The role of Old Hungarian Poultry Breeds in development of poor regions with regards to agrarian environmental protection and gene conservation in Vietnam VAI TRO CAC GIONG GIA CAM CHAN THA HUNGARY TRONG VIEC XOA DOI GIAM NGHEO, BAO TON QUY GEN VA BAO VE SINH THAI NONG NGHIEP VIETNAM ( Dua tren du an Canada-Hung-Viet: MGE-NEFE 2006-2007) Dr. Do thi Dong Xuan, Szalay Istvan, Hoi chan nuoi gia suc nho Hungary (MGE Association of Hungarian Small Animal Breeders for Gene Conservation). Vien Chan Nuoi (Phan Vien Chan nuoi gia suc nho) (ÁTK- Division of Small Animal Research) xuan@katki.hu; szalay@katki.hu De phat trien kinh te xa hoi Vietnam mot cach thiet thuc, mot van de cap bach ma chung ta nen quan tam den la van de phat trien kinh te nong thon, bao ve moi truong cua Vietnam Kiem nghiem lai mot qua trinh 15 nam vua qua Viet Nam da dat duoc nhung buoc tien bo than toc. Tuy rang 10 nam ve truoc GDP cua VN chi co 282 USD/nguoi, hien nay voi mot GDP la 720 USD/nguoi (2006) Vietnam van nam trong dia phan cua cac nuoc ngheo tren the gioi. (http://www.vvgvietnam.com/economics_cvr.htm#gdp%20(converted%20to%20us$ Phat trien nong thon hien nay van dong mot vai tro lon trong viec xoa doi giam ngheo cho nguoi dan Vietnam. De tiep can linh vuc phat trien nong thon mot cach sau sat hon chung ta can khao sat dia ly, sinh thai, tiem nang nhan luc va thien nhien cua Vietnam. I- Hoan canh kinh te nong nghiep cua Vietnam o dau the ky 21. La mot nuoc song co ban bang nong san, nen san xuat nong nghiep Vietnam cho den nay hoan toan mang tinh cach san xuat nho. San xuat nong nghiep o Vietnam noi chung mang tinh nong nghiep hon hop va nong trang gia dinh. Dua tren nen san xuat day tinh dan gian nay lam nen tan chung ta phat trien mot nen nong nghiep ben vung cho Vietnam. Voi kinh te nong nghiep co ban hien tai cua Vietnam, voi dan so 80% la nong dan va mat do dan rat cao (252 nguoi/km2) (http://www.gso.gov.vn/default_en.aspx?tabid=467&idmid=3&itemid=4705) hien nay cua Vietnam, voi tinh cach san xuat kinh te gia dinh hien nay cua nguoi nong dan Vietnam, cac de an phat trien nong nghiep chan nuoi o Vietnam phai luon luon lay muc tieu phat trien nong nghiep ben vung lam kim chi Nam. Su phat trien dot ngot ve kinh te cua Vietnam da gay ra cho den nay mot su don dan tot dinh vao hai thanh pho Hanoi (16934nguoi/km2) (http://www.google.hu/search?sourceid=navclient&ie=utf- 8&rlz=1T4SKPB_enHU204HU205&q=population+density+hanoi) va TP Ho Chi Minh (2523nguoi/km2). Neu chung ta tiep tuc de nong thon vat va, ngheo kho thi chung ta se thoi thuc mot cach giang tiep su don dan nay va se dung truoc mot su mat thang bang sinh thai khong lo. Ben canh do neu su lao hoa cua nong thon Vietnam co the mang den nhung hau qua xa hoi khong luong truoc duoc cho dat nuoc. Giai quyet phat trien kinh te cua cac dia phuong cham phat trien ve kinh te cua Vietnam la mot giai quyet ve duong dai cho nen kinh te nong nghiep ben vung cho Vietnam. Neu nguoi dan mien que tim duoc con duong phat trien 1
kinh te va mo mang kien thuc tai dia phuong cua ho thi su di dan vao thanh pho se thuyen giam va chung ta thuyen giam duoc su lao hoa nong thon. Neu dat dai khong cho phep phat trien ve trong trot thi chan nuoi le mot su bo sung kinh te huu hieu nhat doi voi cac vung ngheo kho. Trong cac phuong tien ve phat trien chan nuoi, chan nuoi gia cam tha vuon la phuong thuc nhe nhang va tien loi cho cac dia phuong ngheo boi le: - chan nuoi gia cam khong doi hoi mot su dau tu lon ve chuong trai - chan nuoi gia cam tha vuon dem lai hieu qua kinh te cao ben canh chat luong ngon cua thit - chan nuoi gia cam de hoc va de dang duoc phat trien trong nong nghiep kinh te gia dinh - voi mot to chuc quy mo ve he thong giet mo, gin giu ve sinh, de phong dich te, voi mot to chuc thu mua va marketing chat che trong chan nuoi gia cam, chung ta co the dem den nguoi dan nhung loi tuc lon. Tuy nhien de phat trien mot du an chan nuoi gia cam mot cach toan dien, chung ta can phai xem xet nhung quan diem co ban co lien quan den sinh thai cac giong noi dia, den quy trinh san xuat va den y nghia loi ich cua dia phuong dang duoc de cap. II-. Gioi thieu cac quan diem chinh cua du an: Quan diem ve bao ton gen cac giong noi dia o Vietnam: Dac thu cua san xuat nong nghiep cua Vietnam la mot nen san xuat nong nghiep nho va hon hop. De bao ton sinh thai cua nen nong nghiep co tinh chat gia dinh tren chung ta can phai phat trien chan nuoi gia cam bang nhung giong gia cam khong lam lai tap giong hoac anh huong den ban sac cua cac giong gia cam noi dia. (vi du nhu ga sao (guinea-fowl )khong nhan giong duoc voi cac giong noi dia hoac con ngan sinh ra khong co kha nang sinh san tiep ). Giong gia cam duoc chon ra phai phu hop voi nen san xuat nho kinh te gia dinh va ho tro cho su bao ve moi truong cua dia phuong. Nen san xuat chan nuoi hien nay cua Vietnam duoc dua co ban tren nhung giong noi dia. Ben canh do Vietnam la chiec noi cua nhung giong dia phuong quy hiem duoc dua vao quy giong gen noi dia dang can duoc bao ton o bac quoc gia (vi du nhu: lon I, bo U riu, Vit Bau Quy, vit Binh Dinh, Cuu De Phan Rang, Ga Choi Binh Dinh, Ga Hmong, Lon Muong Khuong, Lon Soc v.v ). Vi vay khi phat trien chan nuoi o Vietnam, chung ta can chu trong dac biet den bo mat nguyen thuy cua cac nguon gen Viet Nam ma chung ta co trach nhiem phai bao ve. Chuong trinh phat trien chan nuoi gia cam phai ho tro cho viec bao ve sinh thai cua dia phuong. Chim rung hang ngay bi san ban o Vietnan boi le dan Vietnam co thu an chim rung. Neu su san ban nay duoc tiep tuc phat trien voi ty le thuan cua su tang gia dan so thi sinh thai cac loai chim rung o Vietnam se bi ton that lon. Trong chuong trinh cua chung toi, chung toi phai chon loai gia cam sao cho ngoai viec san xuat thit con dap ung duoc nhu cau an thit chim rung cua tuc quan Vietnam. Vi du: xuat than tu mot ga rung Chau Phi, thit ran chac cua ga sao mang vi cua thit ga rung. Qua do du an phat trien chan nuoi gia cam dac san cua chung toi con co tac dung phu bao ve thien nhien cua cac giong chim hoang da o Vietnam. Quan diem ve san xuat: Ve phuong dien san xuat chung ta phai chon giong thich hop voi moi truong dia phuong, san pham duoc tieu thu mot cach ua chuong de phuc vu nhu cau an uong va phat trien doi song cua dia phuong (giai doan dua vao thi truong), va sau do chung ta se nhan giong va san xuat 2
nhung giong dac san voi chat luong cao de xuat khau cho cac nuoc lan can (giai doan marketing va phat trien thi truong) Quan diem thuan hoa, dia phuong hoa cac giong: Cac giong gia cam chon ra co kha nang thich nghi voi moi truong dia phuong ve moi phuong dien: thich ung tot voi cac dieu kien khi hau khac nghiet, co kha nang sinh san tot, de nuoi trong dieu kien chan tha tu do, co kha nang chong phong benh lon, co hieu qua kinh te cao va khong can dau tu nhieu. III-. Cac giong duoc lua chon trong du an: Dua tren cac giong trong bo suu tam quy gen cua KÁTKI (ten moi: ÁTK- Division of Small Animal Research), dua tren quy trinh nhan giong va bao ton giong cua Hoi Bao Ton Gen Gia Suc Nho cua Hungary (MGE), dua tren su khao sat cua cac giong dang hien co va cac giong chua co trong nen chan nuoi dong vat nho o Vietnam, Hungary da chuyen cac giong gia cam sau day vao Vietnam: Giong ga sao tha vuon Hungary: Mac du ga sao la mot giong ga rung xuat than tu xu nhiet doi (Chau Phi), chung ta chi nhan thay su hien dien cua ga sao rai rac trong nhung vuon thu duoi dang ga kien. Xuat than tu Chau Phi da duoc nhap sang chau Au tu cuoi the ky 19., ga sao la mot giong ga co kha nang thich ung cao voi cac khac nghiet cua khi hau. Ben canh do ga sao co kha nang chong benh rat cao. Ga sao mang dac tinh hoang da cao voi thit don va ngot. Cac tinh cach nay se de dap ung duoc thi hieu cua nguoi dan Vietnam, lam giau huong vi cua cac mon an Vietnam, bu dap duoc thu vui thich an thit rung cua cac quan an mon rung. Ben canh do tinh de nuoi cua ga sao de thich ung voi hoan canh don so cua mien Trung. Tu nam 2002, KATKI da chuyen ve Vietnam mot dan ga sao de nghien cuu kha nang thich ung vao moi truong cua ga sao vao hoan canh Vietnam. Cho den nay cac ket qua deu chung minh su thich ung rat tot cua ga sao vao Vietnam. So sanh ty le de trung hang thang (%) trong mot chu ky de cua hai dong ga sao nuoi tai Vietnam va Hungary (so lieu cua NIAH, KÁTKI - 2003) Dong ga sao Vietnam Hungary Dong trung SM 52,32 34,08 Dong lon SL 52,44 38,97 Ket qua nay chung minh cho ta thay rang, von di xuat than tu vung nhiet doi chau Phi, sau khi duoc dua ve Vietnam nhu chim ve nui, nang xuat ga sao vuot 65% cao hon, so voi nang xuat tu nuoc xuat khau (Hung). Cac ket qua thu nghiem tren chung minh rang giong ga sao co kha nang thich ung manh voi moi truong Vietnam, tham chi nang xuat cua ga sao tai Vietnam con cao hon nang xuat cua xu xuat khau (Hung). Ly do: trong dieu kien nhiet doi cua Vietnam ga sao co mot chu ky san xuat trung la 12 thang, trong khi do trong dieu kien khi hau on doi cua Hungary, chu ky sinh san cua ga sao chi co 7-8 thang. 3
Ket qua thu nghiem ve ty le phoi va ap no cua ga sao nuoi tai Hung va Vietnam (2003) Dong ga sao Ty le phoi % Ty le ap no % Dong trung SM (Vietnam) 90,8 61,1 Dong trung SM (Hungary) 69,5 35,8 Dong lon SL (Vietnam) 63,6 53,8 Dong lon SL (Hungary) 64,7 27,4 Ket qua tren cho ta thay rang ty le phoi va ap no cua hai dong ga sao (SM va SL) tai Vietnam deu dat nang xuat cao hon la ga sao o tai chinh nuoc xuat khau. Cac thu nghiem da cho chung ta nhan thay rang ga sao hoan toan dat nhung chi tieu chan nuoi toi uu tai Vietnam va la mot giong gia cam thich ung voi dieu kien khi hau Vietnam (dua tren ket qua nam 2003). Ga Tay tha vuon Hungary: Ga Tay tha vuon la mot giong ga be nho (4-5kg/con), chiu dung rat tot cac dieu kien khac nghiet cua khi hau, co kha nang chiu dung va chong benh rat tot. Ga Tay khong phai la mot giong ga pho bien o Vietnam. Giong ga nay chung ta co the thay rai rac o mot vai noi cua dong bang song Cuu Long nhung khong phai la mot giong thinh hanh trong cac giong ga tha vuon o Vietnam. Ga Tay co kha nang ap trung rat tot cho nen ben canh su ap trung cua dan ga ca nhan, ga Tay con co the duoc xu dung de ap trung cac dan ga khac trong nong trai kinh te nong nghiep gia dinh. Dua tren su ho tro cua du an MGE-NEFE, vao nam 2006 Hungary (MGE) da chuyen ve Vietnam 2 dong ga Tay HUBA: mau dong (Copper) va mau thiec (Bronze). Hien nay cong tac thu nghiem su thich ung cua ga Tay HUBA dang duoc tien hanh tai trai Cam Binh, mot trai chan nuoi do Hungary xay dung cho Vietnam vao nhung nam 70. IV-. Cac buoc thuc hien cua Du An va cac buoc tien hanh trong tuong lai: 1. buoc mot: khao sat tinh thich nghi vao moi truong Vietnam, tim hieu cac giong da nhap: 2. buoc hai: to chuc nhan tuyen chon giong va chan nuoi 3. buoc ba: san xuat dac san va san pham chat luong cao 4. buoc bon: mo rong chuong trinh de thanh lap co so xuat ngoai 5. buoc nam: giao duc y thuc bao ton gen va bao ve giong quy va truyen thong dia phuong V- Ket luan Su ho tro cua du an tren giup chung ta dua giong ga Tay vao Vietnam de thu nghiem. Viec phat trien chan nuoi ga Tay va ga Sao vao Vietnam se giup cho nen chan nuoi gia cam Vietnam duoc da dang va da sac hon. Ngoai ra viec phat trien chan nuoi gia cam dac san o nong thon con giup duoc giang tiep vao su xoa doi giam ngheo, phat trien nong thon va dua nong thon len lam mot trung tam san xuat gia cam dac san. Trong tuong lai chung ta can de xuat them cac du an bo sung de: - tao cho nong thon co dieu kien thuan loi de tham gia vao su kinh doanh gia cam dac san - tao dieu kien cho nong thon co kha nang san xuat mac hang xuat khau voi bao bi co chat luong. 4
- xu dung duoc tinh cham lam ham hoc cua nguoi dan Vietnam vao viec giao duc cho ho lam giau cho chinh ho. - Viec phat trien kinh te nong thon se thuyen giam su di dan vao hai thanh pho lon Hanoi, TP Ho chi Minh - Nong thon Vietnam cuc ky phong phu ve nhung tai nguyen thien nhien va se la co so tuong lai cua du lich noi dia cung nhu ngoai quoc. Chinh vi vay chung ta co bon phan phat trien kinh te nong thon de nguoi dan nong dan co dieu kien song voi muc song cao hon va thuong thuc duoc nhung dac sac thien nhien cua dia phuong minh. 5