5 1 2008 03 30 * 1975 1990 * Email shiu@gate.sinica.edu.tw 2007 10 31 2008 01 11
4 The Political Participation of Vietnamese Religions: The Case Study of the Cao Dai Religion and Hoa Hao Buddhism Wen-Tang SHIU Abstract Confucianism, Taoism, Buddhism, Christianity, Islam and folk beliefs are the mainstream religions in Vietnam. There are many similarities among these religions and beliefs. Nevertheless, two local religions Cao Dai Religion and Hoa Hao Buddhism emerged and developed rapidly in the twentieth century. They distinguished themselves by preaching to the people and providing medical care for poor people. Due to the long lasting war in South Vietnam, these two religions also provided economic and military functions for the peasants' living. The rise of two religions is related to the complex and various political powers at that time. Fr ench colonization, the Japanese thrust, the separateness of Viet Minh, the intervention of the United States and the governance of Vietnam Cong Hoa (The Republic) were all important in influencing the development of the two religions. Cao Dai Religion and Hoa Hao Buddhism have a significant effect on modern Vietnam history. Their participation in the fight against the Communist Party resulted in their abolishment after 1975. It was not until 1990s when the problems of religion in Vietnam were finally exposed. Previously under the communist regime, any discussion this religious issue was strictly prohibited. Since the relevant information is not easy to gather due to the war, the purpose of this paper focuses on the preliminary discussion of the two religions ' political participation in Vietnamese history. Keywords: Cao Dai, Hoa Hao, Vietnamese religion, Political Participation, Vietnam, 20 century
5 1920
6 1975 (Ngo Minh Chieu, 1878-1932) (Ngo Van Chieu) Chasseloup-Laubat 1920 (Dao Phu Quoc) (Pho Luan) (Cao Dai Tien Ong) (Nguyen Huyen Anh 1970: 254) 1924 1926 10 7 (Déclaration de la Fondation de la religion Cao Dai) (Cochinchina) 11 (Le Van Trung, 1875-1934) (Tay Ninh) (Gô Kèn) (Tù-Lam Tu) 1927 3 (Long Thamh) (Nui Ba Den) (Gobron 1949: 33-35)
7 Chasseloup-Laubat (Dau Su) 1929 (Gouverneur de Cochinchina) (Jean-Félix Krautheimer, 1874-1943) 1 ( ) ( 1999: 183) 1930 (Quyen Giao Tong) 1934 11 19 (Nguyen Huyen Anh 1970: 196-196) 2 (Duc Ho Phap) (Pham Cong Tac, 1890-1959) Chasseloup Laubat 1925 AÁÂ (Tran My-Van 2000: 3-6) Gabriel Gobron (Tiep Dan Dao Nhan) 1936 (World Congress of Religions) 1934 (Barcelona) 1937 (Glasgow) 1 Jean-Félix Krautheimer 1919-1922 1922-1923 1929-1934 2
8 (International Spiritualistic Congress ) (Gobron 1949: 209) (Bat Quai Dai) (Hiep Thien Dai) (Tiep Phap) (Kai Phap) (Hien Phap) (Bao Phap) (Ho Phap)1 (Thuong Pham) (Thuong Sanh) 2 (Cuu Ttung Dai) (Lai) (Le) (Hoa) (Ho) (Luong) (Hoc) (Nong) (Cong) (Y) (Giao Tong) (Pham Cong Tac 1992: 179-198) (Chuong Phap)3 (Dau Su)3 (Chanh Phoi Su)3 (Phoi Su)33 (Giao Su)72 (Giao Huu)3,000 (Le Sanh) (Chanh Tri Su)3 (Phu Tri Su) (Thong Su) ( : 209) 1975 20 (Cao Dai Tay Ninh) (Ban Chinh Dao Ben Tre) (Cao Dai Tien Thien) (Minh Chan Dao )
9 (Minh Chan Ly ) (Trung Viet Truyen Giao Da Nang) (Bach Y Lien Doan Chan Ly Rach Gia ) (Thuong De ) (Ban Chinh Dao Do Thanh ) (Nguyen Minh Quang 2001: 79-82) (Les Missions étrangères) (Phat Giao Hoa Hao) (Chau Doc) (An Giang) ( ) ( ) ( ) (Dong Thap) (Can Tho) (Vinh Long) (Kien Giang) Nguyen Long Thanh Nam (2003: 25-28) ( ) ( ) (Huynh Phu So, 1920-1947) 1920 1 15 (Huong Ca) 3 (Buu Son Ky Huong) 3 (1491-1585) (Bach Van Am Thi Van Tap) (Bach Van Tien Sinh Thi Tap) (Bach Van Nguyen Trinh
10 1939 7 4 ( ) (Tu an hieu nghia) ( ) 4 (Classic sutra) (Clergy and Church Organizations) (Tu Dinh) 5 6 10 1939 1945 70 1954 1975 6 Quoc Cong Luc Ki) (Trinh Quoc Cong Ki) (Trinh Tien Sinh Quoc Ngu) 4 (tu an hieu nghia) 2 3 297 5 Nam Mo nhat nguyen, Thien Hoang Dia Hoang Nhan Hoang, Lien Hoa Hai Hoi, Thuong Phat tu bi, Phat Vuong do chung, the gioi binh an 6 1966 PHAT GIAO HOA HAO http://www.hoahao.org(2006/10/20) 2006 2005 1,232,572 Embassy of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam in the United States of America http://www.vietnamembassy.us/docs/vietnam%20white%20 Paper%20 on%20religion.pdf (2007/6/20)
11 (Marr 1981: 306) (Nguyen Long Thanh Nam 2003: 34) (Nam Bo) (Nam Ky) (1545-1788 ) (1533-1777 ) ( ) 1833 ( 14 5 ) (Le Van Khoi) ( 1963: 2773) (don dien) ( 1963: 3051) 7 (Lam Sam) (gian dao si) (Tai Ho Hue-Tam 1983: 6-8) 1862 ( ) 1867 (Hue) 60% 7 1833 12 1834 5
12 (Popkin 1979: 195-196) ( ) (Scott 1976: 221) 8 Popkin Scott 1954 ( 1960: 245-268) 1940 (Cuong De, 1882-1951) (Phuc Quoc) (Tran My-Van 1996: 12-13) 8 Scott(1976) Popkin(1979) (moral) (rational)
13 1941 5 6 3 6 (Madagascar) 1946 1956 1959 5 (Tran Quang Vinh, 1897-1975) 1942 11 30,000 1945 3 9 (Viet Minh) 1945 10 15 1946 2 5
14 1946 6 (My Tho) 1945 (Mat Tran Quoi gia Thong nhat) 1946 (Social-Democratic Party Viet Nam Dan Chu Xa Hoi Dang Dan Xa) 1946 (Nguyen Bao Toan) (Nguyen Giac Ngo) 20,000 (Nguyen Trung Truc army) 30,000 (Nguyen Long Thanh Nam 2003: 98-99) 1947 4 16 (Nguyen Long Thanh Nam 2003: 82-84) 9 1954 10 9 10 1954 1,173,414 ( ) 3,550,043 4,500,000 U.S. Policy in Vietnam War, 1954-1968 http://nsarchive.chadwyck.com/ collections/content/vi/intro.jsp (2007/5/18)
15 1952 ( Werner 1981: 121)
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17 14 12 150 15 1955 3 16 17 (United Front of the Nationalist Forces ) 18 1 2 (Tran Van Soai) 3 4 5 ( ) 14 (1954) 10 27 15 (1954) 12 7 16 (1955) 3 9 17 (1955) 3 22 18 (1955) 3 27
18 19 (Nguyen Van Hue) (Nguyen Thanh, alias Tu Lay) 3,500 1,500 (Trinh Minh The) 5,000 25,000 ( 1956: 64) 20 200 21 360 300 1955 3 4 1,200 (Fall 1964: 245-246) 1955 4 (Le Quang Vinh, alias Ba Cut) (Binh Xuyen) (Duong Van Duc) 10 19 (1955) 3 30 20 Vietnamese Government Budget for 1954, Monthly subsidies for sects (VI 00067) U.S. Policy in Vietnam War, 1954-1968 http://nsarchive.chadwyck.com/collect ions/ content/ VI/intro.jsp (2007/5/18 ) 21 Graham Greene The Quiet American( ) 1955
19 (Oliver 1976: 136) 1955 10 23 26 1956 4 26 1956 2 4 13 (Phan Ba Cam) (People s Revolutionary Committee ) 1963 (Nguyen Long Thanh Nam 2003: 132-133) (Ho Tan Khoa) 1956 (Oliver 1976: 88) 1957 2 8 ( 1991: 98) 1960 11 (Nguyen Trinh Thi) ( ) ( 1970: 62) 1960 12 (National Liberation Front) 12 22 ( Werner 1981: 123) 22 Chronology, Dec.20.1960 U.S. Policy in Vietnam War, 1954-1968 http://nsarchive.chadwyck.com/collections/content/vi/ intro.jsp(2007/5/18 )
20 1961 4 (Nguyen Ngoc Tho) ( 1970: 163) 1963 11
21 25,000 1,000 1964 (Luong Trong Tuong) 1967 (Huynh Van Nhiem) 1972 (Le Quang Liem) 1963 6 (Thich Quang Duc) 1963 11 1 (Duong Van Minh) ( 1976: 30-38)1964 (Nguyen Khanh) (Tran Van Huong) (Phan Hui Suu) 1965 2 (Nguyen Van Thieu) (Nguyen Cao Ky) (Tran Thien Khiem) 6 12 (Thich Tri Quang) 23 1966 5 1966 9 45 24 (Van Thanh Kao) 23 (1923- ) 43 24 (1966) 6 8
22 (Tran Van An) (Quan Huu Kim) 1967 9 (Phan Khac Suu) 601,000 25 4 1968 (Têt Offensive) 43 5 28 ( ) ( 1970 9) 6 24 12 ( ) ( 1970: 6) 1969 9 1971 1972 2 1973 1 27 1975 4 21 28 25 For the President from Bunker, May 25, 1967 and Lansdale to Bunker re. The Cao dai U S. Policy in Vietnam War, 1954-1968 http://nsarchive.chadwyck.com/collections/ content/vi/intro.jsp(2007/5/18)
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26 1975 1975
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