b s. n g u y n h a c t h u y d ii n bien sinh ly, SINH HOAVAHOA HOC KHI CO THE VAN BONG JYEN.ieu NHA XUAT BAN Y HOC
BS. NGUYEN HAC THUY DIEN BIEN SINH LY, SINH HOA VA HOA HOC KHI Cff THE VAN DONG n h A x u a t b a n y h o c HA NOI - 2001
LO I NOI DAU Trong qua trinh dat nuoc tien len cong nghiep hoa, hien dai hoa, viec nang cao sure khoe va doi song van hoa cho moi nguoi da tro thanh mot yeu cau cap bach mang tinh xa hoi. De dap ung yeu cau do, tac gia bien soan quyen sach nay mong muon gop mot phan nho de ph vu sir hieu biet them ve qua trinh dien bien sinh ly, sinh hoa, bien hoa, cac yeu to ufc che - hung phan than kinh, xuyen suot ca the con nguoi song va trudng thanh cho tat ca cac anh chi dang cong tac lao dong tri oc, lao dong chan tay... Dac biet phuc vu trong va ngoai benh vien cho cac thaythuoccac huan luyen vien, cac sinh vien a cac trtfcmg dai hoc, trung hoc, nhting khan gia yeu the thao, va cac van dong vien. Dai song con nguofi tu luc lot long cho den khi trut hoi thd cuoi cung, no duoc trai qua cac thoi ky : sinh, lao, benh, tii. Sir dien bien phat trien ca the no cung trai qua nhieu khau nhu : qui luat thay cu doi moi, di hoa va dong hoa... Tat ca con ngiroi tren hanh tinh nay muon song can phai giai phong nang lirong can thiet cho ca the, nang ltftfng nay co diroc la nhof sir phan giai vat chat til cac chat ben ngoai dira vao ccf the va chat song trong co the luon luon tan vd chuyen hoa ra khoi co the. Qua trinh nay duoc goi la di hoa. 3
Va con nguc/i can thu nhan nhung vat chat huru co va vo co(tu thit, ca, rau, trung, qua, siia...) roi bien no thanh ( dinh duong) chat song, thanh phan cau tao cua te bao de cho con nguoi ton tai va phat trien, qua trinh nay goi la dong hoa. Muon hieu biet day du ve qua trinh song chung ta can nghien cuu, nam bat su bien hoa hoa hoc va qua trinh dien bien sinh ly phat sinh trong co the khi lao dong, van dong, khi nghi ngoi va om dau. Cung nhu muon biet dirgfc qua trinh song phai nghien cuu anh huomg cu the cua qua trinh qua lai cua ctf the va moi trtfdng quanh ta. Cu the la phai nhin nhan de khai niem co the gay ducrc an tuong qua trinh cua nao bo lam viec, hung phan. urc che va su dieu khien cua he than kinh trung uong trong qua trinh lao dong, van dong va nghi ngoi. Nam duoc chuc nang cua tim, bo may tuan hoan lam viec co bop, van hanh mau di khap co the cung nhu nam duoc chuc nang cua phoi, bo may ho hap thuc hien nhiem vu ho hap trao doi oxy, thai carbonic trong qua trinh lao dong, van dong, luyen tap, thi dau cung nhu liic nghi ngoi va om dau nhu the nao? Dong thoi, nam b kt duoc qua trinh hap thu protid, glucid, lipid vao co the va bien hoa chung, cung nhu tong hop cac chat ay qua qua trinh chuyen hoa khi lao dong, van dong, luyen tap thi dau nhu the nao de chung ta biet duoc cai gi tranh, cai gi can va tim cac phuorng phap bao 4
ve, de ra cac cach ring xur, thuc hien an uong, boi duang, nghi ngoi, lao dong cho thich hap. Dac biet, vai cac thay co giao, cac sinh vien, hoc sinh d cac trudng, cac bac si o benh vien can n&m bat, cu the hoa de long vao cac chuang trinh giang day va dieu tri benh nhan. Bien soan quyen sach nay co tham khoa cac tai lieu cua Lam Thu Mo (Trung Quo'c), GS. LuP.Frolop, GS. Sockin, GS. I-A-Koplep, GS. A.H.Kreptonhhicop va G Pharephen (Lien Xo), GS. Runhehedoman (Thuy Dien)... Hy vong co the gop dutfc mot phan nho, giup cac anh chi, cac ban tim hieu them cac dac diem ca ban ve churc nang hoat dong, cua nao bo, tim, phoi, su chuyen hoa cua cac chat protid, glucid, lipid... Neu ngiing chuyen hoa la ngving sir song, roi loan chuyen hoa la ro'i loan chiic nang ca the ve qua trinh sinh ly, sir bien hoa hoa hoc trong bap thit khi lao dong, hoat dong va yen nghi cung nhir qua trinh sinh ly lam cho sir bien hoa hoa hoc trd thanh ca nang hoat dong cua ca the trong hoat dong lao dong, luyen tap va thi dau. Sir chuyen hoa khac trong qua trinh nghi ngoi va lao dong van dong. Tap sach nay chsc khong khoi nhung thieu sot, mong duac su quan tam gop y cua anh chi va cac ban. Xin cam an! NHA XUAT BAN Y HOC 5
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MUC LUC Loi noi dau 3 Sinh ly va su chuyen hoa co the khi van dong 9 Chuyen hoa protid 16 Chuyen hoa glucid 22 Chuyen hoa lipid 28 Qua trinh lien quan giua nhting chuyen hoa cac glucid, protid va lipid 33 Chuyen hoa niiffc trong cor the 37 Chuyen hoa muoi trong cor the 40 Tac dung tong hup cac chat trong ca the 42 Tom lai 45 Bo nao voi cac to chuc van dong co the 46 Hung phan va uc che 54 Tuan hoan voi van dong 57 Ho hap voi van dong 69 Qua trinh sinh ly khi van dong 77 Bien hoa hoa hoc bsp thit khi van dong 95 Qua trinh bien hoa sinh ly khi van dong 115 Cac tuyen noi tiet cung lien quan den dien bien sinh ly, sinh hoa va hoa hoc trong co the 145 Cac tuyen noi tiet 148 7
SINH LY VA SU CHUYEN HOA CO THE KHI VAN DONG Trong qua trinh phat trien cuoc song con ngudi bao gid cung phai tieu hao mot so' nang luong nhat dinh, dong thdi cung can phai tiep nap mot luong dinh dudng tii ben ngoai de bu d ip lai cho su tieu hao do, neu khong se khong bao gid co the phat trien va ton tai duoc. Vi vay con ngudi luon luon phai hap thu nhiing chat can thiet cho co the tu moi trudng xung quanh de cung cap nang luong cho co the phat trien. Co the con ngudi da hap thu nhiing chat gi d moi trudng xung quanh minh? Moi ngudi deu biet hang giay, hang phut chung ta phai hit thd khong khi, phai uong nude, phai an thit, an rau, ngu coc va nhiing thiic an can thiet khac... Sau khi nhiing thiic an do vao cothe qua qua trinh tieu hoa, bien hoa va hang loat chuyen hoa no se trd thanh nhiing thanh phan bo ich cho to chuc cua co the. Song song vdi su bien hoa do, mot so chat trong co the khong ngung phan hoa de sinh ra nang luong huu ich va nhiing chat ba vo dung (nhu nude tieu, phan, mo hoi v.v...) Nang luong dung de cung cap cho cac hoat dong lao dong tri oc va lao dong chan tay cua moi ngudi hang ngay trong cuoc song chung ta, con nhiing chat ba thi thai ra ngoai co the. 9
Cur nhu vay, ca the khong ngiing trao doi chat vcri moi trudng xung quanh suot nam thang, suot ca doi song con nguoi. Nghia la co the luon luon nhd vao nhiing vat chat d moi trirong ben ngoai de doi moi vat chat cau tao trong co the minh. Qua trinh trao doi cac chat do, trong sinh ly hoc (Paplop), goi la sir chuyen hoa. Co the luon luon lien he vdi moi trirong ben ngoai, do la tinh chat co ban hang dau cua sir song. Cho nen sir chuyen hoa la dieu kien tien quyet b it buoc phai co cho sir can thiet de co the song ton tai. Nhiing vat chat can thiet hang ngay cho co the, co nude, hap thu oxy trong khong khi, glucid, lipid, protid, sinh to va chat muoi vo co, v.v.. d trong cac loai thuc an nhu thit, rau, chat beo va ngii coc. Nhiing chat protid, glucid va lipid co rat nhieu trong cac loai thuc an, no chinh la nguon nang luong can thiet cho ddi song chuc nang, no cung la nguon nhiet the cua chung ta. Nhung chat ay can nhieu hay it la tuy theo dieu kien sinh hoat, lao dong (lao dong tri oc hoac lao dong chan tay, lao dong nang hay nhe...) cua con ngudi, tuy theo khi hau nong lanh va tinh hinh co the nhu sinh trudng, chira de, om dau v.v.. Thi du, trong lao dong nang nhoc, tap the due the thao... thi co nang chuyen hoa cung tang len, do do so luong glucid, protid va lipid v.v.. can thiet cua co the cung tang len. Che do sinh hoat cua moi ngudi, su s ip xep thdi gian lao dong va nghi ngoi, so'lan an uo'ng va so'luong an, tinh 10