23 3 2002 6 ACTA ENERGIAE SOLARIS SINICA :025420096 (2002) 0320322214 Vol123,No13 J un.,2002 ( 200030) :, : ; ; ; : T K51 :A 0 6 218m 1618m, ( 67m 10m 1 6 ) 50 %,2000, 10 % 013, 0149 1153W/ m K 2 5 3,, 10 6 7 2000, 1000 10 m 2 55 m 2,2020 500 m 2,,,, 1 4020m 2,,, [1 1 7 ] [2, ] :2001206222 : 973 ( G2000026309)
3 : 323 (5cm 200 / m 2 ), ;, 2, [1 ] 1 7 Table 1 The seven typical building thermal walls and their thermal performances [ 1 ]
324 23 [3 ] 2 Table 2 The heat transfer performance of different windows [ 3 ] 5cm 10cm / W m - 2 K - 1 6 3 015 113 019 2 3,, ASHRA E55 100W/ m 2,, ASHRAE55 80 % 012m/ s 2 20m 2 2000 2400W, 20 % [4 ] 3 [6 ],,, :, TS HVACB = 0151 T op - 11196,, [5 ], TS NVB = 0127 T op - 6165 TS HVACB TS NVB ( ) ASHRAE ; T op, ( ) TS = 0
3 : 325 2 1 Fig. 1 Concept of personalized air conditioning 4 (a) (b) PMV Fig. 4 The thermal comfort temperature vs. outdoor temperature, the comparison between field tests and PMV model in (a) centralized HVAC system and (b) natural ventilation cooling system 2 Fig. 2 Ventilation of personalized air in office 5 : Fig. 5 The thermal comfort temperature range vs. the outdoor temperature in natural ventilation system 3 3 4 Fig. 3 Natural ventilation cooling in a building PMV ASHRAE1992255 PMV, PMV
326 23, PMV, ;, PMV, ASHRAE 5 : 01012 [5 ], ; 4 24h / 6 ( ), / 7 [7 ] 22 30 %RH 80 %RH ; 0109, [7 ] 24 50 %RH 40 % 7 RH 60 %RH, ( ) Fig. 7 Energy recovery rate per unit outdoor supply air2flow rate for sensible and total energy 15 exchangers under different operation conditions, 5 5157 10 18 MJ 190 t, 6 / 1156 10 4 Fig. 6 Schematic of a HVAC system with air2to2air heat/ energy recovery 6 10, 10 a 10 60 %RH 1L/ s 31W, 1000L/ s 31kW 1000L/ s 31kW,
3 : 327 814 50 10 18 kj, 335 837kJ cm - 2 a - 1 586kJ cm - 2 a - 1 : 22 35,, ;, ; 30 40 4000m, 115212h 5,5 3 26 %, 2417d 24416d, 3 Table 3 Solar energy source in China / h / kj cm - 2 a - 1 / kg 2800 3300 670 837 230 280 3000 3200 586 670 200 230 2200 3000 502 586 170 200 1400 2200 419 502 140 170 1000 1400 335 419 110 140, ASHRAE2000, 20 1) ;2) ; 3) 511 [ 8 ] 8 8 Fig. 8 A solar house example [ 8 ] 9 4500L ( - 32 ) 167m 2,, [8 6kW/ 38 ] 500
328 23 120 130, [ 8 ] 9 Fig. 9 Schematic of solar energy house in New Hampshire [ 8 ] 512, 10 Fig. 10 Schematic of solar AC and hot water system,, 1987, 14kW ( ) 88 3 : V : 1),, ;2), 4 5 60 85,, [9, ] 100kW, ( ) 24 88 90,,, CO P 10
3 : 329 88 40 %, 100kW 540m 2 100kW 9 1000m 2,, 32t [10 ] 8m 3 4m 3,, ;, 6m 3, ;, 40 % 35 %, 65 75 60, 50 % ; CO P 017, 12 17 20 % 88, 6 8, :1) : 500m 2, 60 ( 30m 3 55 [11 ] ) 65 75 ( 11 ) ;2) :, 100kW 75 9 600m 2 ;3) : ;4) :, ;5) :,, 2 3, ( 45 ), 4 l12kw, 6 60 65, CO P 014, ( 600m 2 ) 2160 88
330 23 [ 12 ] 11, Fig. 11 A solar adsorption AC system with energy storage [ 12 ] 11 4000,, 2 [13 1 2, ] ( ) 513,, 2,,, 40 60, 20m 2 8h, 100W 57600kJ 1000W 10m 2 200 300kg 60 90kg ( 100 150L), 12 Fig. 12 Arrangement of the evaporator with solar heating for a heat pump system ( 12 ),,
3 : 331,,, 13 14 15 [14 ] [ 14 ] 13 Fig. 13 A typical plate type solar collector [ 14 ], 14, Fig. 14 PET coil heat exchanger for water heat source heat pump immersed in water tank,,, 11m 2, 2m 3,, 41m 2, - 115-9125, 32718W/ m 2, 41m 2 1913 24h, 2
332 23, 8h 2217kWh, 55 % 24h, [17 ],, 1.,2.,3.,4.,5.,6.,7.,8.,9.,10.,11.,12.,13. [ 17 ] 16 15 Fig. 16 Schematic of the heat pump with Fig. 15 A solar thermal integrated system for hot PCM heat storage [ 17 ] water supply and water source heat pump 16, 514 PCM,, ( ),,,,,,, COA,, [15, ] [16 ],
3 : 333 ( 20 ),, COA ( 6), 4 Table 4 Simulated parameters of various heat pump with heat storage 214kW 8h = 69120kJ 013627kW 8h = 10582kJ 316kW 8h = 103680kJ 015511kW 8h = 15872kJ 712kW 8h = 207360kJ 110881kW 8h = 31744kJ 1414kW 8h = 414720kJ 211762kW 8h = 63488kJ 58538kJ 87808kJ 175616kJ 351232kJ PCM 297115kg 445173kg 891146kg 1782192kg PCM 01223m 3 01335m 3 01670m 3 1134m 3 ( 013) 01319m 3 01478m 3 01956m 3 11912m 3 ( PCM) Na 2 SO 4 10H 2 O ( ) :3214 197kJ / kg 1460kg/ m 3 ( ) 1330kg/ m 3 ( ) ; R22 24 510 5410 510 ; ( ) 0165 ; COA = 61532 2 1, COA = 117, 3 1, COA = 213 8h, PCM 4,, :1),2) 17 E Fig. 17 Comparison of energy coefficient for heating E with various heating method 17 E 6 1), 33 % E = 0133 ( ) 2) 70 % E = 0170, E
334 23 3) 33 % 5, ( ) 3 E = 0133 3 = 7 0199 4) 19 /, 013,, ( ) 0199 70 %, 55 % E = 0199 + 0155 = 1145 18 Fig. 18 An tri - generation system for electricity, [ 19 ] refrigeration and hot water supply 19 17 Fig. 19 Energy consumption in buildings and their functions [ 19 ] E = 1145, 70 % 18 [18 ], /, 20 Energy Plus Fig. 20 Energy Plus - a software for simulation of hybrid building energy systems 20 Energy, Plus,
3 : 335 [7 ] Besant R W, Simonsen C J. Air2to2air energy recovery ASHRAE [J ]. ASHRAE Journal, 2000, 42(5) :31 42. [8 ] Rosenbaum M. Solar energy house. ASHRAE Journal, [20 ] [J ], 2000, 42(9) :52 55. [9 ]. 100kW 20 [J ].,1999,20 (3) :239 243. [10 ]. [J ].,2001,22 (1) :, 6 11. [11 ] Wang R Z. Adsorption refrigeration in Shanghai Jiao Tong University[J ]. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Review,2001,5(1) :1 37. [12 ]. [ 9 ]. :99124022. 7, 1999 11 ( G20000263). [13 ] Wang R Z, Li M, Xu Y X,et al. An energy efficient (2000024808) 973 hybrid system of solar powered water heater and adsorp2 tion ice maker [J ]. Solar Energy, 2000, 68 (2) :189 195. [14 ]. (SAHP) [D ].,2001. [ ] [15 ]. [J ].,1999,27 (2) :55 57. [1 ]. [ R ]. [16 ]. [J ].,2001.,1998 ;28 (6) :34 36. [2 ] 2 [17 ].. [J ].,2000,21 (4) :349 :011057618. 1,2001 3. 357. [18 ] White S D, Knowles J. A new trigeneration system for [3 ]. commercial buildings[ A ]. Proc. Of 20th International [J ].,1997,18 (4) :371 375. [4 ] Fanger O. Human requirements in future air2conditioned environments[ A ]. Proc. Of 20 th International Congress of Refrigeration[ C], Sydney :1999. 4,727. [5 ] Brager G S, Dear R J. A standard for natural ventilation [J ]. ASHRAE Journal, 2000, 42(10) :21 28. [6 ] Li Y, Delsante A. Natural ventilation induced by com2 bined wind and thermal forces[j ]. Building and Environ2 ment, 2001, 36 :59 71. Congress of Refrigeration [ C ], Sydney : 1999, III, 143. [19 ] Peippo K, Lund P D, Vartianen E. Multivariate opti2 mization of design trade - offs for solar low energy build2 ings[j ]. Energy and Buildings, 1999, 29 :189 205. [ 20 ] Crawley D B, Lawrie L K, Pedersen C O,et al. Energy Plus: Energy simulation program [ J ]. ASHRAE Jour2 nal, 2000, 42 (4) :49 56. SOME D ISCUSSIONS ON ENERGY EFFICIENCY IN BUILD ING AND HYBRID ENERGY SYSTEMS Wang Ruzhu ( Instit ute of ref rigeration and Crogenics, S hanghai Jiao Tong U niversity, S hanghai 200030, Chi na) Abstract :Energy efficiency in buildings is an important part of energy efficiency movement launched in China, In this paper,from technical point of view,the energy efficient HVAC and the integrated use of energy in buildings were discussed. Keywords :building ;energy saving ; hybrid energy system ;solar energy ; HVAC E - mail :rzwang @mail. sjtu. edu. cn