24 2014 10 [ ] ; ; ; [ ] ; ; 1975 1 ( ) ( ) 2 2001 3 4 5 6 1 2 3 4 5 6 ( 1999 159 ) 1985 264 2008 42 1992 234 1. 2004 534~543 2. 6 2004 79~89 ; (2007) 2007 179 3. 2009 6 4. 2009 3 5. 2010 11 2005 3
25 1. 1 + 2 4 (1) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ; 5 (2) ( ) 6 (3) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 7 (4) ( ) 8 + + (5) ( ) 9 (6) ( )( ) 瑏瑠 + 瑏瑡 (7) ( ) 瑏瑢 3 1 2 3 152~153 1980 249~250 4 2005 1 5 6789 瑏瑠 瑏瑢 1990 101 111 132 121 93 122 123 瑏瑡 1965 98
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29 15 ( 15 ) 1 15 7 14 ; 2 6 ; 3 8-145 4 (14) FⅠ FⅡ FⅢ FⅣ FⅤ (15) CⅠ CⅡ CⅢ8-162 5 (16) ( 217 ) Ⅰ Ⅱ ( ) Ⅲ8-1515 6 ( ) 7 8 9 ( ) (17) ( 218 ) ( ) AⅠ AⅡ AⅢ AⅣ BⅠ BⅡ BⅢ ( ) C8-686+8-973 瑏瑠 801 瑏瑡 (18) ( 217 ) Ⅰ Ⅱ Ⅲ8- 瑏瑢 ( ) ( ) 15~60 ; (19) AⅠ AⅡ AⅢ AⅣ AⅤ BⅠ BⅡ8-533 瑏瑣 (20) ( 217 ) ( ) AⅠ AⅡ AⅢ AⅣ AⅤ BⅠ8-1143+8-1631 瑏瑤 (21) 8-2423 瑏瑥 2 1 2 ( ) 65~66 ( )2008 1 3 7 32 53~54 4 568 瑏瑠 瑏瑡 瑏瑣 瑏瑤 瑏瑥 ( 1 ) 85 93 343 203 203 229 175 283 466 9 瑏瑢 1990 85 1988 191
30 2. 1 ( ) (22) FⅥ FⅦ FⅧ FⅨ8-145 2 (23) BⅢ BⅣ8-239 3 ( ) 15~60 ; (24) 8-58 8-59 4 (25) AⅠ AⅡ AⅢ BⅠ8-1566 5 (26) Ⅰ Ⅱ Ⅲ8-2144 6 ( ) ( ) ( ) 7 8 ( ) 9 * ( ) * ( ) AⅠ AⅡ AⅢ B8-780 瑏瑠 1 23456 瑏瑠 7 8 9 ( 1 ) 88 145 120 42~43 362 436 225 198 2010 1 ( 1 )
31 Ⅲ8-1146 1 (16) (18) 2 ( ) Ⅰ ( ) Ⅱ8-1514 3 ( ) 4 ( ) (17) (27) Ⅰ Ⅱ8-2034 5 (19) 6 (28) Ⅰ8-567 Ⅱ8-569 7 (29) ( ) BⅠ BⅡ BⅢ BⅣ BⅤ8-1531 8 9 (30) ( 217 ) ( ) AⅠ AⅡ AⅢ AⅣ AⅤ BⅠ BⅡ BⅢ BⅣ BⅤ 8-1143+8-1631 瑏瑠 (31) AⅠ AⅡ AⅢ B8-780 瑏瑡 (16) 1 35789 瑏瑠 瑏瑡 ( 1 ) 284 342 421 180 351 351 283 225 2 ( 216 ) Ⅰ Ⅱ8-1576 ( 364 ) 4 6 ( 2003 1 ) ( 8 2007 36 ) [ ( )2008 5 ] ( ); ( ) [ ( ) 2009 ] 1985 141
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33 (34) (35) ( 214 ) Ⅰ Ⅱ8-154 1 (36) ( 215 ) Ⅰ Ⅱ8-664+8-1053+8-2167 2 (34) (36) 3 (37) 4 5 6 7 (37) (38) ( ) ( ) ( ) 8 ( ) 9 瑏瑠 瑏瑡 2. (34) (39) ( ) ( ) ( ) 瑏瑢 ( ) ( ) 1 2 ( 1 ) 93 197 3 458 瑏瑢 52 55 53 119 53 6 2007 378 7 1995 72 9 ( ) 32 瑏瑠 2005 3 瑏瑡 2000 63
34 (40) Ⅰ Ⅱ Ⅲ8-2151 1 (41) Ⅰ Ⅱ Ⅲ8-2156 2 (39) (42) 3 ; ; 4 5 ; 2013 08 10 300071 ( 78 ) 1 2 ( 1 ) 438 3 4 ( ) 30 ; ( 53 ) 5 (1) ( ) ; ( 53 )(2) [ ( ) 51 ] (3) ( ) ; ; ( 107 )(4) [ ( ) 43 ] ( 1975 2134 )
78 MicroEventsand MacroHistoryAnInterpretationof ZuozhuanintheViewofHistoricalAesthetics LuXinsheng Keywordsmicroevents;macrohistory;historicalaesthetics AbstractTherewereseveralmicroeventswhichhavegreatimpactstotheprocessofthedevelopmentofhistorybut haven tbeentakenseriouslybythehistorianstoday.tosurveysucheventszhuozhuanisasuitableexample.as ZhuozhuanrecordsQiandLubecameenemiesandconflictedJintransformedfromdisordertostabilityandultimately gaveuptheoriginalrelationshipwithqin.ifweanalyzethetwotragediesinvolvedinthesethreeincidentsthroughthe viewofhistoricalaestheticsitisevidentthattheyweremicroeventswhichlaunchedgreatimpactstomacrohistory. TheperspectiveofZhuozhuantoreviewthehistoryisreflecting macrochangesfrom microevents.thismethodhas groundbreakingmeaningandcanbealeadingmodelforchinesehistoriographylater. ( 34 ) AStudyonQinDynasty s ChengDanChong Alongwiththe DiscussionontheUniqueCharacteristicsoftheQin slaw ZhangXinchao KeywordstheQindynasty;Chengdanchong;Qin slaw;addedpenaltymeasures Abstract Cheng danchong intheqindynastyhadtwodefinitions;onereferstoalevelofpunishmenttheother referstoakindofcriminal.cheng danchongasalevelofpunishmentincludedtwogenresxingcheng danchongand wancheng danchong.xingcheng danchongcouldbefurtherdistinguishedintoqing weicheng danchongandzhan weicheng danchong.qing yicheng danchong andzhanqingcheng danchongontheotherhandbelongedtothe categoryofincreasedpenalty. Naicheng danchong didnotexist.cheng danchong asakindofcriminalcouldbe distinguishedintotwomaintypeschen dan andchong.cheng dan canbedistinguishedintoxiaocheng dan zhang cheng danandcheng dan whilechongcouldbedistinguishedintoxiaochongandchong.cheng danchongandother criminalswere mingledtogether whentheyservedtheirforcedlabour.whentheforcedlabourhadcertainskils requirementtheskilsfactor wasthetop priority whileotherfactorssuchasgenderageand punishmentcame secondary.theintensityofforcedlabourwasnotareliableframeofreferencetomeasuretheweightofpunishment. TheQindynasty scheng danchongalsohadotherimportantaddedpenaltymeasuressuchashavingone swifeand childconfiscatedandtobesupervisedbyothercriminals whohadtoserveacomparativelylightersentence.these measureswereimportantdistinguishing marksthatdiferentiatedcheng danchongfromothercriminals.toacertain degreetheabove-mentioneduniquecharacteristicsofcheng danchong werealsotheuniquecharcteristicsoftheqin dynasty spenalty.