ) : (a) :,,, : 1,,,,,,, : ( 30 % ) (25% ) = 100 251
( ) 20100, 50 g 1 L70,, ( 1530 min ),, 20%,, 20%,, 1,,, : : = 700. 950.0528 : = 741.312. 57. 64. 550.05,,,,,,, 25% 0, 1 1. 52,,, ( ), :,,,,,,, 1,, 22.2 %, 0 : : = 71.50.210. 10. 4127. 8 : = 71. 312.310. 55. 30. 210.10.41,, 25%,, 0, 12 30%,, 252
,,,, :,, 0, 20%,, 1 : = 726.52.41.118,, 20%, 0, : = 12.5582. 5,,, 12 30%,,,,, ( b), ( ), : : :,,,,, 0,, : ( ),,,,,,, : (a) ( b),,,, (c),,, 253
( ) ( d), (e),,,, 5) 242 242,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 6),,,,,,,,,, 7),,,,,,,,,,,,,,, (2 ),,, 1) 254
,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 243 243 98, 2 96. 5, 3.5, 18, 80, 2 93. 5, 6.5 90, 7. 5, 2.5 55, 45 94. 6, 3.6, 1. 8 75, 15, 10 56, 37, 7 95, 4. 5, 0.5 75, 21. 5, 3, 0. 5 13, 85, 2 85, 14. 5, 0. 5 96. 5, 3.5 62, 30, 8 95, 5 99, 1 255
( ) ( ), ( ),,, 2) (a) ( b) 244 244 1. = 1651( 1 6 ),,,,, 2. ( ) = 3210. 6 ( 0. 7 ) 3. = 85( 46),, 1. = 20750 2. ( 6 % ) = 55261063 = 24751 15 % 20 % = 50.1707. 9665 ( ) = 20510745 (c) ( kg) 245 = ( m 2 ) ( g/ m 2 ) 1 (a), 2165 ( b), 2166 (c) 256
245 (g/ m 2 ) ( g/ m 2 ) 160 120 80 80 160 120 160 130 100 50 80 60 80 80 70 80 100 100 80 130 50 100 120 40 70 50 2165 a) b) c) d) e) f) 2166 a) b) c) d) 3), 257
( ),, ( ),,,, ;,,,,,,,, : (a),, ( 12% 18% ) :,,,,,,,, (5% 6% ),,, : 1 1 2,,, 1,,,,,, ( b) :,,, (c),, 8%,,, 15% 20% 10%,,,,, (a) ( ), 246 258
246 1,, + + + 2, + + + 3 + + + 4 + + + 5 + + + 6 + + + 7 + 8 + + 9 + + 10 + 11 + 12 + 13 + + + 14 + + + 15 + + + 16 + + 17 + + + 18 ( ) + + 19 + + 20 + + : +,, 1 2,, ( b),, 247 247 1,, + + + 2 + + + 3 + + + 4 + + + 5 + + 6 + + 7 + 8 + 9 + + + 10 + + 11 + + 12 + + + 13 + + + 14 + + 15 + + 16 ( ) + 17 + 18 + : +,,,, 1 2, 259
( ) (c),, 248 248 1 + + 2, + + 3 + + 4 + + 5 + 6 + 7 + + 8 + + 9 + + 10 + + 11 + + 12 + + 13 + + 14 + 15 + : +,,, :,,,,, :, :, : :, ( ), 5060 mm, :,,, :, :,,, (a) : :, : ;,,,,,,, 260
,,,,,,,,,,,, :,,,,, :,,,,,, ( ),, :,,,,,, ( b) :, :,,,, 1, :,, ( ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 1,, :,, 0,, :,,,,,,,, (c), 261
( ), :, :,,,,, :,,, :, 30% ( ) 70%, 810 cm,,,, :,,,,,,,, :,,,,, :,,,,,,, 4) 249 250 251 249,,,,,,,,,, 250 1,,, 2, 3,,, 4,, 5, 1 2 mm, 0.5 mm 262
251,,, 2 mm 2 mm,,, 1 mm, 5 m,,,,,,,, (, ),,,,, 1.,,,, 2. (),,, ( ) ( ), 3.,,,,, : (1 ),,,, (2 ) ( ),, 263
( ),,,, ;,,,, ( ), 9001 500 mm,, ( ) (, ), 600 mm, ( ),, 1., ;, U, T, L, C ;, ( ) (1 ) 80100 kg/ m 2 ; (2 ), (3 ) 2167 2168 2. (1 ), U 34 kg/ m 2, 9 mm 11 kg/ m 2 (2 ),, (3 ), 70 %, ( ) 70% 264
2167 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 2168 (4 ), (5 ),,,, 200 m 3 3., : (1 ),,, 252 252 ( mm ) 300 3009 500 5009 60060011 500 5007 62562528 400 4008 500 5009 60060010 60060028 62562530 265
( ) ( mm ) 30030010 40040010 49449410 59459410 60060010 900 4988 (2 ),,,,,,, 253 253 ( mm ) 300 6009 300 60012 303 6069 303 60612 300 60015 300 60019 500 50012 450 90012 600 60012 6001 20014 5001 00025 500 50012 600 60012 1 000 50014 (3 ),,,,,, 254 266
254 ( mm ) 400 40010 500 50010 500 50020 400 40020 500 50020 500 50025 500 50030 500 50040,, (4 ),,,, 255 255 ( mm ) 500 5006 500 5007 530 5308 600 6008 500 5002 600 6002 300 3006 1 600 700( 2 10 ) 500 5006 (5), : 500 mm500 mm0.6 (0.8, 1. 0) mm; 436 mm610 mm0. 8 mm; 275 mm410 mm0.8 mm; 415 mm 600 mm0. 8 mm,, ; 4. U T C,, C, U T 267
( ), 2169 2169 1U50 2 U25 3 UC50 UC45 4 8 10 mm 5UC50 UC45 6U50 U25 7 8U25 9 U50U25 10U50 U25 11 U50 12 U25 13 UC50UC45 U,, U 38, 45, 50, 60 38, 45 0. 9 1. 2 m, 2170 50 1.5 m, 800 N, 2171 60 1.5 m, 1 000 N, 2172 6, 8, 10, 2173 T U, T T, (1 ) 1) ; ( ) ;,,, 268
2170 UC45 () 2171 UC50 ( ) 269
( ) 2) 2172 UC60,,,,,,,, () 3) : ( 2174 ) (2 ) 1),, 2175 2176 270
2173 T 1 2 3 4 5 6 T 7 T 8 2174 2175, 2176,,, 2 mm,,,,,, :,,,,, ;, 2),, 9001 500 mm, 271
( ) 2177 2178,,, 5 mm,,, 2177 12 YD3758 DD37510 2 10 mm 3 200200 6 4, 6 5 10 mm 7 10 mmt 8 9 8 mm 2178 1 6 2 3 1. 25 25 3 (1 = 25 4 ) 4 5 610,, 50 mm 9001 500 mm,,,, 300 mm,,,,, 272
,, 2179 610,, ;,,,, 2179 a) b) 3) c) d ),,,, 3 mm, 2180, 22,, 2181 2180 2181 (), 4.2 mm 4 mm 2182 3.8 mm, M4 mm 90,,, 2 183,,, 90 2184 273
( ) 2182 2183 (),, ( ), 60 mm60 mm,,,, 2185,,,, 2184 () 2185 1 2,,, 1/ 2001/ 300,,, 4),,, :, ; ( ), :,, 2186 ;,,, 2187,,,, 150200 mm, 274
2186 1 2 3 4 5 6 2187 ( ) 23 mm,, ;,,,,,, ( ),,, 2188 2188 a) b) 1 2, 8 3 4, 9 5 6 7 275
( ),, 2189,,,,, 2190 2189 2190 5),,,,,,,,,, :,, 2191 : ;,, 2192 ;,, 2193 2191 1 2 3 (3 ) 1),,,,, 2), 2192 2193 276
3) 256 257 258 259 256,,, 1,,,,, 2,,,, 257 1 3 ( mm ) 3 ( mm ) 2 3, 2 ( mm ) 1 ( mm ) 1 ( mm ) 1 ( mm ) 4 1/ 20010 5 5 ( mm ), :, ( 10, 1 ) 10 %, 3, 258 ( mm ) 1 2 3 2 2 3 3 2 2 2 2 3 2 2 3 2 3 2 2 3 1 1 2 2 4 1 1 1 0.5 0. 5 1 1 2 m 5 m 5 m 5 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 277
( ) 259 1,, 2,,,, ( ), ( ),,, 1 2001 500 mm, 50 mm(60 80 ) mm, 400600 mm, 40 mm40 mm 50 mm50 mm, 30 mm30 mm :,,, 1.,,,, ; T,,, (1 ),,, 1),,,, 278
,,,, 2194,,,, 2195, X,,, 2194 2195 2196 2198,,, 2199 2203 2196 2197 2198 2199 () 2) 2204 260, 610 mm610 mm, 0.5 mm, 279
( ) 2200 ( ) 2201 ( ) 2202 ( ) 2203 ( ) 260 W ( mm ) L ( mm ) H ( mm ) ( kg/ m 2 ) 78 78 50. 8 3. 9 113 113 50. 8 2. 9 143 143 50. 8 2. 0 2204 2205 2207 261 263 GD2, GD3, GD4 2208, 264,,, 280
2205 GD2 2206 GD3 261 GD2 (mm) WLH GD2-1 2525 25 45 0. 8 6001 200 GD2-2 4040 40 45 0. 8 600 600 262 GD3 ( mm) GD3-1 GD3-2 GD3-3 W HW 1 H 1 26 301422 48 501436 62 601842 600600 1 2001 200 2207 GD4 2208 GD1 (2 ), 2209 281
( ) 263 GD4 (mm) W LH (B) GD4-1 909060 10 37 GD4-2 125125 60 10 27 GD4-3 158158 60 10 22 264 GD1 ( mm) LW H (B) GD1-1 1 260 90 60 10 3 37 GD1-2 63090 60 10 5 37 GD1-3 1 26012660 10 3 27 GD1-4 630126 60 10 5 27 (3 ) 1) 2209, ( ),,, : 2),, 3) :,,,,, ( ), 282
,, 4) : 915 mm, ( 120200 mm),,,, 1, 2210, 12 mm, 2211 2210 2211,, 2212 2213 2212 2213 283
( ) :,,,,, 2214,, 2215 2214 2215,, 2216, 2217,, 2218 2216,,, 2219 5),, 18, 284
2217 2218 2219,,, 2220 2221,,,,,, 2222 2220 () a) b ) : 120 mm 2 3 100 mm50 mm 4 5 620 mm 7 50 mm25 mm 8100 mm50 mm,,,,, 285
( ) 2221 () 1 50 mm25 mm 2100 mm50 mm 3 4 2222, 100 m 2, 2 0001.5,,, 2223,,, 2223 6),,,,,, 2.,,,, ( 2196),, 2224 :,,, 2 500 mm, ; 2 5005 000 mm, ; 5 000 mm 2225, A B,,,,, A, B 265 286
2224 265 A B 80 mm80 mm 560 mm 560 mm 1 040 mm 100 mm100 mm 600 mm 600 mm 1 000 mm 125 mm125 mm 625 mm 625 mm 1 000 mm 150 mm150 mm 600 mm 600 mm 900 mm 2225 : (1 ),, 150 mm150 mm350 mm350 mm,,, (2 ), A, B, T,,, 2226 A, B,, T T, 2227,,,, 266,,, 2228, 287
( ) 2226 a), b) c) 266, 65, 2 h,, - 22, 24 h, 3 % HCl 24 h, P H8 NaO H 4 h, 2227 1 2 3, 65, 1 h, (13.3 kg/ m 2 ) 500 mm500 mm5 mm, 600 mm600 mm5 mm,,,,,,, 3.,,,,,,, (1 ),,,,,,, 288
2228 ;,,,,, 2229,,,,,,,, 2230,, 2229 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 2230 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 289
( ),,, (2 ),, ( ),,, 2231,,,,,,,,,, 2231 1 2 3 4 5 6 7,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 290
,,, : 1.,,,,,,,,,,,, : ( ) ( ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 2.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ;,, 291
( ),,,,,,,, 267,, 267, ( ) :, 15 25 mm,,, 292
,,,,, 1.,,,,,,,,, 2232 2.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 2233,,,, 293
( ) 2232 :,,,, 220 V 2 3 2234 294
,,, 1. ZDX (1 ) ZDX DBJ08-20 - 94, 4 kw (2 ) ZDX 50 Hz, 220 V, 20 A TT TN - C - STN - S, 2233 (3 ) 1) 2 000 m 2) 40-5 3) 40, 50 %,,, 2090%,, 4) 5), (4 ) (5 ), ; 295
( ) 2234 a) b ) c) d ) e) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9, 13 10 11 12 14 15 16 17 18 19, 3 4, (6 ) 296 4, 3
1), 2.1 m 2) ( ),,, ( L, N, PE ), 3),, (7 ) 1) DZL29, DZL18, 268 269 270 268 DZL18V - 20/ 2 ( V) ( A) ( m A) ( A ) ( V ) ( s ) 220 20 2 30 20 280 5 % < 0. 1 269 DZL29-32/ 22 ( V) ( A) ( m A) ( A ) ( V ) ( s ) 220 20 30 20 286 0. 1 270 1 1. 13 1 h 2 1. 45 < 1 h 3 2. 55 1 s < < 60 s 2) H HR2-16/ 2,, 34, HHR2-16/ 2 271 272, 2235 271 HHR2-16/ 2 ( V ) ( A) ( ka ) ( A) 220 16 2 6 5, 10, 16 297
( ) 272 ( mm ) ( mm ) ( mm ) 255 165 70 3 300 165 70 4 2235 ZDX 3) 5 A, 10 A,, 4), 1/ 2P E, 2. 5 mm 2 2.,, 1 1001 350 mm,, ;, ;,,,,,,, 150300 mm, ( 1 8002 000 mm ),, 8001 200 mm,, 298
,,,,,,, 2236 150 mm 2236 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 3.,, ( ), 299
( ),,,,,,,,, 5,,, 2237 2237 1 2 3 4 55 6 600 mm 7 8, 9 10 11 12 13 14,, 15 16 17,,,, 300
,,,,,,, 4. (1 ), ( ),,,,,,,,,, (2 ),,,,,,,,, (3 ),, 1), 110, ;,,, 2), ; ISDN, 3),, 85%,,,,, ( ) 301
( ), 2238 2238 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8,,, 1., ( ),,,,,,, ( ) (1 ),, 2239,, 1998 7 1,,, PPR PPE 302
2239 a) b) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 90 10 45 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 2240,,,,,,, 2 241,,,,,, 2242 303
( ) 2240 1 2 3 4 5 2241,,,,, 2243 DN10 mm (3/ 8 ), DN16 mm ( 1/ 2 ), DN20 mm ( 3/ 4 ), DN25 mm ( 1 ), DN32 mm (1 ) 273 2242 2243 :,, 273 95 5 110 2510-6 K 1 MPa 0. 45 W/ mk (2 ),,,,,,, ;, ;,,, 304
,,,,,, : 1) 99.99%, 2), 3),, 4), 5), 6),, 6 4 000 5 000 L 274 274 11 1/ 2 10-4 cm, 25 k Pa, 2 244 246 305
( ) 2244 2245 2246 (3 ),, 2., (1 ),,,,, 2247, 2247a,, PVC, ( 2247b),,, 5 ( 2247c),, 2247d 306
2247 a) b ) c) d) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 510 11, 12 (2 ),,,,, 2 248 (3 ),,, 2249,,,, 2250, 220 V, 500 W (4 ) ;,,,,,,,, 20 mm,,,,, 307
( ) 2248 1 2 345 4 45 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15,,,, 2251,,,,,,,,, 6(18 mm ), 2252, 2253 3., 308
2249 2250 1 2 3 4 2251 ( ) ( 480 mm 330 mm 390 mm ) 2252 ( ),, 4 L/ min, 6 L/ min, 8 L/ min, 9 L/ min, 10 L/ min, 12 L/ min, 1.5 kw, 2 kw, 2. 5 kw, 3 kw, 4 kw, 5 kw, 6 kw, 8 kw,,,, (1 ), ( ) : 309
( ),,,,, ;, 275, 600 mm, 100 mm,, 1 5001 700 mm, 2254,,,, 2253 1 2 3 ( ) 4 5 6 7 20 mm 8 9 10 11 275 8 L/ min JSYD8 JSRD8 59. 04 MJ/ n 8 L/ min 80 % 80 500 kpa 30 k Pa 12 kg ZG1 ( 8 mm ) ZG1 ( 8 mm ) Z G3 ( 16 mm ) 310
: 1), ZG (8 mm) 2),, 3) (2 ),,,,,,,, 2254 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 ( ),, 10 s,,, : 1),,, 2) 3 min 10,,, 3),,,, 3545, 55 276 DSK 276 ( k W) ( V) DSK DSK40 DSK40 DSK50 DSK50 DSK60 DSK60 DSK80 DSK80 1 1.5 1.5 2 2 2 2 3 3 2 2.5 2.5 3 3 4 4 5 5 3 4 4 5 5 6 6 8 8 180240 ( A) 18 18 23 23 27. 3 27. 3 36. 4 36. 4 ( mm 2 ) 2. 5 2. 5 3. 2 3. 2 4 4 5 5 ( mm ) > 70 490 355125 311
( ) DSK40 DSK40 DSK50 DSK50 DSK60 DSK60 DSK80 DSK80 ( MPa) 0. 02 0. 6 2,,,,,,,,,,, 1.,? (1 ) 1) 1/ 3,, 812 kg ( 1720 kg ), 50 %,, 300 MPa 2),,,,, 3),,,,,,,, 4),,,,,, 5),,, 312
(2 ) ( ) () ( ) ( ) ( ), ;, ; 277 277 ( mm ) ( % ) ( kg) ( ) ( kg) ( kg/ m 2 ) 60 21.04 18 23. 91 4.5 8. 0 35 18.41 30 20. 93 812 5 30.81 32 35.1 ( ) ( ) A, B, C, 2 255 2255 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 313
( ),, 278 279 280 278 ( mm ) 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 80 90 279 ( mm ) ( mm ) ( ) : 2 400, 2 700, 3 000 7001 000 1 500 1 800 2 4002 700 3 000 3 600 : 1 800, 2 100, 2 400 7001 000 1 500 1 800 2 4002 700 3 000 3 600 280 ( mm ) ( mm ) : 600, 900, 1 200 600 900, 1 000, 1 200 1 500, 1 800 1 800, 2 100, 2 400 : 1 500, 1 800, 2 100 600 900, 1 000, 1 200 1 500, 1 800 1 800, 2 100, 2 400 : 2 100, 2 400, 2 700, 3 000 600 900, 1 000, 1 200 1 500, 1 800 1 800, 2 100, 2 400, 281 281,, GB 1220, GB 3280, GB 4232, GB 4226, GB 4239, GB 1175, JB 2702, 1010 ( HG 2 B6976), J ISA5756 1 4172 ( HG6407 79 ), XM39, 314
(3 ), 2256 12 3 4 5 6 7 8 16, 9, 14 2256 1 2 3, 4 5 6 7 8, 16 9 10, 15 11 12 13 14 17 12 13 ( 36. 8 mm), 10 15, 11, 17 (4 ) :,,,,,,,, ;, (5 ),,, 55, 70 90, 70 90 2257 90 A1, A2, B1, B2 : ( ) ( ) 315
( ) 1),,,,,, 1 mm :, 2257 90 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 ;,,,,, 4550 mm;, 58 mm, 2), :,,,,, 3),,,, 2 258 2 mm,,, ( 20 mm ),,,,, 2259 316
2258 2259 1 2 3,,, ( ) 23 ( ) 2260, 12 mm12 mm :, ;, ;,, 0.5 mm,,,,, 5 mm,,, M435,, ( 2261 ),,,, 2260 a) b) : 1, 2, 3 4 2261 1 2 3 4 5, 2262 :, 317
( ), 90,,,,, 2263,, 2262 1 2 3 4 2263 1 2 3 4, :,,, 4.5 mm,,, 2264,,, ( 2264 ),,, 4.5 mm, 6 mm 7 mm,,, 8 mm,,,,,, :,,,,, 318
,,, 25 mm,, ( 2265 ),,,,,,, 2264 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 2265 1 2 3 4 5, ;, 2 266,,, 25 mm,, 2267,, 2268 2266 1 2 3 4 2267 319
( ), 2269 2270 2268 2269 12 mm, ( 2271 ),, ( ) 350 mm 2270 2271 1 2 3 4 4),,,,, 2272,, 2535 mm,,,,,, 320
,, 58 mm, 5 mm,,,,,,,, ( 2264 ),,,,,,,,,, 2273,, 2272 2273 (6 ) 1) 2), 3), 4), 5) 282 282,, 1,, 321
( ),, 80 % 2,, 3,, 903, 315 s 901.5, 610 s 4,,,,,,,,,,, 5,,, 6,,, ;,,,, ;,, 7,,,, 6), 283 283 ( mm ) 1 2 3 2 000 mm 2, > 2 000 mm 3 1 2 4 1.5 m 2 > 1.5 m 2 40 N 60 N 100 N, 5, 5 322 2
( mm ) 6 7 2 4 2 7 8 2 9 ( ) 2 1 m 10 ( ) 1.5 1 m 11 5 12 ( ) 4 (7 ) 1),,,,,, 2),, 3), 1 min, 4), 5),, 6) ;,, 7),, (8 ) 1),, 2),, 200 mm 3), 4) 5), 6),,, 7), 323
( ) 2.,, U - PVC,,,,,,, 50, 60, 80, : 50, 60,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 80,,,,, 108,,,, 2274, 2275 324 2274 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 2275 1 2 3 4 5 6
:, (1 ) : 1),,, V 2), 45 V,,, V V V :, V, V V,, 3),,,, 4),,,,, 5),,, 6) :,,,,, 7),,, 120 mm, 8), 325
( ),,, (2 ) : 1), 1020 mm,, 2) :,,,,,,, 3) ( ),, (3 ),,, (4 ) 1), 2) :,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ),,, 326
, ( ),,,,,,,,,, (5 ) 1),, 2),,, 3), ( JBJ1031996),, (6 ) 1) 1 250,,,,,, 2),, (20 db) DIDN4109 3), - 3070 4) 0. 1%,,, DIDN18055 5),,, 6), - 10 1 kg 1 m 7),, 8),, 9),,,,,, 327
( ),,,,,, : 1. (1 ), 7, 8, 9, 10, 12, 14 9 1 750 W, 4 000 r/ min12 1 900 W, 3 200 r/ min ( 2276 ),, 2276,,,, (2 ) 284 284 ( mm ) ( W ) ( Nm ) ( mm ) MI Y - 160 160 30 450 2. 0 50 MI Y - 180 180 30 510 2. 2 55 MI Y - 200 200 30 560 2. 5 60 MI Y - 250 250 30 710 3. 2 85 MI Y - 315 315 30 900 5. 0 105 45 ( kg) 3.3 3.9 5.3 8 9.5 : : ; ; ;, ; ; ; ;,,, 220 V, 50 Hz, 2. 5 m 328
2. (1 ),, 26 mm, 0 3 200, 350 W, 60 mm8 mm, 80 mm8 mm, 100 mm8 mm,, 50 mm,,,,,,, ( 2277 ) (2),,,, (3 ) ( 285) 2277 285 ( mm ) ( W ) ( mm ) ( kg) MIQ - 40 40 3 140 1 600 18 MIQ - 55 55 6 200 1 500 18 2. 5 MIQ - 65 65 6 270 1 400 18 2. 5 : 390 M Pa 10, : ( mm) 1. 8 1. 4 1. 1, 220 V, 50 Hz, 2. 5 m 3., (1), 1 600 r/ min, 580 W, 60100 mm ( 2278 ) 329
( ),,,, (2 ),,,, (3 ) ( 286) 2278 286 ( mm ) ( mm ) ( W ) ( Nm ) ( kg ) MIB - 601 60 1 180 0. 16 2. 2 MIB - 801 80 1 250 0. 22 2. 5 MIB - 802 80 2 320 0. 30 4. 2 MIB - 803 80 3 370 0. 35 5 MIB - 902 90 2 370 0. 35 5. 3 MIB - 903 90 3 420 0. 42 5. 3 M IB - 1002 100 2 420 0. 42 4. 2 :, 220 V, 50 Hz, 3 m 4. (1 ),, 812 mm 5001 500 W, 2 300 r/ min ( 2279 ),,,, 2279 (2 ),, (3 ) 287 330
287 ( mm ) ( r/ min ) ( W ) ( mm) ( mm ) ( m) ( kg) 8 10 00025 000 800 8 255 2. 5 2. 8 12 22 000 1 600 12 280 2. 5 5. 2 12 8 00020 000 1 850 12 300 2. 5 5. 3 :, 220 V, 50 Hz 5. (1 ) 500 W, 27 000 r/ min 25 mm ( 2280 ) (2 ),, (3 ) 288 2280 288 ( mm ) ( r/ min) ( W ) ( mm ) ( mm ) ( kg ) 6 30 000 440 8290 220 3 :, 220 V, 50 Hz, 2. 5 m 6. (1 ) 1.3 kg, 350 W, 2 300 r/ min, 950 r/ min 22 mm, 10 mm ( 2281 ),,,, 2281 (2 ),, (3 ),,, 289 331
( ) 289 ( mm) ( W ) ( Nm) ( kg ) J IZ4A JIZ6C J IZ6A JIZ6B JIZ8C J IZ8A JIZ8B JIZ10C J IZ10A JI Z10B 4 6 8 10 A 80 0. 35 C 90 0. 50 1. 4 A 120 0. 85 1. 8 B 160 1. 20 C 120 1. 00 1. 5 A 160 1. 60 B 200 2. 20 C 140 1. 50 A 180 2. 20 2. 3 B 230 3. 00 : 6 mm, 8 mm, 10 mm, 45, 220 V, 50 Hz, 2. 5 m 7. (1 ), 2282 23 mm, 0. 51 mm 1220 m 2 / h 2282 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13, 15 14 16 (2 ) 290 332
290 01 ( m 2 / h ) 1720 12 15 ( ) 3 4 ( mm ) 326 325 ( r/ min ) 2 900 2 880 ( mm ) ( mm ) ( mm ) 3 ( kw ) 1. 9 3 ( r/ min) 2 900 1 400 ( kg ) 107 108 8. (1 ),,, 2283 (2 ) 2283 (3 ),, 2 91 291 ( r/ min) ( mm ) M Q421 3 000 160 50 200 5 65 1 100 60 M Q422 3 000 200 90 300 5 95 1 500 125 M Q422A 3 160 250 100 300 5 100 2 200 300 MQ433A/ 1 3 960 320 350 5 120 140 3 000 350 M Q472 3 960 200 350 5 120 90 2 200 270 MJB180 5 500 180 60 200 1 100 80 MD JB180-2 5 500 180 60 200 1 100 80 ( W ) : M Q421, M JB180, MDJB1802, 220 V, 50 Hz,, 380 V, 50 Hz : MQ421 ; MQ422 ; MQ422A ; MQ433A/ 1 ; MQ472 ; MDJB180-2 333 ( kg)
( ) 9. (1 ), 2284 (2 ) 2035 m 2 / h, 1.7 kw, 1 440 r/ min; 2 kw, 1 420 r/ min 25 m 2 / h 32. 5 m 2 / h 2284 1 2 3 4 5 6,,,,,,,, :, : 1. 2285 (1 ), 6 mm 20 mm :,,, ;,, (2 ) 292 2285 292 ZI J10 ZIJ12 ZIJ16 Z IJ20 ( mm) 10 12 16 20 ( W ) 160 200 240 280 ( Nm) 1. 4 2.2 3.2 4.5 334
Z1J10 Z1J12 ZIJ16 Z IJ20 17 600 13 600 11 200 9 600 ( kg) 1. 6 1.7 2. 6 3 :,, 220 V, 50 Hz, 2. 5 m,,,, 2., 2286 2286 a) 25 mm 38 mm b) 6 mm 20 mm (1 ),,,,,,,, (2 ) 293 293 ( mm) ( mm ) ( r/ min ) ( W ) ( W ) ( kg) 20 * 20 13 30 0 900 04 000 520 260 2. 6 26 * 26 13 0 550 03 050 600 300 3. 5 38 38 13 380 3 000 800 480 5. 5 16 16 10 0 900 03 500 420 3 20 * 20 13 0 900 03 500 460 3. 1 22 * 22 13 0 1 000 04 200 500 2. 6 25 * 25 13 0 800 03 150 520 4. 4 : *,, 220 V, 50 Hz, 2. 5 m 25 mm 38 mm 50 90 mm, 335