)

.. 1. 2.

)

() () Pilot test ()

1. 2. 3. 4. Scale (1). (nominal scale) 1. 2. 3. (1,2,3) (scale value) (arithmetic mean) (median) (mode) (chi-square test) (2). (ordinal scale) 5 1 A>B>C>D>E A B C D (non-parametric test) (sign test) (run (3) (interval scale) 5 4 4 3 6 3 t-test F-test

(4). (ratio scale) 180 90 100 50 (geometric mean) X2 () Content Validity Criterion-Related Validity Constract Validity 1.

2. Predictive Concurrent validity 3. (). (Descriptive Statistics) ( ) (Z t )

(Correlation Coefficient) (Chi-Square Test ) ( ) (Factor Analysis) (Data Reduction) (Interpretation) (Regression) (Time Series) (Survival Analysis) (Categorical Data Analysis)

(Testing Statistical Hypothesis) (Null Hypothesis; ) (Alternative Hypothesis; ) e.g. (a) p > (b) A B µ A B µ = µ > (c) p = Note (Reject )

(1) (2) θ (3) α (4) µ µ µ (1) = µ σ σ µ < µ µ > µ µ µ = > α (2) < Z t e.g. (a) 1000 α = = v.s. > = { > }

P > = = P = = 1 1 x 1000 x0 1000 2 > 2 1 1 1 1 1000 1000 2 2 2 2 500 > x 15.81 0 = P Z = 0. 05 (b) (a) P=0.55 β β = P( = ) P = 1 2 = P = = P P- P-Value P H : θ = θ 0 vs. θ θ 0 < θ = θ θ = θ θ θ = θ < α α e.g.(c) 180 10 158 20 µ = vs. µ = µ =

α = (d) = = = = = Critical Region Rejection Region Acceptance Region Critical Value I II Type I and Type II Errors I α II β α β α β α =P( )

β =P( ) α β α β (Chi-Square Test ) (1) Goodness of Fit Test ( ) (2) Tests of Independence ( ) (3) Tests of Homogeneity( ) e.g. (a) : 245 126 713 (b) 21 16 145 8 14 4 175 17 (c) 20~39 40~59 90 18 92 40 60 100

e.g. (d) 500 230 230 270 250 250 230 250 ( i ) Z : P ( Z = 1.789 ) 1 1 500 2 2 0.0736 ( ) χ χ = = + = = i χ (1)=2.706,χ (1)=3.841 (e) 400 92 94 110 104 100 100 100 100 χ ( ) = = + + + = < χ = = α=0.05 (f) 30 0 1 2 3 4 5 3 5 10 8 4 5.97 6.72 6.72 5.04 5.55

χ = ( ) = < χ = Poisson(3) []χ 5 e.g. (b) 21 16 145 8 190 14 4 175 17 210 35 20 320 25 400 χ = = = i j = K = K, = = K = K i j = 0.0416 0.02375 (9.5) 0.38 (152) 0.0297 (11.875) 0.475

(16.625) 0.0459 (18.375) 0.02625 (10.5) 0.42 (168) 0.0328 (13.125) 0.525 0.0875 0.05 0.8 0.0625 1 2 13.675 2 0. 05 (3)7.815 (g) 200 21 33 25 20 47 26 19 9 0.01 2 15.7438 2 0. 05 (3)11.34 (Contingency Table) e. g.(c) ( α = 0.01) 2039 90 18 92 4059 40 60 100

χ 2 = 625 65 + 441 39 + 16 96 + 625 65 + 441 39 + 16 96 = 42.179 > χ 2 0.01 ( 2 ) = 9.210 (Correlation Coefficient) ρ = E( X i µ x)( Y σ σ x y i µ y) σ xy = σ σ x y = = = = = (Nonparametric Statistical Methods) (Distribution-free Methods) (1) I. (One-sample Sign test) ( ) e.g.(a) 30,24,27,25,20,23,24,18,22 20 = 20 20 20

8 7 20 = [ ] = + + + = = [] (np>5 n(1-p)>5) = II.Wilcoxon (Wilcoxon Signed-rank test) Sign test e.g.(a) 30 24 27 25 20 23 24 18 22 10 4 7 5 3 4-2 2 8 4.5 7 6 3 4.5 1.5 1.5 + + = = = = n=8 =0.05 T<4 [] + + = = + = III. (Run test) (Randomness) e.g.(b)

= = 16 = + = []1 < + = + + = + 2 = + + = + + (2) I. Wilcoxon Signed-rank test [] e. g.(c) 12 A 77 86 43 72 95 79 93 70 54 90 61 69 B 55 46 40 57 92 63 53 70 29 70 80 22 22 40 3 15 31 6 40 0 25 20-19 47 = = T<11 A B

II.Mann-Whitney U Wlicoxon sined-rank test e.g.(d) 300 150 45 120 80 120 40 70 100 140 150 50 200 60 30 30 40 45 50 60 70 80 100 120 120 140 150 150 200 300 1 2* 3* 4 5 6 7* 8 9.5* 9.5* 11 12.5* 12.5 14 15* + = = + = + = = + = = = = = [] Mann-Whitrey U test + + = =

data cleaning coding key-in 1.

2. 3. 4. SPSS SAS \ step 1:

G2 ¼Æ Ê À ñ ³ Ä Ê À ²Ö n Ê À ñ ñ ³ Īº 1 92 5.9 6.6 6.6 2 373 23.8 26.8 33.4 3 430 27.4 30.8 64.2 4 419 26.7 30.1 94.3 5 78 5.0 5.6 99.9 9 2.1.1 100.0

Á` M 1394 88.8 100.0 òº -È t²î É wªº 176 11.2 òº Á` M 1570 100.0 step2:corss analysis ex: H0:g1 g2 H1:g1 g2

G1 * G19 æ eªí G19 Á` M 1 2 3 4 5 9 G1 1 -Ó¼Æ 25 28 26 20 5 104 G1 ºªº % 24.0% 26.9% 25.0% 19.2% 4.8% 100.0% G19 ºªº % 32.5% 11.8% 5.2% 4.1% 5.2% 7.5% Á` Mªº % 1.8% 2.0% 1.9% 1.4%.4% 7.5% 2 -Ó¼Æ 27 108 143 136 11 1 426 G1 ºªº % 6.3% 25.4% 33.6% 31.9% 2.6%.2% 100.0% G19 ºªº % 35.1% 45.4% 28.7% 28.2% 11.5% 100.0% 30.6% Á` Mªº % 1.9% 7.7% 10.3% 9.8%.8%.1% 30.6% 3 -Ó¼Æ 12 53 212 130 13 420 G1 ºªº % 2.9% 12.6% 50.5% 31.0% 3.1% 100.0% G19 ºªº % 15.6% 22.3% 42.5% 26.9% 13.5% 30.1% Á` Mªº %.9% 3.8% 15.2% 9.3%.9% 30.1% 4 -Ó¼Æ 6 43 102 187 50 388 G1 ºªº % 1.5% 11.1% 26.3% 48.2% 12.9% 100.0% G19 ºªº % 7.8% 18.1% 20.4% 38.7% 52.1% 27.8% Á` Mªº %.4% 3.1% 7.3% 13.4% 3.6% 27.8% 5 -Ó¼Æ 7 5 16 10 17 55

G1 ºªº % 12.7% 9.1% 29.1% 18.2% 30.9% 100.0% G19 ºªº % 9.1% 2.1% 3.2% 2.1% 17.7% 3.9% Á` Mªº %.5%.4% 1.1%.7% 1.2% 3.9% 9 -Ó¼Æ 1 1 G1 ºªº % 100.0% 100.0% G19 ºªº %.4%.1% Á` Mªº %.1%.1% Á` M -Ó¼Æ 77 238 499 483 96 1 1394 G1 ºªº % 5.5% 17.1% 35.8% 34.6% 6.9%.1% 100.0% G19 ºªº % 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% Á` Mªº % 5.5% 17.1% 35.8% 34.6% 6.9%.1% 100.0% d èàë w a 13 æ (36.1%) 5 C ¼Æ-È Û Ñ«º ªñÅãµÛ Ê (Âù À) Pearson d è 293.530 25.000 ü ñ 245.019 25.000 ½u ʹï½u 107.210 1.000 ʪºÃö³s ³ ÄÆ[¹î-È ªº-Ó¼Æ 1394 ªº¹w Á-Ó¼Æ Ö ó : p =0.000<0.05, reject HO, G1 G2. Step3:

xxxxxx xxx 1. 1 2) 2. 3. 4. 5. 1) 62) 5-1. 1)2) 6. ( 1 ) 0) 7 1) 6-1. 0) 1) 6-2. 1)2) 3) 6-3. 0)1)2) 3) 6-4. 1)2)3) 6-5. 1) 1-2 2) 3-4 3) 5-6 4) 1-2 5) 3-5 6) 6 6-6. c.c. ( 120c.c.) (350c.c.) ( 150c.c.) (300c.c.) ( 250c.c.) 6-7. 7.