1 一 閩 南 語 及 閩 南 族 群 的 形 成 4-1 1. 4-1 1 41
2. 7 3. 2 (669 6600 2 9 4. 6 8 10 5. 6. 19 30 15 23 (1662 50-100 2 42
43 4-1 ( b ( a ( ( ( ( ( ( [ ] ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( a b 60 1/3 1/3 1/3 4-2
4-2 1. (1 (khue 1 khere 1 (2 (khir 3 2. (3 (chinn 1 1. er ir (4 (pher 5 ue 5 (5 (ber 5, be 5 (6 (luah 8 3. (7 (hoo 2 2. be 5 3. hoo 2 41 (8 (long 5 ioh 8 8 1. (1 (khue 1 ( (2 (khi 3 2. (3 (chinn 1 (4 (phe ue 1. 2. er ir (5 (be 5, bue 5, me 5 (6 (luah 8 3. (7 (ho 2 3. ho 2 hoo 2 4. 41 (8 (long 5 ioh 8 8 1. (1 (khe 1 (2 (khi 3 2. (3 (chenn 1 (4 (phue 5 e 5 1. uinn 2. (muai 5 (5 (mue 5 ;muai 5 (6 (juah 8 3. (7 (ho 2 3. j [dz] 1997 26 53 (8 (long 5 ioh 8 0 4. 1. (1 (khe 1 (2 (chinn 1 2. (3 (phue 5 e 5 (4 (hng 5 1. 2. l j (5 (mue 5 (6 (luah 8, juah 8 3. (7 (ho 2 3. (... 4. 53 (8 (long 5 ioh 8 0 (1 1. (1 (khe 1 (2 (chinn 1 ( (2 (3 (phue 5 e 5 (4 (hng 5 1. ( ( (3 2. (5 (muai 5 ( 2. muai 5, (6 (juah 8 luah 8 juah 8 be 5, luah 8 (7 (ho 2 (8 (long 5 ioh 8 0 3. 2001 5 7. 19 4-2 44
b m bi 5 ( ber 5 ( be 5 bue 5 be 5 bue 5 me 5 muai 5 mai 5 ( mue 5 mui 5 ( muai 5 mi 5 3 moe 1 moi 1 二 客 家 族 群 及 客 家 語 的 形 成 4-2 (ciah 8 400 1 1. 2. 3 moi 45
3. 4. 畲 4 畲 4-2 5. (1 300 (2 280-200 50~100 4 畲 36 2 畲 畲 畲 46
(3 200-100 一 臺 灣 漢 人 常 見 的 堂 號 ( 70-80 (1 4-3 4-4 4-1 (2 (3 4-5 4-3 ( ( ( a ( ( ( ( ( ( 凃 ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( 47
48 4-3 ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( [ ] ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( [ ] ( [ ] ( ( ( ( ( ( c ( ( ( ( [ ] ( ( ( [ ] ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( c ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( [ ] ( c ( [ ] ( ( ( ( a b c 1981 264-331 1991 4-8
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50 4-5 65.4 26.3 5.3 3.0 100.0 4-4 4-5 4-4 82.8 12.7 4.5 4-6 [ ] a ( ( ( d b c e 15 (
a 13 (1748 95% (2001 b c d 1980 e ( 687 ( 4-3 1. 5 2. 3. a 4-7 b d ( ( e f ( g h c 5 51
a ( ( ( [ ] i ( j 1915 ( b c d (1 (2 (3 (4 e 14 f 53 30 6 g 荆 荆 黄 决 荆 h i j 1981 264-331 1979 ( 4 1. 3. 52
6 4. 二 臺 閩 人 臺 客 人 庶 民 文 化 的 比 較 畲 ( 7 扌 (ku 1987 6 7 23 53
(tai 7 (koo 5 (chhai 7 sai 7 ( ( 1990 54
( 一 臺 閩 語 的 語 音 特 色 4-8 4-9 8 4-8 2005 8 27 ( king kiong 8 3,394 1,127 2,267 1990 139 55
4-8 ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( 44 41 21 32 224 41 33 44 kun kún kùn kut kûn kún kun kut TLPAkun 1 kun 2 kun 3 kut 4 kun 5 kun 2 kun 7 kut 8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 (1 8 7 (2 12345 53 11 4-9 24 11 31 55 32 55 fú fu fù fu fuk fuk 53 55 24 11 44 55 22 fù fu fú fu fū fuk fuk 4-10 i er san sih u liou chi pa ciou shih ji( it li( sam su ngoo liok chit pat kiu sip cit nng sann si goo lak chit pueh kau cap cit nng sann si goo lak chit peh kau cap i ngi(liong sam si ng liuk chit pat ciu siip rhi ngi(liong sam si ng liuk chit pat ciu ship TLPA rh ii /ï/ ih liong liu liuh 二 臺 閩 語 臺 客 語 臺 國 語 三 方 言 聲 母 韻 母 之 比 較 ( 4-11 (IPA b / m d / n g / N dz / š 4 m n N 3 l z 5 š b d g dz 4 TLPA 56
b d g j 9 4 (gua ua p tk c 4-11 p h t h k h p t k? b g ts h ts dz m n N l s h z IPA 1995 4-12 ( ( (TLPA b g d( l (TLPA b g d( l (TLPA b g j (TLPA b g j( ( d( ( ( b g j b g d b (bun 5 v m g (gu 5 ng g j (ji 7 (IPA dz d d 10 l IPA l ch c j th t d thit 4 to 5 ( 11 ta 1 poo 1 ( din 5 keh 4 ( lin 5 keh 4 chit 4 to 5 ( ca 1 poo 1 ( jin 5 keh 4 ( (gua ua 2. 9 bak-khu io-bi lin-goo 10 1997 62 l (1990 8-9 (1990 68 d 11 2001 286 57
(IPA t t í 4-13 ( ( zh ch sh r z c s (TLPA b z c s ( z c s ( zh ch sh r z c s a IPA ts, ts", s b 3. 12 u i 4-14 ( ( zhi chi shi ri zi ci si (TLPA a ( zi ci si ( zhi chi shi ri zi ci si 4. IPA Ò l C t t " j q x IPA í i 7 7 a 12 (1 (2 (1 (cir 2 c 2 58
3-14 j, q, x 4-15 ( ( b p d t g k m n l h j q x f (TLPA p ph t th k kh m n l h ( b p d t g k m n l h f v ( b p d t g k m n l h j q x f v 5. f v f v f f h hu 6. ə n ə ng ng n ( 1. u o u i 2. 4-16 ( ( i u yu (TLPA i u ( i u ( i u 4-17 ( a ( a e i e u o (TLPA a e i o u o ee oo er ir (TLPA a e i o u o ee oo (TLPA a e i o u o ee oo (TLPA a e i o u o ee oo ( a e i e u o ( a e i e u o a ee oo e o oo o TLPA oo 59
er ir r 13 3. 1/4 1/8 p t k h 4 p t k h p t k 3 h 14 4. ng n m m n ng m (m u (im in (m mou (im n ng 5. IPA ãĩu e õ 15 6. r qer IPA? 13 r (ko 3 (chuan 5 (sam 1 (su 3 (ker 6 (kere 1 (hir 5 (tir 1 (ker 6 (ker 2 (ko 3 (khir 3 14? 15 (1 (2 (uai n vai (3 (cuan 5 (cuann 5 (ban 2 (bann 2 (kuann 1 (kuan 1 60
4-18 ( ( ng n (TLPA ng n m nn h p k t (TLPA ng n m nn h p k t (TLPA ng n m nn h p k t (TLPA ng n m h p k t ( ng n m p k t ( ng n m p k t ( 1. l am m 7 e 3 bue 3 or be 3 m 7 ai 3 buai 3 e 5 hng 1 eng 5 ca 5 hng 1 cang 5 tit 8 eh 8 leh 8 ( cit 8 eh 8 jeh 8 ( cu 1 ia 7 cia 1 ( ; cu 2 ia 7 cia 5 ( hit 4 ia 7 hia 1 ( ; hi 2 ia 7 hia 5 ( siann 5 lang 0 siang 2 ( ; siann 5 lang 5 siang 5 ( (khi 1 lai 0 khiai 2 (loh 8 lai 0 luai 2 cit 1 tin 0 cin 2 cu 1 tian 2 tsian 2 sio 1 kang 5 siang 5 hit 1 tin 0 hin 2 hit 8 tian 2 hian 2 ca 1 -boo 2 coo 2 khi 2 to 5 ui 0 tue 2 khi 2 to 5 a 0 ta 0 e 1 ca 2 khi 2 e 1 -cai 2 2. 16 (1 16 61
HONA hontaßyamaha yamahaß (2 1990 ( sann 1 7 gerh 8 sann 1 7 geh 8 sann 1 gueh 0 ( pun 2 5 -lai 5 pun 2 lai 0 ( biau 5 3 -lik 8 biau 5 -lik 0 miau 5 -lik 0 ( cit 8 8 tun 7 cit 1 tin 0 cin 2 ( hit 1 tun 7 hit 1 tin 0 hin 2 ( siann 5 lang 5 siang 5 siann 5 lang 0 siang 2 to 2 5 ui 7 to 2 1 ui 0 tue 0 ( khi 1 lai 0 khiai 2 khi 1 lai 0 khiai 0 ( loh 4 2 lai 0 luai 2 lok 8 4 lai 0 luai 0 17 (3 -h 8 8 (long 5 7 ioh 8 0 (chann 1 1 geuh 8 0 (im 1 7 gah 8 0 (kim 1 7 giah 8 0 (ioh 8 3 cai 5 (geuh 8 3 te 2 (gah 8 3 ti 7 7 (giah 8 3 soo 3 4 3. o o ou e ee (ei au ao IPA x IPA h 三 臺 閩 語 的 變 調 系 統 1. (1 (2 4-4 17 loh 4 lok 8 luai 0 62
4 (3 1 7 2 1 3 2 5 7 3 7 3 18 (4 A. 4 4 -h p t k 8 2 19 8 2001 143-159 B. 8 8 4 3 20 4-5 2. (1 5 5 3 5 7 (tai (gi 5 7 (tai 5 3 (gi 5 7 (2 6 ( 24 (3 6 6 2 1 2 44 23 17 6 18 7 3 7 6 22 6 6 7 3 32 19 4 32 3 21 3 2 20 8 7 33 7 3 6 63
(4 3 2 53 3 2 41 51 3. (1 (chui 3 3 ta 1 chui 3 2 ta 1 21 (2 A. (tan 5 5 chu 3 0 (tan 5 5 ka 1 0 (cit 4 4 -gue 8 0 (ke 3 3 lang 5 0 B. (cau 3 3 a 1 0 (tan 5 5 e 1 o 4. 1990 114-116 (1 1 7 8 5 2 2 3-3 sin 1 5 sin 1 7 sin 1 ku 7 5 ku 7 3 ku 7 tit 8 5 tit 8 4 tit 8 (2 2 3 4 1 2 ling 2 1 ling 2 1 ling 2 chau 3 2 chau 3 2 chau 3 kip 4 8 kip 4 8 kip 4 (3 5 1 2 2 ang 5 7 ang 5 3 ang 5 ang 5 7 ang 5 7 ang 5 四 臺 客 語 的 變 調 系 統 24 53 4-9 1. 2. (1 (2 2001 xvii 21 64
5 7 5 五 綜 合 比 較 1. 2. r 3. 4 3 4. r r 5. f v 6. 7. n ng m m m n, ng 8. 9. 65
8-10 a 4-19 a F D E B A B G D A A A B c E B C C B A D C C C A B B A,B A A,B B B B B B B C B B A b c A B E A E A A E A E c D B D A D C D B B B B B A E A B B C E C B B B D B b c 66