6 2016 1 51 1, 2016,.51,.1 (, ) : 10.3760 /...1673-0860.2016.01.004 (,),, ( ),,, 20,,,, (1990) [1] (1997 ) [2] (2004) [3] (2009) [4] (2012) [5],, 5, (2009),,,,,,,, 5 [6] [7-8],2004 2005 : 11 11.1%, 8.7% 8.9% 9.1% 11.2% 13.3% 13.6% 14.1% 15.7% 16.1% 19.3% 24.1%,: 2005 3 ~6 (, ), 10.8% [9] ;2007 3 ~5, 19.5% 10.8% [10] ;2008 2009 0 ~14, 14.46% 20.42% 7.83% [11],, 2008, (19.1%)(13.5%),,(6.2%) (7.2%) [12],,,, : 4% ~38% [13],, Ⅰ,,
2016 1 51 1, 2016,.51,.1 7, (ε) ;,,, ;,,, [14-15], 2,( ),2,,, [14-15] (), [16],,, 2 12 5 31 6 21.3 11 13.5 [17-18],, [19-20] Ⅰ,, 2 [21-22] ;,, [23],,, [24-25],( ),, ( ) [26-27] [14,28-29] 1. :, 2. :,, [6,29] 1. : <4 /, < 4 2. : 4 /, 4 [6,29] 1. :, ( ;) 2. - :, 1.:,,, ( ),, 40%,, [15] [6] 2.:,,, [5,30] :1 ( ): ;2 ( ): ;3 ( ):
8 2016 1 51 1, 2016,.51,.1 1. Ⅰ,, (, ), 80%,,, [29,31], 20, 3 (,) [32], (),,, 4 : + 0.3 <0.5; ++ 0.5 <1.0; ++ + 1.0 <2.0; ++++ 2.0,( 1 ), 2 ~7, 1,,, ( ), [29,31] :1 ;2 ;3 ;4 ;5; 6 15 ~20 ;7 [31] :1 ( <2 ) ;2 ;3 ();4 2. (1) : ( ),, [6], 1 /3 (2) :,,,, ( 1), 0.35 /,, 7 [32],0 : <0.35 / ; 1 :0.35 ~0.69 / ;2 :0.7 ~3.4 / ;3 : 3.5 ~17.4 / ;4 :17.5 ~49.9 / ;5 :50 ~ 100 / ;6 : >100 / 1,,,, 3., ( ),,, 10,,,, ( ), [33-34] ( ), >5% :1: 2, 1, ; 2:, ;
2016 1 51 1, 2016,.51,.1 9 3 : /,, [35-36] [37-38], ( - ),,,, [39], ;, () 20% [36], >5%,, 7 ~ 10,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, [39],,,,,40% [15],, [40-41] :1 ;2,, ;3 ;4 ;5 ( ), 1 :( ) ;( ), 1 ( 1) 12%, 1 200 ;( ) ( ) ( 1 ~2 ) 20% 1 ~4 4 5,,, 85% [42], 32% ~59% [7],, [43] - - [44] - [44-45],, ( ),,
10 2016 1 51 1, 2016,.51,.1, [46-47] ( -) [5] ( ), [5,48] [6,29],,,,,,,, ( ),, [6,29],,,, [49], ( ) ( ) [50],,,,, [6,51-54] 1.,,,( ) ( ),;, (1) :, ( 2), [6,15,29-30] -, 1 ~2, 2 ; -, 4 [29], 4 -, [55] ( -),, ( ) [56-57],, [58],, ( 2 ~12 ) 10%,, ( 1 ) 20% [29],, ( 1),
2016 1 51 1, 2016,.51,.1 11 ( 1 ) [59-61],, (2) :, ( 2) -,,, (0.5 ~1.0 /),, 5 ~7, 1 ~8 [30] 2. - 2-2 - 1,, 1 [62], ( ) 1,, [62],,,,, 5- (1):,( 2),,,, [6,14-15] 1, 2, [63],,,5,, - [64-66],,,,, [15,29,62], ( ),, [62] (2):, ( 2) [29,67-68], [29,67] 2, 2, 15 ~ 30,,, [69-71], [15,67], -, 2 [72-73], ( ) 2, - [74],-, [75],, 1.4% ~16.7% [29], 3.,,,
12 2016 1 51 1, 2016,.51,.1,,,, [76], 2 : 1,,( 2), [14,77] [6,14-15,29], 1,, 4,,2 ~5 4 ( ),6 ~14 5 ( ), ;, ( ), [78],, [79], ( ) -, [80-81],,, [14,82] 35 11, ( - ) 2.73%, [83] 4.,,,,, 5-,, ( 2),,,,, 3 ~4,, 2, [14],, 2, [63],, [14] 5. α, α1,,,,, ( 2) 0.05% 0.05%,,, 2, 1 ~3 /, 7, ( 0.025%),, [84-85] ( ),, [86] ( ) 2 6.,( ),,,,
2016 1 51 1, 2016,.51,.1 13 ( 2),,, 0.03% 2 ~3, 1 ~2 /, 15 ~30, 4 ~8, [6,64],,,,, 7. [87-88],, [89-91],, 8., 2%,,, [92-93], 40, [94], Ⅰ, ( ),,,,,, [95-97] ()( ),, 3, 1. (1) :, [97-99],,:1 ;2 ;3 ;4, -, (1 ~2 ), 5 [96-97,100] (, ), [98-99], 3 [101-105], [95-100] :1( ) ;2 ;3,, ( 3 ),, ( ), (2) :,, [106-107] : 1( 1 <70% ), 2 β ( ), β (), ; -,
14 2016 1 51 1, 2016,.51,.1 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, ;, 8 ( ),,,, 2. 1911, 100, [95-97,108],,,,, [109],,,,,,,, 3 ~6, 1, 1, 6,,, [110],, 3 [97,108] : (1) :, (),, :11 ;2 ;3 ;4;5 ;61 ;7 β (2) : 10 ~20,,,, 30 ~60 1,, 1 1,, 0.2,,, 30,, (3) : 30,,,,,, [111] 3.,, 1986 [98], [102-105,112-114],,
2016 1 51 1, 2016,.51,.1 15 [98-99],,,,,( ), [101-105] 4. (1) :, 24,,, 4 ( 3) [97,100],, 1 000 1 (0.1%), (1 /100 ), [115], 0.47%(19 963 94 ), ; 1 (74.47%),2 3 15.96% 7.45%, 2.13% 4 [116] 1 ( <20%) 2 ( >15 ), / ( <40%) 3 ( ) ( <15 ), / ( >40%) 4 ( ) :,,, 0.056%, 100 000 1.4, / 48 [99], (2) :,,, 4 [97], ( 4) [97] -,,, ;, :1 : β2,, 2 : 1 1 000 0.3, 1 1 000 0.3,,, 3 :,, 2 : [117-120] [121-125] : ;,; 1. (1) :1 /,,, ;2, (2) :1; 2,;3 18 70 ;4 ;5 ;6 ; 7 2. (1):,
16 2016 1 51 1, 2016,.51,.1-4 ( ) 4 ( ), /, (, ) ; 0.1 ~0.2 (1 1 000) 0.1 ~0.2 (1 1 000),, 15 1, 40 β2 0.3 ~0.5 (1 1 000) ( ), 40,, 40 β2 0.5 ~0.8 (1 1 000), 10 ~20,,,,,, 80,, β2 :,1 1000 0.01 /, 2 /, 1.25 /,,,, [117-120],,,,, (2) : - 20 60,,, [121-125] 3 :Ⅰ;Ⅱ ;Ⅲ [124-125] [126], -, 6 1 3 [122-123], [125], ;, ; (3) :,, [127],, [128],, -, [129-130],,,, (), 1, 2
2016 1 51 1, 2016,.51,.1 17,,,, 1. 4 ( ) 2 ( / / ) [131], (, ) [131], / (1) : 0 ~3,0 ;1 (, );2 (,, );3 (, / ) (2) : 0 ~10, 0 ~10, 0 ; 10 ( 2), [132] ( ) 2.,, [131] : / ( ), 1 ;, 2 ;, 3, β2, 1 ;, 2 - [131] 3. (,) [133] (18 ) 7 28 [134-135] (6 ~12 ) 5 23 [136] (13 ~17 ) 6 25 [137] 4., ( ) ( -5), [138] 1.,, 2.,,, [33-34] 3. ( ) 4, 4, [139], [6],,,,, [140-142],,,,, ( ),, [143-144], : () [145] : 1,
18 2016 1 51 1, 2016,.51,.1 ;2 ;3, ;4,,,( ),,,,,,,,,,( ) 2,, [63],,, ( ),,,, ;, ; ( ),, ( ): ( ) ( ): ( ) [1] ( ). [ ]., 1991, 26 (3 ) : 134. ( ). [ ]., 1991, 26(3) : 134. [2],.(1997, ) [ ]., 1998, 33(3) : 134-135., ;. ( 1997, ) [ ]., 1998, 33(3) : 134-135. [3],. (2004, ) [ ]., 2005, 40 (3 ) : 166-167.,. ( 2004, ) [ ]., 2005, 40 ( 3 ) : 166-167. [4],. (2009, ) [ ]., 2009, 44 ( 12 ) : 977-978. : 10.3760 /...1673-0860. 2009.12.003.,,,,. (2009, ) [ ]., 2009, 44 (12 ) : 977-978. : 10.3760 /...1673-0860.2009.12.003. [5],,. ( 2010, ) [ ]., 2011, 46 (1 ) : 7-8. : 10.3760 /...1673-0860.2011.01.004.,,,,,. (2010, ) [ ], 2011, 46 ( 1 ) : 7-8. : 10.3760 /...1673-0860. 2011.01.004. [6],,,. () 2008 (, 2 ) [ ]., 2008, 63 86: 8-160. : 10.1111 /.1398-9995.2007.01620.. [7],,,. 11 [ ].,2007,42 (5 ) :378-384.,,,.- [ ]., 2007, 42(5) : 378-384. [8],,,. - [ ]., 2009, 149 ( 1 ) : 47-57. : 10.1159 / 000176306.
2016 1 51 1, 2016,.51,.1 19 [9 ],,,. 3-6-- [ ]., 2009, 39 ( 6 ) : 869-874. : 10.1111 /.1365-2222. 2009.03206. [10],,,. [ ]., 2013, 123 ( 1 ) : 28-35. : 10.1002 /. 23573. [11],,,. - : [ ]., 2010, 10: 551. : 10.1186 / 1471-2458-10-551. [12],,,. : - - [ ]., 2015, 7 (2) : 148-157. : 10.4168 /.2015.7.2.148. [13],. [ ]., 2014, 6 (2) : 105-113. : 10. 4168 /.2014.6.2.105. [14],,,. 2014[ ]., 2014, 63(3) : 357-375. : 10.2332 /.14- -0768. [15],.. [ ]., 2015, 372 ( 5 ) : 456-463. : 10.1056 / 1412282. [16],,.- - - [ ]., 2012, 50 ( 3 ) : 227-235. : 10.4193 / 11.152. [17],,.- [ ]., 2013, 62(1) : 21-28. : 10.2332 /.13- -0539. [18],,. - [ ]., 2015, 15(1) : 33-40. : 10.1097 /.0000000000000124. [19].,, [ ]., 1989, 299(6710) : 1259-1260. [20],., :, [ ]., 2012, 12(5) : 461-466. : 10.1097 /.0 013 328357 3. [21],,,. [ ]., 1998, 161(7) : 3645-3651. [22]. [ ]., 1998, 28 5: 110-116. [23],,,., [ ]., 1998, 124(6) : 1048-1059. [24],,,. [ ]., 1999, 159(2) : 588-595. [25],,,. :? [ ]., 2004, 113(1) : 43-49. [26] ó,,. :. [ ]., 2010, 10 ( 1 ) : 1-7. : 10. 1097 /. 0 013 328334 5. [27],,. [ ]..2011, 46 (11 ) : 962-964. : 10.3760 /...1673-0860.2011.11.025.,,. [ ]., 2011, 46 ( 11 ) : 962-964. : 10.3760 /...1673-0860.2011.11.025. [28],,,., : [ ]., 2012, 39 ( 6 ) : 553-556. : 10. 1016 /..2011.12.006. [29],,,. : [ ]., 2015, 152 ( 1 ) : 1-43. : 10. 1177 / 0194599814561600. [30],,,. : [ ]., 2013, 68 (9) : 1102-1116. : 10. 1111 /.12235. [31],,,. [ ]., 2012, 67 (1) : 18-24. : 10.1111 /.1398-9995.2011.02728.. [32],,. [ ]., 2011, 46 ( 1 ) : 12-14. : 10.3760 /...1673-0860. 2011.01.007.,,. [ ]., 2011, 46 (1 ) :12-14. : 10.3760 /...1673-0860.2011.01. 007. [33],,. [ ]., 2005, 115(3) : 512-516. [34], -, á,. - : [ ]., 2011, 21(1) : 1-12. [35],. (2013, ) [ ]., 2013, 48 ( 11 ) : 884-885. : 10.3760 /...1673-0860.2013.11.002.,,,,. [ ]., 2013, 48 ( 11 ) : 884-885. : 10.3760 /...1673-0860.2013.11.002. [36],. [ ].,2010, 45(12) : 976-981. : 10.3760 /...1673-0860.2010.12.003.,. - [ ]., 2010, 45 (12 ) : 976-981. : 10.3760 /...1673-0860.2010.12.003. [37],,,. [ ]., 2012, 47 (7) : 559-564. : 10.3760 /...1673-0860.2012.07. 008.,,,. - [ ]., 2012, 47 (7) : 559-564. : 10.3760 /...1673-0860.2012.07. 008. [38],,,. [ ]., 2014, 49 ( 6 ) : 501-505. : 10.3760 /...1673-0860.2014.06.013.,,,.
20 2016 1 51 1, 2016,.51,.1 - [ ]., 2014, 49(6) : 501-505. : 10.3760 /...1673-0860.2014.06.013. [39],. 14: [ ]., 2013, 27 1: 48-51. : 10.2500 /.2013.27.3927. [40]. ( ) [ ]., 2008, 31(3) : 177-185.,,. :,, [ ]., 2008, 31(3) : 177-185. [41],. [ ]., 2008, 46 (10) : 745-753.,, ;. [ ]., 2008, 46 (10) : 745-753. [42],,,. [ ]., 2010, 125(6) : 1247-1253. : 10.1016 /..2010.03.004. [43],,. [ ].,2012, 47 (2 ) : 173-176. : 10.3760 /... 1673-0860.2012.02.025.,,. [ ]., 2012, 47(2) : 173-176. : 10.3760 /...1673-0860.2012.02.025. [44],,,. 2012 [ ]., 2012, (23) : 1-298. [45],. - (2012,) [ ].,2013, 48(2) : 92-94. : 10.3760 /...1673-0860.2013.02. 002., ;,,. ( 2012, ) [ ]., 2013, 48(2) : 92-94. : 10.3760 /...1673-0860.2013.02. 002. [46],. (2013 ) [ ]., 2014, 52 (3 ) :184-188. : 10.3760 /... 0578-1310.2014.03.005.,,, ;,. [ ]., 2014, 52 (3) :184-188. : 10.3760 /...0578-1310.2014.03. 005. [47]. (2009 ) [ ]., 2009, 32 ( 6 ) : 407-413. : 10.3760 /...1001-0939.2009.06.004.,,. [ ]., 2009, 32(6) : 407-413. : 10.3760 /...1001-0939.2009.06.004. [48],. ( ) [ ]., 2007, 42(2) : 83-84. ;. ( ) [ ]., 2007, 42 ( 2 ) : 83-84. [49],,,. : [ ]., 2012, 67 ( 2 ) : 158-165. : 10.1111 /.1398-9995.2011.02752.. [50],,,. - :,, -, - [ ]., 2015, 29 (5 ) : 129-133. : 10. 2500 /.2015.29.4218. [51],,,. :, -, - [ ]., 2015, 136 ( 6 ) : 1566-1572. : 10.1016 /.. 2015.05.015. [52],,,. [ ]., 2004, 130(8) : 979-984. [53] Å, Å,. ( ) ; [ ]., 2011, 22 ( 6 ) : 594-599. : 10.1111 /. 1399-3038.2011.01182.. [54] Å,,,. : -,, -, - [ ]., 2014, 163 (4) : 313-318. : 10.1159 /000360734. [55],,,.- [ ]., 2009, 44(6) : 455-459. : 10.3760 /...1673-0860. 2009.06.004.,,,. [ ]., 2009, 44(6) : 455-459. : 10.3760 /... 1673-0860.2009.06.004. [56],,,.. -, -, -, [ ]., 2008, 63 ( 10 ) : 1280-1291. : 10.1111 /.1398-9995.2008.01808.. [57],,,. : -[ ]., 2011, 66 ( 5 ) : 686-693. : 10.1111 /.1398-9995.2010.02543.. [58],,. : - [ ]., 2013, 68 (5 ) : 569-579. : 10.1111 /.12124. [59],,,. [ ]., 2000, 105(2) : 22. [60],,,.
2016 1 51 1, 2016,.51,.1 21 [ ]., 2002, 23(6) : 407-413. [61],,,. [ ]., 2006, 96 (6) : 723-730. [62],. 1-: [ ]., 2011, 128(6) : 1139-1150. : 10.1016 /..2011.09.005. [63].[ ]., 2013, 48(7) : 532-534. : 10.3760 /...1673-0860.2013.07.002.. [ ]., 2013, 48 ( 7 ) : 532-534. : 10.3760 /...1673-0860.2013.07.002. [64],, -,. ( ) : 2010 [ ]., 2010, 126 (3 ) : 466-476. : 10.1016 /..2010.06.047. [65],,. [ ]., 2008, 29 ( 6 ) : 654-658. : 10.2500 /.2008.29. 3166. [66],,. [ ]., 2013, 92(1-2) : 14-25. : 10.1159 /000351843. [67],,,. : [ ]., 2008, 122 (2 ) : 1-84. : 10. 1016 /..2008.06.003. [68],,,. [ ].,2014, 49 (10) : 832-838. : 10.3760 /...1673-0860.2014.10.009.,,,. : - [ ]., 2014, 49 ( 10 ) : 832-838. : 10.3760 /...1673-0860.2014.10.009. [69],,,. - : [ ]., 2006, 22(1) : 151-157. [70],,,. [ ]., 2007, 137(6) : 918-924. [71]. [ ]., 2009, 103(5) : 373-380. : 10.1016 / 1081-1206(10)60355-9. [72],,,. [ ]., 2004, 93(2) : 154-159. [73], ;. [ ]., 2003, 91 ( 2 ) : 205-211. [74],,,. [ ]., 2012, 129(5) : 1282-1289. : 10.1016 /..2012.01.077. [75],,,. ( 29-02 ) [ ]., 2013, 161 (4) : 369-377. : 10.1159 /000351404. [76],. [ ]., 2006, 118(4) : 789-798. [77],,,. : [ ]., 2014, 14 ( 2 ) : 168-176. : 10.1097 /. 0000000000000043. [78],,. [ ].,2014, 49 (8 ) : 659-667. : 10.3760 /...1673-0860.2014.08.009.,,.- [ ]., 2014, 49 ( 8 ) : 659-667. : 10.3760 /...1673-0860.2014.08.009. [79],,,. [ ]., 2015, 29(3) : 207-211.,,,. - : [ ]. ( ), 2015, 29(3) : 207-211. [80],,,. [ ]., 2014, 35 1: 20-27. : 10.2500 /. 2014.35.3761. [81],,. / :, -, - [ ]., 2014, 128 (3) : 242-248. : 10.1017 / 002221511400036. [82],,,. - - [ ]., 2009, 44(6) : 568-579. : 10.1002 /.21018. [83],,,. - [ ]., 2009, 124(4) : 699-706. : 10.1016 /..2009.08.011. [84],,,. : - [ ]., 2013, 27(2) : 102-108. : 10.2500 /.2013.27. 3864. [85],,,. [ ]., 2011, 127 (4) : 927-934. : 10.1016 /..2011.01.037. [86],,.- [ ]., 2010, 40 ( 3 ) : 381-384. : 10.1111 /. 1365-2222.2009.03450.. [87],,,. : [ ]., 1997, 66(6) : 1303-1312. [88],,,. [ ]., 2004, 38(11) : 59-61.,,,.., 2004, 38(11) : 59-61. [89],,,. :, -, -, 12- [ ]., 2002, 88(5) : 478-487. [90],,,. --, [ ]., 2009, 122 ( 1 ) : 100-105. : 10.1016 /..2008.12.005. [91],,,.-
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