110 ISBN 957-01-8598-8
RACHEL CARSON SILENT SPRING 2002 1 1 WTO 144 i
... 1... 1... 2... 7... 11... 14... 15... 17... 19... 23... 30... 33... 37... 34 iii
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) 1
2
(Virus)(Viroid)(Phytoplasma) (Xylem or phloem-limited fastidious bacteria) (Systemic infection) ( ) (Latent infection) (specific pathogen free) 3
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 4
50 60 6030 (1)()(likubin, greening) (tristeza)(exocortis) ( 1) ( 2) ( ) ( 3) (2) (passionfruit woodiness viruspwv)(passionfruit mottle viruspamv)(cucumber mosaic viruscmv) (passionfruit crinkle viruspcv) ( 4) ( 5,6) (3) (Fusarium oxsporum f. sp. cubense race 4) ( 7 9) 5
(4) (BICMV) (CMV) ( 12,13) (5) (PVY PVX ) ( 14) (6) (7) ELSIA (8)( 15,16) (9) 1929 30 6
50 90 ( 17) 2002 3 12 93 92 ( 18,19) 7
() ( ) 1.(Pyricularia oryzae) ( 21) (Xanthomonas campestris pv. oryzae) 1926 69 70 7 8 10121317 1431 (1999)7 ( )70 10 141820 617217859139142 2729 (1995) ( &1992) 2. 87 ROC24 3.(1)1922 3 4 8
(2)2 4. (1)1953 TMV TMV6 7 8CMV(1989) (2) 1 5.(1) 1( 22) 5 5112 (Ralstonia solanacearum)(pseudomonas solanacearum, Smith)9 10 1 (2)1 Y 3 ( 23) (3) 2 (4)1 ()(ZYMV) ( PRV-W) (MVbMV) (CMV) (5)1 ( ) (6)1- ( 24) (7)6 ()( 25) (8) 577 (9) TuMV (10) 1 2 ( 26) 6. (1)(Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense)1 ( ) ( 11) (2)13() (3)1 5 ( ) 9
( ) 1.(1) (Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. niveum) (2)(3) (Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. momordicae) ( 27) (F. oxysporum f. sp. luffae) Monosporascus cannonballas 2.(Phytophthora capsici) (Fusarium oxysporum) EG190 EG203 EG219 3. ( )() () (sour orange)(tristeza virus ) 4.(Phytophthora cinnamomi ) G6 Duke7 Thomas G775a G775b 10
() (P. parasitica, P. palmivora) (P. palmivora, P. citrophthora) (citrus canker) P. citrophthora P. citrophthora () (likubin) (tristeza) (exocortis)? 11
(anti-pathogen substances) (induce resistance)plant Growth Promotion Rhizobacteria (PGPR) (Trichoderma spp.) (Giocladium spp.) ( ) (phytoalexin) ( ) 1980 (phosphoric acid, H 3 PO 3 ) ( -3 PO 4 ) ( ) (H 3 PO 3 )(KOH) 1:1 95-98% ph6.1 ( ) 12
( ) 1. 500-1000 ( 100100g100g 1000200g200g500) 72 3 2.7 2 3 1000 3.100-200 1 2 3 7-14 7 4. 1-2 ( ) 3 (ATP) ( 28 31) (1000 ppm) ( ) 13
(1000 ppm) (%) P. infestans 80-100 P. capsici 60-100 P. cryptoge 60-90 Phytophthora spp. 70 100 Phytophthora spp. 57 Phytophthora spp. 90-95 P. parasitica 60 80-90 95-100 P. palmivora 80-100 P. cinnamomi 80 () 80 10,000ppm P. citrophthora 50-100 P. citrophthora 80-95 Peronophthora litchi >90 Pythium spp. 100 14
(mild strain) (cross protection) (TMV) () (1)(2) 15
1900 1963 Garrett () 1974 Baker Cook (inoculum density) (1)(antibiotic production) (2) (competition for nutrients)(3) (mycoparasitism) (predation)(4) (cell wall degrading enzymes) (5)(induce systemic acquired resistance) Phlebia giganta Heterobasidion annosum Agrobacterium radiobacter strain 84 (Fluorescent Pseudomonads) (Streptomyces spp.) (Trichoderma spp.)(gliocladium spp. ) (Trichoderma spp.)(gliocladium spp. ) (Bacillus sp.) 16
(Trichoderma koningii) (Bacillus subtilis) (Trichoderma harzianum, T. atroviride, and T. virens)( 34) (1) Gustafson Inc. (Bacillus products) Quantum 4000 HB TM, Kodiak TM (HB, Concentrate, AT T), Epic concentrates TM. (2) W. R. Grace Co. --GlioGard TM (Trichoderma (Gliocladium) virens strain GL-21. (3) BioWork Co. (Trichoderma harzianum)--bio-trek 22G TM. (4) Ag Ressearch Consulting Co. (ARCC) Ecogen Co. -- Pseudomonas fluorescens (5) Agrimm Technologie Co. Trichopel TM (Trichoderma harzianum T. viride) (6) Kermira Co. Mycostop TM (Streptomyces griseovirides) (7)--Trichodex (Trichoderma harzianum) ( 35) ( 36) ( 37) 17
(1) (2) (3) SH FBN-5A AR-3-2 LT ( )SH () SH ( )( 38) ( 40) SH ( 39) (%) 4.40 90-120 8.40 SH 4.25 8.25 1.04 13.16 ( )FBN-5A () 60.50 FBN-5A(R. solani AG-4) ( 41) (Sclerotinia sclerotiorum)(f. oxysporum f. sp. raphani) (F. oxysporum f. sp. lactucum)1 % FBN-5A FBN-5A R. solani AG- 18
4 R. solani AG-4 ( )AR-3-2 AR-3-2()( 44) AR-3-2 AR-3-2-S AR-3-2-C 250AR-3-2 AR-3-2 200 AR-3-2-S (%) AR-3-2 AR-3-2-S AR-3-2-C 20 10 10 70 25 20 15 10 10 10 6 6 6 3 20 20 250 1 4 4 AR-3-2 AR-3-2-C 35 30 30 9167 10084 ( )LT 5 LT () LT (%) 40 5 40 100-20010-12 10 5 19
( )() S-H(Hoagland) (CHl00) CHl00 ( 42) ( 43) CHl00 CHl00(1) (2)(3) (4)(1) 300 400CH100 ; (2) CHl00 CHl00CHl00; (3) CHl00 (4) CHl00 ( ) B2 LD501,800 mg/kg 20
( ) ( 45) 1000 50%200-500 10-20% ( 45 47) ( ) () (Fusarium proliferatum Botrytis elliptica Colletotrichum gloeosporioides) 10 ( 48) ( 49 50) Milsana R Reynoutria sachalinensis (giant knotweed) 21
( ) (bicarbonates)(hco 3- ) (NaHCO 3 )(KHCO 3 ) (NH 4 HCO 3 ) (baking soda, sodium bicarbonate) 1933 HottesA Little Book of Climbing Plants 133A. de Yaczenski1981Homma1982 Punja Grogan 1985 Organic Gardening500 1990Greenhouse ManagerHorst 200 ( ) ( 51 52) ( 53) 22
200 ( ) (cuticle)(wax) (cutin) (1)(2) (3) (4) (1)(2) (3) (4) (polyelectrolytes )(Botrytis elliptica (Berk.) Cooke ) FO4490SH3000 (Marco Polo) (Acapulco) (Casa Blanca)FO4490SH 3000 2000 (esterase) 23
(Pythium species) (Plasmodiphora brassicae) ( 54,55) () ( ) 1. 2. 24
3. 4. ( ) ( ) (Pythium ultimum) Ralstonia solanacerum Erwinia stewartiicorynebacterium michiganese ( 56,57) 25
( ) (Pythium aphanidermatum) 2012 (Rhizoctonia solani) Pythium myriotylum ( ) () (Phytophthora palmivora) ( ) (Rhizoctonia) ( 58) ( Pythium myriotylum )5( )( ) 26
( ) (cauliflower mosaic virus) ( ) (papaya ringspot virus) (non persistent) 32 25 ( 59) ( ) ( 60) ( 61)( 62)( 63,64) () 27
90% ( ) ( 65 68) () ( )( 67,68) PE ( ) () 28
() 5-7 (brix, 14.0-14.4) (12.4) (12.2) 1 (%) 2 (%) 2 (%) Brix 9 3 12 3 9 12 9 12 (%) 20.5 27.4 2.2 9.3 79.5 67.6 14.4 29.9 41.7 3.2 11.5 70.1 58.3 14.0 2 44.0 68.0 8.0 26.0 52.0 24.0 12.2 58.3 72.0 10.0 28.3 36.4 23.3 12.4 1. 2. (%) 3. 1. 2. 3. 14 ( 69) 21Pythiogeton zizaniae( 70) 4. (wood decay fungi) 29
3 (Phellinus noxius) 70. () ( ) ( 71 73) (Phytophthora parasitica P. capsici ) ( 74)9 7% 5% 20% 40% 9 0 15% ( 75) () 30
( ) 60-7080 100 1. (1) (2) 2. (1) (2) 31
3. (Thielaviopsis basicola) PE 3 4 (Verticillium dahliaei)(fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici)(solarization) ( 76) 40 75 (1) 52 6010 50 60 50 2 454 100 (2) (minor pathogens)(3) 80 32
4. 0 12 ( ) 31%85% 33
( virulence) 34
1. 4. 2. 5. 3. 6. 35
7. 8. () () 9. 10. 11. 36
12. 13. ( ) ( ) ( ) 14. 15. ( ) ( ) 16.( ) 37
17. 18. 19. 20. ( ) ( ) 38
21. 22. 23. ( ) 24. PVY-W ZYMV ( ) CK 2 25. 26. 2 ( ) ( )( ) 39
CK H PO 3 3 28. 27. CK H PO 3 3 CK 29. H PO 3 3 CK H PO 3 3 30. 31. 40
32. 33. ( ) 34. () CK 35. () 41
36. 37. 38. SH() 42
39.SH () CK SH 40. SH ( ) SSC-063 FMC Trichoderma CK 41. () 42. 100 () CK CH-100 43. 100() 43
44. AR32S A.B.C.D.E. 44
CK CK 200X 48. 45. CK 500X 1000X 2000X CK 49. 46. CK CK 47. 50. 45
CK 51. CK 52. CK 53. 46
55. 54. 56. 57. (soft nose) 58. 47
59. 60. 61. 62. 63. 64. 48
65. 66.( )( ) 67. 68. 69. ( )( ) 49
71. 72. 73. 74. 75. 76. () 50
1997 p.30-66 1996,11,15 1992 p. 317-324 1991,11,28-29 2001 10:147-154 2001( ) P.197-206 (1) 474 1998 7 19-26 1998 7 19-26 1992 p.187-2081991,11,28-29 1998 7 54-65 () 1998 () 266 1997 p.29-50 1997,2,25-26 1997 p77-851996,11,15 1998 40:251-264 1992p.233-250 1991,11,28-29 () 1996 1996,11,29 1995 p150-158 1995,7 1998 p1-21 1993p.95-1161993,2,11-12 199549:19-31 1997 p.99-1051996,11,15 1998 40:121-132 19976 67-72 1983 25 127-137 1989 16: 141-155 1989 p.165-140 51
1996p.73-84 1996,12,27 1997 39:63-74 2001p.31-38 2001,11,30 1997 p.106-112 1996,11,15 2003 12:141-148 1997 6 76-82 1997 p.67-76 1996,11,15 1997- p113-119 1996,11,15 1992 p.209-220 1997 p.88-92 1996,1,15 200110 202 1992p.221-232 1991,11,28-29 1993p.227-237 1995p.151-158 1995,9,14-15 199657:151-157 2001 p. 260-288 (1) 1997 p.1-4 1996,11,15 1993p.229-3061993,2,11-12 ( ) 1999209 1995250 1991Trichoderma koningii 33 63-71 1997p.154-162 1996,11,15 1993p.221-230 1993,2,11-12 200312:1-9 1992p.325-348 1991,11,28-29 1992p.293-300 1991,11,28-29 2001 14: 35-43 52
1999AR3-2S 8: 157-162 1997 6 89-94 1997p.163-171 1996,11,15 2003 12:278-279 1998 7 94-104 1996 p.141-150 1995,9,14-15 2001 P.207-216 (1)474 1998 85PP 1997p.93-98 1996,11,15 2001p.13-20 2001,11,30 Agrios, G. N. 1987. Plant Pathology. Academic press. New York. 703 pp. Baker, K. F., and Cook, R. J. 1974. Biological Control of Plant Pathogens. American Phytopathological Society Press. St. Paul. Minnesota. 443pp. Burges, H. D. 1998. Formulation of Microbial Biopesticides: Benefical Microorganisms, Nematodes and Seed treatments. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, The Netherlands. Hwang, S. C. 1991. Somaclonal resistance in Cavendish banana to fusarium wilt. Plant Protection Bulletin (Taiwan) 33:124-132. Ko, W. H. 1982. Biological control of Phytophthora root rot of papaya with virgin soil. Plant Dis 66:446-448. Ko, W. H., Wang, S. Y., Hsieh, T. F. & Ann, P. J. 2003. Effects of sunflower oil on tomato powdery mildew caused by Oidium neolycopersici. J. Phytopathol.151: 144-148. Konstantinidou-Doltsinis, S., and Schmitt, A. 1998. Impact of treatment with plant extracts from Reynoutria sachalinensis (F. Schnidt) Nakai on intensity of powdery mildew severity and yield in cucumber under high disease pressure. Crop Prot. 17: 649-656. Lin, C. Y. 1995. Technology for sustainable agricultural development Pages 1-26 in APO- Japan Symposium on Prospective Agricultural Technologies. July 25-August 4, Tokyo, Japan. Saindrenan, P., and Guest, D. I. 1998. Involvement of phytoalexins in the response of phosphonate-treated plants to infection by Phytophthora species. P375-390 in Handbook of Phytoalexin Metabolism and Action. Daniel, M., & Purkayastha, R. P. eds. Marel Dekker Inc. New York. 615pp. Sun, S. K., and Huang, J. W. 1985. Formulated soil amendment for controlling Fusarium wilt and other soilborne diseases. Plant Dis. 69:917-920. Sun, S. K., and Huang, J. W. 1985. Mechanisms of control of Fusarium wilt by amendment of soil with S-H mixtures Plant Prot. Bull. 27:159-169. Tzeng, E. D. 1988. Photodynamic action of nethionine riboflavin mixture and its application in the control of plant diseases and other plant pests. Plant Protection Bulletin (Taiwan) 30:87-100. Wang, H. L., S. D.Yeh, R. J. Chiu, and D. Gonsalves. 1987. Effectiveness of cross protection by mild mutants of papaya ringspot virus for control of ringspot disease of papaya in Taiwan. Plant Dis 71:491-497. Wang, H. L., Yeh, S. D., Chiu, R. J., and Gonsalves, D. 1987. Effectiveness of cross protection by mild mutants of papaya ringspot virus for control of ringspot disease of papaya in Taiwan. Plant Dis 71:491-497. 53
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