.1 TCP/IP TCP/IP 1
.2.2.1 Host 1960 S 1970 S Host Low Speed Lines 1970 S 1980 S pc Server Local Interneting 1980 S 1990 S Branch. pc Branch. WAN Branch. pc pc IBM SNA IBM X.25 2
.2.2 OSI OSI Application Presentation Session Transport Datalink Physical processes to application Data representation Interhost communication End-to-End connections Addresses and best path Access to media Binary transmission ISO 3
.2.3 Application Presentation Session Transport Datalink Physical Gateway Router Level 3 Switch Bridge Level 2 Switch Repeater Hub Repeater bit Bridge LAN frame Router packet Gateway Internet Gateway 4
.2.4 OSI TCP/IP OSI TCP/IP OSI Reference Model TCP/IP Protocol Netware Architecture Application Presentation Session TELNET SMTP TFTP FTP Application Netbios Netware Emulator Shell NCP Transport TCP UDP SPX Datalink Physical IP ICMP ARP IPX Ethernet Token Ring Others TCP/IP OSI IP IP TCP UDP TCP/IP Telnet FTP SMTP NOVELL SPX/IPX 5
.2.5 Application Presentation Session Transport Datalink Physical Application Presentation Session Transport Datalink Physical HOST A HOST B Frame Trailer Frame Header Header Data Header Data Data 0101101010110001 6
.3 TCP/IP.3.1 TCP/IP TCP/IP Application Transport Internet Transmission Control Protocol(TCP) User Datagram Protocol(UDP) Interface Hardware TCP UDP 7
.3.2 TCP/IP TCP/IP Application Transport Internet Interface Hardware Internet Protocol(IP) Internet Control Message Protocol(ICMP) Address Resolution Protocol(ARP) Reverse Address Resolution Protocol(RARP) IP IP TCP/IP ICMP ARP RARP 8
.3.3 ICMP ICMP PING B A B ICMP Echo Request ICMP Echo Reply ICMP IP RFC 792 ICMP ICMP Echo Request Ping ICMP Echo Reply 9
.3.4 ARP ARP IP Ethernet ARP 10.0.0.1, 10.0.0.2 10.0.0.1 IP :10.0.0.1 =??? Ethernet=:0010:0020:0030 ARP IP MAC A ARP IP MAC B ARP IP MAC A 10
.4.4.1 LAN LAN Local Area 1000 modem Protocols Standards ; LAN LAN LAN 11
.4.2 LAN LAN LAN Hub Bridge/Switch Router ATM Switch LAN LAN LAN CSMA/CD 12
.4.3 LAN LAN 13
.4.4 CSMA/CD PC PC PC CSMA/CD 14
.4.5 WAN WAN WAN Wide Area Devices Switching Type WAN WAN OSI WAN 15
.4.6 WAN WAN WAN Modem/CSU/DSU Router WAN Switch Access Server ATM Switch WAN Modem /CSU/DSU ATM 16
.4.7 WAN WAN Modem/CSU/DSU WAN Modem/CSU/DSU HDLC LAPB FR PPP X.25 ISDN HDLC ISO LAPB PPP X.25 FR X.25 ISDN 17
.4.8 WAN WAN WAN WAN SS7 Modem X.25 18
.4.9 Modem Modem Corp. PSTN Access Server Server Modem 19
.4.10 ISDN ISDN Corp. ISDN ISDN Access Server Server 128K PAP CHAP RADIUS ISDN ISDN ISDN ISDN PAP CHAP RADIUS Client/Server 20
ISDN (BRI) ISDN (PRI) 30 2B 64k*2 30B 64k*30 D 128kbps 16k D 2Mbps 64k ISDN B 64Kbps D 16 64Kbps ISDN BRI2B+D 192Kbps PRI30B+D 2048Kbps 21
ISDN ISDN ISDN ISDN ISDN 1 NT1OSI ISDN NT1 D 2 NT2 OSI 1 TE1ISDN 2 TE2 ISDN TA TE2 ISDN T NT1 NT2 NT1 NT2 S TE1 NT2 ISDN U R TE2 TA ISDN 22
.4.11 Frame-Relay Frame-Relay Frame-Relay Trunks CSU/DSU CSU/DSU WAN CSU/DSU CSU/DSU CSU/DSU Trunks OSI ATM ISDN ISDN LAPD 23
.4.12 Frame-Relay Frame-Relay Frame-Relay Frame Relay Server Corp. pc Branch. pc Branch. pc Branch. 64Kbps-2Mbps 1600 / CIR X.25 24
.4.13 X.25 X.25 Trunks CSU/DSU X.25 CSU/DSU CSU/DSU Trunks 9.6k Modem CSU/DSU WAN X.25 Data Terminal Equipment DTE Data Circuit_terminating Equipmert DCE DTE DCE X.25 OSI DTE DCE X.21 X.21bis V LAPB LAPB DTE--DCE X.25 DTE DCE 25
.4.14 X.25 X.25 Corp. Server Branch. pc Branch. pc X.25 Branch. pc 9.6k X.25 X.25 X.25 26
.4.15 100% 64Kbps Server Corp. pc Branch. pc Branch. pc Branch. Internet 64K 64K 100% 30% 40% DSU/CSU 27
.4.16 - HDLC -HDLC Modem/CSU/DSU HDLC WAN Modem/CSU/DSU HDLC HDLC 32 HDLC 28
.4.17 - PPP -PPP PAP CHAP Modem/CSU/DSU PPP WAN Modem/CSU/DSU PPP PPP Point-To-Point Protocol TCP/IP PPP LCP NCP PPP PPP PPP PPP PPP PAP CHAP 29
.4.18 X.25 Frame-Relay X.25 Frame-Relay X.25 Frame-Relay X.25 X.25 1600bytes 256 IP IP X.25 256 IP X.25 X.25 1600 IP 30
.4.19 Video Voice File Transfer Client/Server E-mail ISDN, Frame Relay Analog Dial-Up or ISDN or Frame Relay Terminal Emulation Analog Dial-Up 0 1 2 3+ ISDN 31
.5 TCP/IP 32