Microsoft Word - 在Windows下以GTK撰寫視窗程式_0.01.doc

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1 在 Windows 下以 GTK+ 撰寫視窗程式作者 : 徐天送陳孟哲 s @ntut.edu.tw 網址 : 日期 :2004/11/2(0.01 版 ) 前言在 Win32 平台下, 若是要開發視窗程式, 並且使撰寫出來的程式能夠在 Linux 下也能編譯並執行, 除了 Qt 之外, 我們還可以有另一個選擇, 就是 GTK+ GTK+ 這套 Graphical Library 已完整移植至 Windows 平台上, 我們可以用 MinGW 編譯 GTK+ 開發的視窗程式, 而產生出來的執行程式則是以 Win32 Native API 的方式執行在這份文件, 我們將以 Eclipse 整合環境, 加上 GTK+ 的 libraries 來一個 HelloGTK 視窗程式此外, 我們也假設在 Windows 上已安裝 MinGW, 且可編輯執行 C++ 程式安裝 GTK+ GTK+ 最主要分成三個主要的 libraries 來互相合作 : GLib is the low-level core library that forms the basis of GTK+ and GNOME. It provides data structure handling for C, portability wrappers, and interfaces for such runtime functionality as an event loop, threads, dynamic loading, and an object system. Pango is a library for layout and rendering of text, with an emphasis on internationalization. It forms the core of text and font handling for GTK ATK library provides a set of interfaces for accessibility. By supporting the ATK interfaces, an application or toolkit can be used with such tools as screen readers, magnifiers, and alternative input devices. 然而, 由於 GTK 是由許多 libraries 組成, 在網站, 我們可以看到如圖 1 的畫面, 而這裡只是一部份而已, 因此, 我們將必須安裝的 libraries 整理成表 1, 你可以根據表 1 將這些必要的 library 一一下載下來 1 ( 可以直接選擇 library file 的名稱下載 ) 1 為了下載方便, 我將這些檔案再整理成一個 zip 檔, 你可以到下載, 下載後解壓縮後, 即是表 1 所列的 11 個檔案 1

2 圖 1:GTK+ 下載畫面表 1:GTK+ 下載 library 一覽表 Library File Notes gettext-runtime zip GNU gettext runtime for Win32, containing the GNU internationalisation library (libintl) and support files. GLib uses libintl, so you will need this. glib zip Runtime of GLib Requires libiconv and gettext-runtime. libiconv bin.woe32.zip Both runtime and developer files. GNU Libiconv is an implementation of iconv. GLib uses libiconv, so you will need this. gtk zip Runtime of GTK Requires glib, atk and pango. In addition, if you want to be able to load PNG, JPEG or TIFF images with gdk-pixbuf, you will need libpng and zlib, libjpeg and libtiff respectively. pkgconfig-0.15.zip Pkg-config is a neat program that is useful in makefiles etc. It manages compile and link flags. Requires GLib 2.x. glib-dev zip Corresponding developer package, i.e. headers, import libraries and documentation. 2

3 gtk+-dev zip Corresponding developer package. pango zip Pango Pango is used by GTK+ 2 and GIMP 2. Note that Pango has a bug that affects the Win32 backend, and should not be used on Windows. pango-dev zip Corresponding developer package. atk zip Atk is used by GTK+ 2. atk-dev zip Corresponding developer package. 下找完畢後, 將所有的檔案解壓縮至 MinGW 的根目錄下 ( 例如 C:\MinGW), 總共 11 個壓縮檔, 解壓縮過程中, 會有少許檔案會重複, 此時只要擇擇全部取代即可取得 GTK+ 環境變數由於我們在編譯 c++ 程式, 必須 Include Header File 的路徑並且指定要連結的 libraries 路徑, 然而 GTK+ 其 library 的數量眾多, 我們難以一一加入所有的 paths 所幸的是 GTK+ 提供一個名為 pkg-config 的程式, 幫我們取得目前 GTK+ 相關的 Include 和 libraries 的路徑及其參數, 我們先將取得的所有路徑及參數複製下來, 待撰寫 Makefile 時再使用這些值第一個指令是取得 GTK+ 所有 Include 的路徑, 而第二個指令是取得 GTK+ 所有 libraries 的路徑我們首先在 Windows 下執行 Command Mode, 開啟後輸入以下指令 pkg-config --cflags gtk+-2.0 之後會出現如下訊息的畫面, 如圖 2 所示, 我們再將這些字串複製下來圖 2: 取得 cflags 的參數及 Include 的 Path 接下來我們再輸入, 其結果如圖 3 所示 : pkg-config --libs gtk+-2.0 圖 3: 取得 libs 的變數同樣地, 我們也將這一字串複製下來, 待未來編譯時使用 ( 若是 MinGW 安裝的路徑與我們相同, 則上述所記錄的值也應該同上兩張圖中的參數路徑 ) 3

4 撰寫 HelloGTK 視窗程式我們現在實作一 HelloGTK 範例來說明編譯執行的過程即結果至於關於如何撰寫 GTK+ 的程式, 你可以參考這個網站的 GTK+ 的 Tutorial 而此 HelloGTK 則是改寫 Tutorial 中的 Helloworld 程式, 其程式列表如下 : #include <gtk/gtk.h> static gboolean delete_event( GtkWidget *widget, GdkEvent *event, gpointer data ) { /* If you return FALSE in the "delete_event" signal handler, * GTK will emit the "destroy" signal. Returning TRUE means * you don't want the window to be destroyed. * This is useful for popping up 'are you sure you want to quit?' * type dialogs. */ g_print ("delete event occurred\n"); /* Change TRUE to FALSE and the main window will be destroyed with * a "delete_event". */ } return FALSE; /* Another callback */ static void destroy( GtkWidget *widget, gpointer data ) { gtk_main_quit (); } int main( int argc, char *argv[] ) { /* GtkWidget is the storage type for widgets */ GtkWidget *window; GtkWidget *label; /* This is called in all GTK applications. Arguments are parsed * from the command line and are returned to the application. */ gtk_init (&argc, &argv); /* create a new window */ window = gtk_window_new (GTK_WINDOW_TOPLEVEL); /* When the window is given the "delete_event" signal (this is given * by the window manager, usually by the "close" option, or on the * titlebar), we ask it to call the delete_event () function * as defined above. The data passed to the callback * function is NULL and is ignored in the callback function. */ g_signal_connect (G_OBJECT (window), "delete_event", 4

5 G_CALLBACK (delete_event), NULL); /* Here we connect the "destroy" event to a signal handler. * This event occurs when we call gtk_widget_destroy() on the window, * or if we return FALSE in the "delete_event" callback. */ g_signal_connect (G_OBJECT (window), "destroy", G_CALLBACK (destroy), NULL); /* create a label with "HelloGTK" text */ label = gtk_label_new ("Hello GTK"); /* This packs the label into the window (a gtk container). */ gtk_container_add (GTK_CONTAINER (window), label); /* Sets the border width of the window. */ gtk_container_set_border_width (GTK_CONTAINER (window), 10); /* The final step is to display this newly created widget. */ gtk_widget_show (label); /* and the window */ gtk_widget_show (window); /* All GTK applications must have a gtk_main(). Control ends here * and waits for an event to occur (like a key press or * mouse event). */ gtk_main (); } return 0; 接下來我們得撰寫一 Makefile 來編譯我們的視窗程式 : gtk_include=-ic:/mingw/include/gtk-2.0 -IC:/MinGW/lib/gtk-2.0/include -IC:/MinGW/include/atk-1.0 -IC:/MinGW/include/pango-1.0 -IC:/MinGW/include/glib-2.0 -IC:/MinGW/lib/glib-2.0/include 注意 : 沒有換行 gtk_lib=-lc:/mingw/lib -lgtk-win lgdk-win latk-1.0 -lgdk_pixbuf-2.0 -lpangowin lgdi32 -lpango-1.0 -lgobject-2.0 -lgmodule-2.0 -lglib-2.0 target_dir=debug GTK+ 的 Include 路徑, 由 pkg-config --cflags gtk+-2.0 取得 GTK+ 的 Libraries 路徑, 由 pkg-config --libs gtk+-2.0 取得 main: HelloGTK.cpp gcc -mms-bitfields -Wall -g HelloGTK.cpp -o HelloGTK \ ${gtk_include} ${gtk_lib} mkdir ${target_dir} mv *.exe ${target_dir}/ all: 5

$${MAKE} main.phony : clean clean : -rm ${target_dir}/*.$

6 ${MAKE} main.phony : clean clean : -rm ${target_dir}/*.exe rmdir ${target_dir} 接下來我們可以開始準備 Build 我們的程式了, 如同一般 Build 方式, 我們選擇 Project Build Project 即開始編譯, 編譯結果如圖 4 所示, 並產生一個 HelloGTK.exe 的執行檔, 最後, 我們選擇 Run Run 開啟一個 Run Wizard 來執行程式選擇執行檔, 且設定完後, 按下 Run 即可執行我們的應用程式, 執行結果如圖 5 總算大功告成了! 編譯成功圖 4: 編譯成功畫面 6

7 HelloGTK 視窗的 Console 輸出! HelloGTK 視窗圖 5: 執行畫面備註 1. 以 GTK+ 撰寫程式的方式就如同傳統寫 Win32 SDK 的方式, 稍有難度而它的方式也是僅是以撰寫 C 的方式開發視窗程式, 進一步的資訊得參考 GTK 所提供的 Library 參考資料

ebook 86-10

ebook 86-10 10 GtkContainer 10.1 GtkEventBox G T K X G t k E v e n t B o x G t k E v e n t B o x X G T K X X GtkWidget *gtk_event_box_new( void ); G t k E v e n t B o x gtk_container_add( GTK_CONTAINER(event_box),