大為提高動態對比度 缺點則是需使用數量較多的發光二極體, 價格較高, 背光模組也會增加厚度 發光二極體背光一般都使 用白光發光二極體, 也有高階機種開始使用紅 綠 藍三種單 色發光二極體 (RGB LED) 來達到更佳的廣色域表現 LED Driver Merit Concerns 表一 側光式及直
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1 : : Application Note 林鋒瑋 AN006 March 2014 LED Backlight System and Power Solutions 摘要 OVP LX EN 2010 年代後, 使用在液晶顯示器 (Liquid Crystal Display, LCD) 背光源的冷陰極螢光燈管 (Cold cathode fluorescent lamp, CCFL) 逐漸被發光二極體 (LightEmitting Diode, LED) 所取代, RT OSC S R 1.2 Q Q Regulator OCP 這是因為成分無汞的 LED 在散熱效率演色性及成本上有所改進 COMP PWM PWM Controller OTP 0.4V EA LED Detection 4 PGND CH1 CH2 CH3 CH4 0.6V ISET AGND 圖二 LED Driver RT8510 參考功能圖 圖一 LED TV draw much lower current than LCD TV which use CCFL bulbs, thus resulting in lower power consumption. 各家 LCD 電視廠商紛紛積極導入發光二極體背光液晶顯示電 視來達到薄型化特點, 企圖在家用電視改朝換代之際能夠增加 市占率, 且 LED back light 機種的滲透率持續提高, 目前台灣 市面上大部分的機種已經以 LED 為 LCD 背光源 發光二極體背光技術可分為直下式 (direct type) 與側光式 (edge LED type) 兩種, 而當中直下式所使用的發光二極體有分為白光 發光二極體與紅 綠 藍三色發光二極體兩種, 本文將針對此 一 側光式及直下式背光技術背光模組為液晶顯示器的光源, 是由光源 導光板 擴散片等元件所組成 隨著液晶電視與行動筆電的日益盛行, 因應面板大型化與薄型化的趨勢, 結合 LED 節能背光模組成為現階段的開發重點 側照式發光二極體背光技術是把白光發光二極體放在 LCD 的四邊, 發光二極體從 LCD 與反光片之間的縫中照進去, 反光片能把 LED 照來的光作反射後照向 LCD 的背部, 使發光二極體的光平均地分佈地照到 LCD 背部, 此種方式為目前最常使用的技術, 優點是成本低和薄型化特點 兩者的差異及系統面 LED 驅動電源管理解決方案做介紹, 圖二為應用在筆記型電腦的四通道 LED Driver RT8510 參考功能圖, 上半部為升壓型轉換器 (Boost Converter) 提供 LED 燈串所需電壓, 下半部則為定電流調光控制器 圖三 側照式背光模組 直下式發光二極體背光技術是把多枚發光二極體排成列陣, 放 在散光片及 LCD 後面, 直接照射 LCD 如此, 直下式可以依 從畫面不同部份的光度變化, 快速地微調發光二極體的明暗, AN Richtek Technology Corporation 1
2 大為提高動態對比度 缺點則是需使用數量較多的發光二極體, 價格較高, 背光模組也會增加厚度 發光二極體背光一般都使 用白光發光二極體, 也有高階機種開始使用紅 綠 藍三種單 色發光二極體 (RGB LED) 來達到更佳的廣色域表現 LED Driver Merit Concerns 表一 側光式及直下式背光技術比較 Edgelit LED BLU High voltage Boost, Buck, linear with Vf adjustment Slim LCD TV Good system reliability independent LEDs performance Cost down of system System Noise &EMI Directtype Boos or Buck plus Multichannel linear Deep blacks, better contrast Local dimming Scanning for higher frame rate Low power consumption Complex signal processing Thermal limitations High system cost due to number of LEDs and # of Drivers Picture artifacts 二 LED 驅動 IC 重要特點使用者通常在選用 LED driver IC 時會考慮以下特點 : 1. LED 電流精準度 (Accuracy):LED 電流設定可由 ISET pin 的外部電阻 RISET 控制, 經由電流鏡給 current source 元件做比較, 計算出的理論值和實際電流的誤差量百分比即為精準度 2. LED 電流匹配度 (Matching): 現今的 LED 陣列排列方式有很多種, 如果採取並聯方式則需要針對每一串列彼此間流過的 LED 電流是否一致以增加燈串間的均勻度, 電流通常和亮度有絕對的正比關係 3. 調光方式 (Dimming Type): 能否調光已經是現今 LED driver 必備的功能, 目前主要分為類比調光 (Analog Dimming) 和數位調光 (PWM Dimming); 後者的光座標演色性較佳, 但也較容易碰到音頻噪音的問題, 下一章節則會針對此缺點做改善的方法 4. LED 電流線性度 (Linearity): 在調光時, 輸出電流 (LED Current) 會跟著 PWM 訊號 duty 做變動, 此兩者之間的關係即為線性度, 通常在 PWM duty 較小及調光頻率較高時,LED 電流線性度會較為嚴苛, 圖四為 RT8510 線性度參考曲線 圖四 RT8510 線性度參考曲線三 Power Solutions 目前 TV 機種較普遍的電源架構, 會經由 LLC 或 Flyback 系統提供直流電源給升壓或降壓轉換器驅動 LED 陣列, 再由 LED Current Regulator 箝制在所需要的亮度 不過近年也有直接從 LLC 或 Flyback 系統驅動 LED 陣列, 再經由控制 IC 來調整前級電壓 圖五為其電源管理方案應用線路示意圖, 左方的 RT8525 即為上圖 DCDC Boost, 提供足夠電壓驅動 LED 陣列, 再透過 Current Regulator RT8300 來做定電流及調光功能, 其中兩者是透過 DHC (Dynamic Headroom Control) 來做控制 ; 背光模組在開機後,LED 晶粒的 Vf 特性會因為溫度升高後而降低, 若輸出電壓固定, 會使得落在 IC LED1~4 pin 的端電壓升高, 而讓 Current Regulator RT8300 功率消耗及溫度升高, 如此會讓 AN Richtek Technology Corporation 2
3 Low Dropout Voltage (V) LED Backlight System and Power Solutions 整體效率降低且無法通過對 IC 表面溫度的規範, 所以必須要有 一套機制來讓 Boost 提供的輸出電壓降低 VLED (40~150V) VSUPPLY RC CC1 CC2 Enable Digital Dimming RSW CDC VDC PWMI ISW RT8525PGND EN COMP FSW SS GND CSS DRV OOVP FAULT COUT RS R1 ROOV1 R2 R3 12V 12V VH ROOV2 RFLT RPH LED1 LED4 FAULT RSLP PWMI RT8300 SLP 12V 12V LED1 LED4 FAULT PWMI RT8300 SLP ISET ISET RSET GND RSET GND RSLP DHC 圖五 電源管理方案應用線路示意圖 DHC 即為此而生,RT8300 會在所有 LED 通道中找出所最低電 V OUT 壓的通道, 並箝制工作電壓在如圖六所需要的值, 而此值會和所流經的電流成正比的關係 Low Dropout Voltage vs. LED Current 1.0 Converter V REF R1 R2 R3 V 0.2V to 3.3V 0.8 圖七 RT8300 DHC 線路圖 R1 VOUT(Default) VREF 1 R2 VREF 0.2 VOUT(MAX) VOUT(Default) R1 R LED Current (ma) 圖六 RT8300 線性度參考曲線 VREF 3.3 VOUT(MIN) VOUT(Default) R1 R3 R3 MIN V I V typ. REF 若最低電壓通道上的跨壓高於圖六對應電壓值,RT8300 V pin 就會將電壓拉高, 透過 R3 到 V REF 使得 V OUT 能夠降下來, 反之跨壓過低,V pin 就會將電壓拉低, 如圖七所示為其線路圖及用重疊定理算出相對應的公式 對於不同應用的背光模組所需要的瓦數也會有所差異, 通常 LCD 尺寸愈大會需要更多的 LED 陣列來提供所需的亮度,IC 及功率元件的功耗就會提高並使得溫度表現更嚴苛 (Thermal performance), 所以相較於筆記型電腦的背光電源管理方案, 桌上型螢幕輸出功率較大,IC 內部的 MOSFET 就會以 External 的形式為主, 更高瓦數的應用則為 LCD 電視,current source 的元件就會改以外部驅動以降低 IC 表面溫度, 以下則為相對應的電源管理方案 AN Richtek Technology Corporation 3
4 解決音頻噪音的方法有很多種, 以下舉例給使用者做為參考 : 1. 增加輸出電容容值以降低輸出漣波 : 此法為最初步的做法, 缺點是增加成本 2. 改變 PWM 調光頻率以避開音頻範圍 : 人類耳朵所能聽到的音頻範圍是 20kHz, 缺點是會犧牲調光線性度 3. Mixed Mode: 在較低的 PWM duty 時自動改變為類比調光進而降低噪音 4. Phase Shift Function: 多通道的驅動 IC 中, 依序開啟每 圖八 各種應用相對應的電源管理方案四 音頻噪音改善方法電子產品對於音頻噪音皆有相對應的規範, 尤其可攜式的電子產品愈來愈普及, 其搭配的背光模組的噪音規範也愈嚴苛, 在應用端發生音頻噪音的時機通常是在調光模式中, 通常發生的主要原因為輸出積層電容 (MLCC) 隨輸出電流開關的共振 數位調光中,PWM LED 電流負載是重載和無載的切換, 負載突然的變動則會造成輸出電壓漣波 (Ripple) 增大, 而此漣波落在人耳 個通道進而改善 load transient 的表現 5. 增加 OVP 電阻阻值 : 主要是讓 PWM off 時, 負載及輸出電壓壓降減小進而降低噪音 6. 改以低噪音改善方案的積層電容 (MLCC): 輸出電容的大小會影響其漣波, 而漣波過大就會在電容基層間形成共振發出噪音, 低噪音的電容在製程上加強容值對其跨壓的表現, 即使承受較高的 DC Bias 也會保持相對應的容值, 圖十為新製程 ( 低噪音改善方案 ) 和舊製程的比較曲線 的聽覺範圍則會產生音頻噪音, 圖九為 RT8510 調光時的示意 波形 CH1 = PWM, CH2 = Vout,ac, CH3 = VLX, CH4 = ILED 圖十 積層電容新製程和舊製程等效容值比較曲線 圖九 RT8510 調光時的示意波形 AN Richtek Technology Corporation 4
5 五 保護機制 LED 驅動電路通常有以下保護 : 1. SLP (Short LED Protection): 當 LED 再組裝貼片時如果發生 short, 燈串的總順向電壓 Vf 就會降低, 而使得落在 VLEDX 的端電壓過高, 此保護機制即可偵測其電壓過高而發出訊號, 有些機種會選擇關掉有問題的燈串, 也有 VLED (Max 60V) 些是選擇關掉整組驅動電路, 使用者亦可透過 RSLP 電 阻的設定來調整 SLP 的電壓設定 VH short 2. OLP (Open LED Protection): 當 LED 燈調在組裝或使用時如果接觸不良, 此保護機制也會在開機時偵測電壓是否過低而發出訊號警示 3. OVP (Over Voltage Protection): 當電路發生過電壓時, RPH RSET LED1 FAULT PWMI ISET RT8300 GND LED4 LSP RLSP R3 DHC 保護機制會透過分壓電阻來偵測進而保護輸出端, 通常 圖十一 RT8300SLP 示意圖 會箝制在 OVP 設定的電壓, 不會將電路關閉 圖十二為 RT8300 保護機制流程 and PWMI Power On Start (RESET) PWMI = low after 32ms or < UVLO Disable this Channel Unused Status of Channel is VLEDX Floating? (Unused channel need short to GND) SLP: Fault pulled low, only this channel off and latch OLP: Fault pulled low, only this channel off and nonlatch SoftStart Function and ILED TurnOn (128ms) V = 3.3V OLP = SLP = L Over Temperature Protection? Follow the Normal Flow Fault Blacking Time (32ms) V = 0.2V to 3.3V OLP = SLP = L T F > 2μs T j >140 C T j <90 C Autorecovery Normal Operation T F < 2μs Open / Short Detection Time TurnOff All Channel FLT Pulled Low LED Short / Open Protection? 圖十二 RT8300 保護機制流程 AN Richtek Technology Corporation 5
6 六 3D/ 區域調光近幾年高階 TV 機種開始將 3D 應用及區域調光 (Local Diming) 產品化, 以下分別此兩種特點做簡介 : 1. 3D 調光 : 在 3D mode 時, 通常 PWM duty 會減少, 對 應於背光模組的亮度則會提高, 使得人眼左右眼所看的景象可以差異化而達到景深的效果 圖十三為功能示意圖,LED 驅動電路 (RTCVT) 需要 3D 眼鏡轉板和 Main Board 做同步來達到左右眼開關 圖十三 3D 調光功能示意圖 2. 區域調光 (Local Diming): 高階機種為了提高對比度會使用此方法讓暗的畫面區塊的背光降低, 視覺會因此覺得更暗 ; 反之, 較為明亮的畫面區塊則提高倍光亮度, 所以區域調光所需要的功耗也會較小以達到節能的功效, 圖十四為 64 區區域調光範例示意圖, 亮度區塊分得愈多, 區域調光的優勢愈明顯, 但會提高控制複雜度及成本 為了達到區域調光, 一般使用的 I 2 C 介面頻寬傳輸已不敷使用, 例如 4CH, Programmable Current Sink LED Driver RT8302 就是使用串列外設介面 (Serial Peripheral Interface Bus, SPI) 來作為訊號傳輸介面 圖十五為 RT8302 SPI 介面應用線路示意圖 SPI Mode Digital Interface Pins CS(N) VSYNC Chip Select Input Serial Data Output Serial Data Input Video Sync Signal Input 圖十四 64 區區域調光範例示意圖 AN Richtek Technology Corporation 6
7 Micro Controller SS MOSI MISO CS 1st RT8302 CS 2nd RT8302 CS 3rd RT8302 CS 4th RT8302 ADDR1 ADDR2 ADDR1 ADDR2 ADDR1 ADDR2 ADDR1 ADDR2 R11 R21 R21 R22 R31 R32 R41 R42 圖十五 RT8302 SPI 介面應用線路示意圖 下圖為 RT8302 SPI 讀寫指令示意圖 Read Command: CSn 0 MSB LSB Previous Data 7 Bit Register Address R/W MSB 7 6 LSB Bit Data Output Write Command: CSn SCK MSB LSB MSB LSB Bit Register Address R/W 1st Data Byte Previous Data 圖十六 RT8302 SPI 讀寫指令示意圖 AN Richtek Technology Corporation 7
8 七 結論 LED 背光驅動系統隨著節能規範, 成本降低及效能表現提升因素而改變架構, 驅動 IC 也需跟著做變化, 且因應不同瓦數 ( TV/ Monitor/ Notebook/ Tablet ) 的 LED 燈串陣列會有不同的電源管理方案, 如何去協助客戶端處理音頻噪音 系統效率提升及通過元件表面溫度規範亦為目前的重要目標 Richtek Technology Corporation 14F, No. 8, Tai Yuen 1 st Street, Chupei City Hsinchu, Taiwan, R.O.C. Tel: Richtek products are sold by description only. Richtek reserves the right to change the circuitry and/or specifications without notice at any time. Customers should obtain the latest relevant information and data sheets before placing orders and should verify that such information is current and complete. Richtek cannot assume responsibility for use of any circuitry other than circuitry entirely embodied in a Richtek product. Information furnished by Richtek is believed to be accurate and reliable. However, no responsibility is assumed by Richtek or its subsidiaries for its use; nor for any infringements of patents or other rights of third parties which may result from its use. No license is granted by implication or otherwise under any patent or patent rights of Richtek or its subsidiaries. AN Richtek Technology Corporation 8
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