7 IP IP ARP ICMP IP OSI 3 7.1 7.1.1 7.1 DTE0/1 DCE0/1 DCE0/1 DCE2DCE3 DCE4 7.1 DTE1 DTE2 DCE1 DTE1 DCE2 DCE3 DCE4 MAC DCE2 DCE5 DTE1 DCE1 DCE3 DCE6 DTE2 DCE4 7.1 140
end to end 7.2 OSI 7 OSI 3 A B 7.2 Packet Routing LAN WAN 7.1.2 141
Datagram Virtual Circuit VC 3 7.1 7.1 VC 7.2 n n 1 nn 1/2 Circuit Switching Store and Forward Switching 7.2.1 Circuit Switching PSTN 142
3 7.3 A 1 B A 1 B 6 1 6 1 6 1 2 61 4 3 6 1 4 3 6 A B A 1 4 3 6 B 2 A 1 3 6 B 4 5 7.3 A B 7.2.2 Message Switching 143
7.4 A 1 2 6 B 1 2 A 3 6 B 4 5 144 7.4 3 Header Message Trailer ASCII EBCDIC 7.2.3 Packet Switching 1964 ARPANET
Packet CCITT ITU 7.5 A 1 6 B A 1 2 4 5 3 6 B 7.5 7.2.4 7.6 145
PKT1 PKT1 PKT2 PKT1 PKT3 PKT2 PKT1 PKT3 PKT2 PKT2 PKT1 PKT3 PKT2 PKT3 PKT1 PKT3 PKT2 PKT3 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 146 7.2.5 7.6 HDTV 1 a b c d DSIDigital Speech Interpolation
DSI 2 Frame Relay X.25 VLSI 3 ATMAsynchronous Transfer Mode ATM 53 5 48 ATM ATM ATM ATM ATM 7.3 TCP/IP TCP/IP Internet Layer IP ARP RARP ICMP 7.3.1 IP IP TCP/IP IP IP TCP/IP IP IP IP TCP/IP Internet Layer IP 7.7 IP IP IP IP 7.7 IP 147
20 IP 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 D T R C 0 4 8 16 19 24 31 20 IP 7.7 IP 4 IP IP IP 4.0 IPv4 4 32 4 5 8 3 4 DTR CDTRC 1 16 2 16 1 65535 64 KB IP MTUMaximum Transfer Unit IP MTU 7.2 MTU 7.2 MTU MTU Hyperchannel 65535 16 Mbps 17914 4 Mbps 4464 FDDI 4352 1500 X.25 576 PPP 296 148
16 MTU fragment 3 MFMore FragmentMF=1 MF=0 DFDon t Fragment DF=0 13 8 8 64 8 TTLTime To Live 32 s 2 8 1=255 s 8 TCPUDP ICMP 16 1 40 IP 32 32 7.3.2 48 12 00-10-5a-63-aa-99 MAC EPROM IP 3 IP IP IP MAC 149
7.3.3 IP 1 IP IP 32 32 IP 7.8 IP 32 7.8 IP 32 IP Dotted Decimal Notation IP 32 IP 4 8 Octet 8 0 255 8 IP 0.0.0.0 IP 255.255.255.255 IP 32 IP IP ABCD E 7.9 ABC D E ABC 7.3 32 A 0 0.0.0.0 127.255.255.255 B 1 0 128.0.0.0 191.255.255.255 C 1 1 0 192.0.0.0 223.255.255.255 D 1 1 1 0 224.0.0.0 239.255.255.255 E 1 1 1 1 0 240.0.0.0 255.255.255.255 7.9 IP 150
7.3 ABC A 2 7 2=126 2 24 2=16 777 214 B 2 14 2=16 382 2 16 2=65 534 C 2 21 2=2 097 150 2 8 2=254 1A 7.9 A A IP 8 3 8 A 1 0 1 8 00000000 0 01111111 127 0 127 IP 1 8 1 126 A 2B 7.9 B B IP 4 8 2 8 2 8 B 2 10 1 8 10000000 128 10111111 191 IP 1 8 128 191 B 3C 7.9 C C IP 4 8 3 8 1 8 C 3 110 1 8 11000000 192 11011111 223 IP 1 8 192 223 C 4D 7.9 D IP D 4 1110D IP 1 8 11100000 11101111 224 239 IP 1 8 224 239 D 5E 7.9 Internet E Internet E E 4 1111E IP 1 8 11110000 11111111 240 255 IP 1 8 240 255 E 2 IP IP IP 1 0 IP 102.0.0.0138.1.0.0 198.10.1.0 151
A B C 2 1 IP 102.255.255.255 138.1.255.255 198.10.1.255 A B C IP 3 IP 0 1 7.10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00 00 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 111111111 1111111 127 7.10 3 Internet InterNICInternet IP IANAInternet IANA IP Internet Internet IP IP IP Internet IP Internet ISP IP Private Address IP REC1918 3 IP 1 A 16 B 256 C 10.0.0.0 10.255.255.255172.17.0.0172.31.255.255 192.168.0.0192.168.255.255 IP Internet Internet Network Address Translation NAT proxy 152 4 IP
IP IP IP Internet 32 IP IP IP Sub Networking Subnet Segment IP 7.11 7.11 5 0 1IP ABC A 22 B 14 C 6 7.4 0 1 7.4 1 2 1 =2 2 2=0 2 2 2 =4 4 2=2 3 2 3 =8 8 2=6 4 2 4 =16 16 2=14 5 2 5 =32 32 2=30 6 2 6 =64 64 2=62 7 2 7 =128 128 2=126 153
8 2 8 =256 256 2=254 9 2 9 =512 512 2=510 C 3 30 7.9 IP C C C 211.81.192.0 3 2 8 7.5 1 211.81.192.0 8 211.81.192.255 6 3 3 IP 3 7.5 C 211.81.192.0 8 5 0 000 211.81.192.0 211.81.192.31 00000 11111 0 31 1 001 211.81.192.32 211.81.192.63 00000 11111 32 63 2 010 211.81.192.64 211.81.192.95 00000 11111 64 95 3 011 211.81.192.96 211.81.192.127 00000 11111 96 127 4 100 211.81.192.128 211.81.192.159 00000 11111 128 159 5 101 211.81.192.160 211.81.192.191 00000 11111 160 191 6 110 211.81.192.192 211.81.192.223 00000 11111 192 223 7 111 211.81.192.224 211.81.192.255 00000 11111 224 254 154 6 IP IP 3 C IP 11.81% 88.19% 1 1 IP 71% 7 IP ABC Classful IP IP
IP IP 102.2.3.3 A 102.0.0.0 8 B 102.2.0.0 16 C 102.2.3.0 IP A B C IP IP IP CalsslessIP IP Subnetmask IP IP IP 32 4 8 IP 1 IP 0 IP IP 102.2.3.3/255.0.0.0 8 24 102.0.0.0 102.2.3.3/255.255.248.0 21 11 AB C 255.0.0.0 255.255.0.0 255.255.255.0 7.6 C 7.6 C 2 3 4 5 6 255.255.255.192 255.255.255.224 255.255.255.240 255.255.255.248 255.255.255.252 X.X.X.X/Y IP X IP 8 Y 102.2.3.3/255.0.0.0 102.2.3.3/8 102.2.3.3/255.255.248.0 102.2.3.3/21 8IP IP IP IP IP IP Network Information Center NIC IP IP IP 155
Dynamic Host Control Protocol DHCP IP IP IP TCP/IP IP Windows 9XWindows XP Windows NT ARP IP TCP/IP IP Web DNS FTP IP 9 IP IP 7.3.4 IP MAC IP MAC TCP/IP Address Resolution Protocol ARP MAC ARP IP MAC ARP IP 7.12 ARP 18 3192.168.3.0 19 T0192.168.3.1 F0/0 192.168.2.1 F0/1192.168.2.1 1192.168.1.0 2192.168.2.0 1 192.168.1.2 2 3 4 5 6 192.168.1.4 192.168.2.2 192.168.2.4 17 156 1 ARP 7.12 1 3 1 3 IP IP IP IP IP 1 IP IP 1 ARP 3 IP MAC 3 MAC 1 3
MAC MAC MAC MAC 3 IP 3 MAC 1 ARP ARP request 48 MAC 1 ffffffffffff IP 192.168.1.4 3 IP 1 IP 3 MAC 1 ARP ARP reply 1 MAC ARP 2 ARP 1 4 4 IP 192.168.2.2 ARP 4 MAC 2 3 ARPproxy ARP IP F0/0 IP 192.168.1.1 1 MAC MAC 1 MAC MAC 4 ARP 1 MAC ARP 1 7.3.5 RARP MAC IP MAC IP RARP RARP RARP RARP IP RARP RARP IP RARP 7.3.6 ICMP IP Internet Internet control message protocol ICMP ICMP RFC792 ICMP ICMP IP Ping Tracert ICMP 1 Ping192.168.1.1 157
192.168.1.1 Echo Request ICMP 1 Echo Reply ICMP 1 Unreach Able Destination ICMP ICMP IP 4 7.13 ICMP IP ICMP 8 8 ICMP 7.13 ICMP ICMP IP ICMP ICMP ICMP ICMP 1 IP IP IP 7.7 7.7 ICMP 0 0 Ping 0 1 3 2 3 4 DF 5 4 0 0 5 1 2 3 158
8 0 Ping 9 0 10 0 11 0 TTL 1 TTL 0 IP 12 1 2 TTL 0 IP 3 IP 7.3.7 IP IGMP 1IP PC PC 3 1 1 1 Internet Internet IP IP 1 IP D 224.0.0.0 239.255.255.255D 28 2 28 2 IANA 224.0.0.0 224.0.0.1 224.0.0.2 224.0.0.3 159
224.0.0.4 DVMRP 224.0.0.19 224.0.0.225 239.192.0.0 239.251.255.255 239.252.0.0 239.255.255.255 3 4 IANA 01-00-5e-00-00-00 01-00-5e-7f-ff-ff 2 Internet IGMP Internet IGMPInternet Group Management Protocol IGMP IGMP IP IGMP IP IP IP IGMP IP IGMP IGMP IGMP Internet Internet DVMRPDistance Vector Multicast Routing Protocol 7.4 F0/0 7.4.1 160
3 IP IP IP IP 7.4.2 STUB 7.4.3 Map Routing IP IP IP IP 161
What destination or Where to go How to reach IP IP IP Routed Hop 7.8 Routing Information Protocol RIP Interior Gateway Routing Protocol IGRP Open Shortest Path First OSPF IS-IS Intermediate System-Intermediate System Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol EIGRP 7.8 IGPInterior Gateway Protocols EGPExterior Gateway Protocols autonomous system AS 16 NIC RIPIGRPOSPFEIGRP Internet Border Gateway Protocol BGP 7.5 IPv6 7.5.1 IPv6 Internet IPv4 30 Internet Internet IPv4 162
IP 20 90 IETF IPng 1994 9 The Recommendation for the IP Next Generation Protocol 1995 IPng IP 6IPv6 4 1998 IPv6 IPv4 IPv4 IPv6 ATM 7.5.2 IPv6 IPv6 128 IPv6 1000 IPv6 IPv4 IP QoS IPv6 IPv4 IPv4 IP 32 2 1 IPv6 IP 128 2 1 IPv6 Aggregation Entry Multicast Flow-control QoS Auto-configuration DHCP IPv6 IP 7.5.3 IPv6 IPv4 IPv6 128 2 128 1 IP 10 38 IP 1 IPv6 RFC1884 3 IPv6 HP-UX 163
IPv4 IPv6 IPv4 2 IPv6 RFC1881 IPv6 Internet IANAInternet Assigned Numbers Authority Internet IANA IABInternet Architecture Board IEGS IPv6 IANA 3 IPv6 RIPE-NCCwww.ripe.net INTERNICwww.internic.net APNICwww.apnic.net 7.5.4 IPv6 IP IPv4 IP 4. 8 IPv6 128 8 16 128 IPv6 128 1IPv6 3 IPv6 x:x:x:x:x:x:x:x x 128 8 16 2001:fecd:ba23:cd1f:dcb1:1010:9234:4088 IPv6 :: 16 :: 16 fec0:1:0:0:0:0:0:1234 fec0:1::1234 IPv4 IPv6 IPv6 x:x:x:x:x:x:d.d.d.d x IPv6 96 d 32 IPv4 IPv6 IPv4 IPv6 0:0:0:0:0:0:10.1.2.3 ::10.11.3.123 2IPv6 IPv6 IPv4 CIDR CIDR IPv6 IPv6-address/prefix-length IPv6-address IPv6 prefix-length fec0:0:0:1::1234/64 64 fec0:0:0:1 IPv6 IPv6 164
3 IPv6 n 128 n ID IPv6 :: ::1 0:0:0:0:0:0:0:1 4IPv4 IPv6 IPv6 IPv4 1 IPv4 IPv6 IPv6 IPv4 IPv6 IPv6 IPv6 32 IPv4 IPv4 IPv6 80 16 32 0000 IPv4 ::192.168.0.1 2 IPv4 IPv6 IPv6 IPv4 IPv4 IPv6 IPv6 IPv4 IPv4 IPv6 80 16 32 ffff IPv4 ::ffff:192.168.0.1 3 IPv6 RFC 2374 IPv6 3 13 8 24 16 64 FP TLA ID RES NLA ID SLA ID Interface ID ::ffff:192.168.0.1 FP = Format Prefix 001 TLA ID = Top-Level Aggregation Identifier RES = Reserved for future use 165
NLA ID = Next-Level Aggregation Identifier SLA ID = Site-Level Aggregation Identifier Interface ID = Interface Identifier 4 10 54 64 1111111010 0 ID 5 10 38 16 64 1111111011 0 ID ID 6 8 4 4 112 11111111 ID FF 4 000T 3 T 4 1 2 ID = FF02:0:0:0:0:0:0:1 = FF02:0:0:0:0:0:0:2 = FF05:0:0:0:0:0:0:2 IPv6 IPv4 IPv6 7.9 7.9 IPv4 IPv6 IPv4 IPv6 IPv4 32 IPv6 128 IPv4 4 5 IP IPv6 127.0.0.1 ::1 166
IPv4 IPv6 IP 169.254.0.0/16 224.0.0.0/4 IPv6 FE80::/64 IPv6 FF00::/8 IPv6 0.0.0.0 ::0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0 IP 10.0.0.0/8 172.16.0. FEC0::/48 0/12192.168.0.0/16 IPv4 AIPv6 AAAA IN-ADDR.ARPA IP6.INT 7.5.5 IPv6 IPv6 3 IPv6 IPv6 7.14 7.10 320 4 4 24 16 8 8 128 128 7.14 IPv6 7.10 IPv6 IPv6 Version Priority IPv6 6 07 815 Flow label Payload length The next header UDP17TCP6 Hop limit Source address Destination address IP 128 IP 128 IPv6 167
1 IPv6 traffic congestion-controlled noncongestion-controlled IPv6 07 1Internet 7 IPv6 815 IPv6 7.11 7.11 IPv6 0 1 Bacjground 2 3 4 FTPNFS 5 6 Telnet 7 Internet SNMP 815 8SNMP 7 168 2 IPv6 6 s 6 s cache IPv4 IPv6 SMTP FTP WWW 3 IP IP 16 IP 65535 Hop By Hop 0 4 IP
IP 7.12 7.12 IPv6 0 46 RSVP 4 IP 50 6 TCP 51 17 UDP 58 ICMP 43 59 44 60 45 IDRP 5 1 0 Loop IP IP PC PC 6 IP 2 128 7IP IPv4 Time Stamp IPv6 Extention Header IP IPv6 IPv6 Hop-by-Hop Option Header Routing Fragmentation IPv6 IPv4 169
7.6 Authentication Security Encrypted Payload 7.6.1 OSI 7.15 TCP/IP 170 7.15 OSI 1 MAC OSI 3 IP IP 7.16 IP IP
TCP/IP TCP IP IP A A B TCP IP B A B 7.16 20 2 IP 7.17 211.81.192.0 218.12.225.0 F0/1 S1 S0 202.207.233.0 7.17 3 171
1 FDDI ATM SDH ISDN LAN-LANLAN-WAN WAN-WAN Internet 7.18 4 5 1 1 2 3 A F0/0 F0/0 F0/1 T0 2 B S0/0 S0/1 C F0/0 21 20 19 18 6 172 7.18 IP IP LAN WAN IP 7.18 1 5 1 2 1 5 1 5 IP IP IP IP IP IP 1 A F0/0 F0/0 IP IP F0/1 IP F0/1 MAC MAC B F0/0 MAC MAC B IP IP T0 5 MAC MAC T0 MAC MAC 802.5 5 5 1 IP
2 7.12 1 1 2 IP 1 2 5 6 IP 2 3 18 19 IP 3 3 IP 3 IP 1 255.255.255.255 IP IP 1 2 3 1 192.168.2.255 2 3 IP F0/1 T0 OSI 3 VLAN VLAN VLAN VLAN OSI 3 3 3 VLAN VLAN LAN VLAN VLAN 7.19 VLAN 192.168.1.0 192.168.2.0 192.168.3.0 7.19 VLAN 173
7.6.2 3 3 1 3 3 IP OSI 2 3 OSI 3 3 2 +3 23 3 3 2 IP AB 3 A IP B IP B B A 2 A B A ARP IP 3 3 A IP ARP 3 B MAC A B MAC 3 B ARP B ARP 3 MAC 3 A B MAC 2 MAC A B 2 3 2 3 2 33 3 3 ASIC 7.20 2 MAC 2 3 3 ASIC IP ARP MAC MAC 2 2 174
3 ASIC 3 MAC MAC B A 7.20 3 A 3 ARP 3 B ARP B ARP MAC 3 CPU 7.21 3 CPU 3 MAC MAC B A 7.21 3 A 3 ARP 3 B ARP B ARP MAC 2 MAC 2 CPUCPU IP ARP MAC MAC 2 2 CPU 3 4 3 VLAN VLAN 3 MAC IP 2 3 175
CACHE ASIC 3 3 3 VPN 3 3 3 4 3 7.7 7.7.1 1B B 150.193.0.0 750 6 4 1 7.13 7.13 B 150.193.0.0 5 176 7.7.2 2ARP ARP ARP Windows 2000/2003 Cache ARP Cache ARP 10 min ARP 10 min
1 Cache ARP ARP a Cache Cache ARP NO ARP Entries Found ARP IP MAC 7.22 7.22 ARP-a Cache 2 ARP Ping IP MAC ARP ARP a ARP 3 ARP arp s inet_addr eth_addr IP MAC ARP inet_addr IP eth_addr MAC ARP arp-s 108.10.111 00-0A-E6-DF-F3-74 4 ARP arp d inet_addr arp d 10.8.10.112 ARP a ARP 7.7.3 3Ping Ping ICMP Ping Ping Windows 20002003 Ping Ping [-t] [-a] [-n count] [-l size] [-f] [-i TTL] [-v TOS] [-r count] [-s count] [[-j host-list] [-k host-list]] [-w timeout] destination_ip_adddr 7.14 Ping 7.14 Ping ICMP IP 177
7.14 Ping -t Ping Control-C -a IP -n count ICMP 4 -l size echo 32B -f -i TTL -v TOS -r count -s count -j host-list computer-list IP 9 -k host-list computer-list IP 9 -w timeout 1 Ping Ping -t Ping 10.8.10.112 t IP 10.8.10.112 Ping Ctrlbreak ICMP 7.23 CtrlC Ping 178 7.23 Ping 2 Ping Ping 32B -l size Ping 10.8.10.112 l 1560 7.24
7.24 Ping 3 Ping 1000 ms 1000 ms Request Timed Out Ping -w Ping 10.8.10.112 w 5000 ms Ping Destination Net Unreachable reply from Request Timed Out 7.7.4 4Tracert Tracert IP Tracert IP TTL ICMP IP TTL Internet ICMP Tracert TTL 1 TTL 0 ICMP Tracert TTL 1 TTL 1 TTL ICMP TTL Tracert Tracert ICMP -d Tracert IP DNS 179
Tracert Tracert [-d] [-h maximum_hops] [-j host-list] [-w timeout] target_name d IP h maximum_hops target_name j host-list Tracert w timeout target_name IP Tracert 218.12.225.6 7.25 7.25 tracert 218.12.225.6 1 ARP ARP ARP ARP 2 180