厦门大学学位论文原创性声明 兹呈交的学位论文, 是本人在导师指导下独立完成的研究成 果 本人在论文写作中参考的其他个人或集体的研究成果, 均在 文中以明确方式标明 本人依法享有和承担由此论文而产生的权 力和责任 声明人 ( 签名 ): 年月日

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1 学校编号 :10384 分类号 : 密级 : 学号 : UDC 厦门大学硕士学位论文 膜分离技术在核苷酸和乳品生产中的应用研究 Study of Membrane Separation Technology in Nucleotide and Dairy Production 谢全灵 指导教师姓名 : 蓝伟光教授 何旭敏 副教授 专业名称 : 高分子化学与物理 论文提交日期 :2005 论文答辩日期 :2005 年 6 月 年 7 月 答辩委员会主席 : 评阅人 : 2005 年 6 月

2 厦门大学学位论文原创性声明 兹呈交的学位论文, 是本人在导师指导下独立完成的研究成 果 本人在论文写作中参考的其他个人或集体的研究成果, 均在 文中以明确方式标明 本人依法享有和承担由此论文而产生的权 力和责任 声明人 ( 签名 ): 年月日

3 摘要 摘 要 膜分离技术是一门新型的高效分离 浓缩 提纯及净化技术, 近三十年来已广泛应用于传统生产工艺的改造升级 本文主要研究了膜技术在核苷酸和乳品生产中的应用 膜技术在核苷酸的应用研究中, 我们首次研究了组合膜技术 ( 超滤 + 纳滤 ) 改造核苷酸的传统生产工艺 首先考察了 5 种不同截留分子量和亲疏水性的 Ultra-flo TM 超滤膜过滤 RNA 酶解液 的效果 结果表明, 截留分子量越大 亲水性越强的超滤膜所对 应的平均膜通量越大 ; 截留分子量越小 疏水性越强的超滤膜所 对应的蛋白截留率越大 ; 截留分子量越小 亲水性越强的超滤膜 所对应的膜污染越小 膜清洗越容易 其中, 亲水强 截留分子 量适中的 3# 超滤膜 (MWCO 30 kd,ca) 同时兼具较高蛋白截 留率 (81.3%) 高膜通量 (65.6 L m -2 h -1 ) 易清洗 ( 水通量恢复 98.7%) 的优点, 因此 3# 超滤膜为最佳 Ultra-flo TM 超滤膜型号 然后考察了 S-372 纳滤膜 (MWCO 250, 复合膜 ) 对核苷酸树脂 解析液的浓缩和脱盐效果,GMP 浓度从 2% 浓缩到 13%,NaCl 去除率在 99% 以上,GMP 正收率在 92% 以上,GMP 反收率在 96% 以上, 清洗后水通量 100% 恢复 采用纳滤可以代替减压真空浓 缩和乙醇沉淀结晶两个操作单元, 既节约了能耗, 提高了产品纯 度, 又避免了使用乙醇和环境污染 膜技术在乳品的应用研究中, 主要研究了微滤陶瓷膜在脱脂 奶除菌和牛初乳生产的应用 首先考察了不同孔径的微滤陶瓷膜 (1.2μm 和 0.8μm) 对脱脂奶的除菌效果 其中首次研究了陶瓷膜微滤对 UHT 乳贮存期间蛋白水解活性的影响, 通过定期测定经

4 摘要 UHT 处理的微滤浓缩液和透过液中游离氨基基团浓度发现, 与微滤浓缩液相比, 微滤透过液抑制了 66% 的蛋白水解活性 然后考察了不同孔径微滤陶瓷膜 (0.1μm 和 0.2μm) 对脱脂牛初乳乳清的除菌效果 与微滤陶瓷膜直接过滤脱脂牛初乳的膜通量 (30 L m -2 h -1 ) 和 IgG 截留率 (50%~80%) 相比, 酪蛋白沉淀和微滤相结合的新工艺实现了高膜通量和基本不截留 IgG:0.1μm 和 0.2 μm 陶瓷膜的平均膜通量分别为 117 L m -2 h -1 和 133 L m -2 h -1,IgG 截留率分别只有 1.1%~1.2% 和 0.8%~1.2% 关键词 : 膜分离 ; 核苷酸 ; 乳品

5 Abstract Abstract Membrane separation technique belongs to a new high-efficiency technology for separation, concentration and purification. Membrane technique has been extensively used to reform and upgrade the conventional processes in the past thirty years. In this study, membrane application in the production of nucleotide and dairy was explored. In the first part of this thesis, the integrated membrane technique including ultrafiltration and nanofiltration was orignally studied to reform the conventional nucleotide production process. First, the filtration performances of enzymolysis RNA solution with five different MWCO and hydrophilic Ultra-flo TM ultrafiltration membranes have been studied. The results could be concluded as follows: The larger of MWCO, the stronger of hydrophilicity, the average membrane flux was higher. The smaller of MWCO, the stronger of hydrophobicity, the protein rejection was higher. The smaller of MWCO, the stronger of hydrophilicity, the membrane fouling was lower and the membrane cleaning is easier. We recommended that 3# UF membrane (30 kd, CA) was the optimum, having a high nucleotide yield (96.4%), high protein rejection (81.3%), high flux (65.6L m -2 h -1 ), high recovery ratio of water flux (98.7%). Second, the filtration performances of nucleotide desorbed solution by S-372 NF membrane (250, TFM) has been studied. GMP desorbed solution was concentrated from 2% to 13%. Sodium chloride was.removed above 99%. The GMP yield was above 92%

6 Abstract calculating from retentate and above 96% calculating from permeate. The water flux after membrane cleaning was recovered 100%. So NF could replace coventional two-step operation units, vacuum concentration and ethanol crystallization. NF contributed to energy saving, ethanol saving, avoid environmental pollution at the same time. In the second part of this thesis, the ceramic MF for bacteria removal of skim milk and whey of skim bovine colostrum was studied. First, the MF performances of skim milk with different pore size (1.2μm and 0.8μm) have been compared. It was the first time to investigate the effect of ceramic MF to the proteolysis activity during the storage life of UHT milk. MF permeate inhibited 66% proteolysis activity compared to MF retentate by regularly measuring the concentration of free amino group in MF retentate and MF permeate after UHT processing. Second, the MF performances of whey of skim bovine colostrum with different pore size ( 0.1μm and 0.2μm ) have been compared. It was reported that membrane flux was only 30L m -2 h -1 and IgG rejection reached 50%~80% for direct ceramic MF of skim bovine colostrum. We used the new process combinating isoelectric point precipitation and ceramic MF, this process has high membrane flux and low IgG rejection. For 0.1μm and 0.2μm ceramic membrane, the average membrane fluxes were 117 L m -2 h -1 and 133 L m -2 h -1 respectively, the IgG rejections were 1.1%~1.2% and 0.8%~1.2% respectively. Key words: membrane separation, nucleotide, dairy

7 目 录 目 录 第一章绪论 膜分离技术的发展及概况 膜材料及其构型 有机膜 无机膜 膜构型 膜污染和膜清洗 污染物的主要成分 影响膜污染的因素 膜清洗 膜分离的基本理论 错流过滤与死端过滤 膜分离特性的表征 操作模式 研究内容 目的及意义 12 本章参考文献 13 第一篇膜技术在核苷酸生产中的应用研究 17 引言 17 第二章核苷酸超滤纯化技术的优化 23 第一节实验材料与方法 实验材料 实验方法 24 第二节结果与讨论 接触角与亲水性 亲水性 截留分子量与膜通量 亲水性 截留分子量与蛋白截留率 核苷酸收率 30

8 目 录 2.5 亲水性 截留分子量 膜污染和膜清洗 31 第三节本章小结 33 第三章纳滤在核苷酸生产中的应用研究 35 第一节实验材料与方法 实验材料 实验方法 35 第二节结果与讨论 膜型号的选择 体系操作压力的选择 体系操作温度的选择 膜通量稳定性考察 脱盐效果 GMP 收率 膜清洗 43 第三节本章小结 44 本篇参考文献 44 第二篇微滤在乳品中的应用研究 48 引言 48 第四章微滤在脱脂奶除菌中的应用研究 51 引言 51 第一节实验材料与方法 实验材料 实验方法 53 第二节结果与讨论 体系操作压力的选择 体系操作温度的选择 两种微滤膜过滤效果比较 膜通量 蛋白截留率 62

9 目 录 细菌截留率 微滤对 UHT 乳贮存中蛋白水解活性的影响 膜污染与膜清洗 65 第三节本章小结 67 第五章微滤在牛初乳生产中的应用研究 69 引言 69 第一节实验材料与方法 实验材料 实验方法 76 第二节结果与讨论 脱脂牛初乳除菌实验 体系操作压力选择 脱脂牛初乳和脱脂奶过滤效果对比 细菌截留率 脱脂牛初乳乳清除菌 体系操作压力的选择 体系操作温度的选择 两种微滤膜过滤效果比较 膜通量 蛋白和 IgG 截留率 细菌截留率 膜清洗 88 第三节本章小结 89 本篇参考文献 90 结论 97 致谢 99

10 Contents Contents Chapter 1 Introduction Development and general aspect of membrane separation technology Membrane material and configuration Organic membrane Inorganic membrane Membrane configuration Membrane fouling and cleaning Main fouling composition Factors of membrane fouling membrane cleaning Basic theory of membrane separation Cross-flow and dead-end filtration Characterization of membrane separation performance Operation mode Subject, aim and significance 12 References 13 Part Ⅰ Application of membrane separation technology in nucleotide production 17 Introduction 17 Chapter 2 Optimization of ultrafiltration technology for purification of nucleotide 23 Section 1 Materials and methods Materials Methods 24 Section 2 Results and discussion Contact angle and hydrophilicity 26

11 Contents 2.2 Hydrophilicity, MWCO and flux Hydrophilicity, MWCO and protein rejection Nucleotide yield Hydrophilicity, MWCO, membrane fouling and cleaning 31 Section 3 Chapter Conclusions 33 Chapter 3 Application of nanofiltration in nucleotide production 35 Section 1 Materials and methods Materials Methods 35 Section 2 Results and discussion Selection of membrane models Selection of operation pressure Selection of operation temperature Membrane flux Performances of desalination GMP yield Membrane cleaning 43 Section 3 Chapter Conclusions 44 References 44 Part Ⅱ Application of microfiltration in dairy production 48 Introduction 48 Chapter 4 Application of microfiltration for bacteria removal of skim milk 51 Introduction 51 Section 1 Materials and methods Materials Methods 53

12 Contents Section 2 Results and discussion Selection of operation pressure Selection of operation temperature Comparison between two MF Membrane flux Protein rejection Bacteria rejection Effect of MF to the proteolysis activity Membrane fouling and cleaning 65 Section 3 Chapter Conclusions 67 Chapter 5 Application of microfiltration in bovine colostrum production 69 Introduction 69 Section 1 Materials and methods Materials Methods 76 Section 2 Results and discussion Bateria removal of skim bovine colostrum Selection of operation pressure Comparison between skim bovine colostrum and skim milk Bacteria rejection Bacteria removal of whey of skim bovine colostrum Selection of operation pressure Selection of operation temperature Comparison between two MF Membrane flux Protein and IgG rejection Bateria rejection Membrane cleaning 88

13 Contents Section 3 Chapter Conclusions 89 References 90 Conclusions 97 Acknowledgement 99

14 第一章绪论 第一章绪论 1.1 膜分离技术的发展及概况膜分离是指人工合成或天然的膜材料为介质, 借助外界能量或化学位差的推动来实现对气体或液体的分离 分级 提纯和富 集的方法 和普通的过滤介质相比较, 膜分离最主要的特点是具 有更小的孔径和更窄的孔径分布 膜分离现象的发现可以追溯到 十八世纪, 但膜分离技术的工业化或商业化始于二十世纪六十年 代 在过去的几十年中, 膜分离技术作为新的分离 纯化和浓 缩技术, 因为具有常温操作 选择性好 节能 工艺简便 污染 小等优点, 膜分离技术已从一种鲜为人知的特殊生产方法发 展成为一种有效的规范的生产工艺, 广泛应用于海水淡化 4] 化工 [5~7] 生物制药 [8~10] 食品 [11~12] 电子 [13] 冶金 [14] 石 油化工 [15~16] 及环保 越重要的作用 [17~18] [1~ 等领域, 并在清洁生产中扮演着越来 膜分离技术可以分为微滤 (Microfiltration, 简称 MF) 超滤 (Ultrafiltration, 简称 UF) 纳滤 (Nanofiltration, 简称 NF) 反渗透 (Reverse Osmosis, 简称 RO) 透析 (Dialysis, 简称 D) 电渗析 (Electrodialysis, 简称 ED) 气体分离 ( Gas Permeation, 简称 GS ) 渗透蒸发 (Pervaporation, 简称 PV), 不同膜过程主要特征及应用见 表 1-1 本论文主要论述了压力驱动分离膜在液体处理方面的应 用 选择适当的压力驱动分离膜, 即微滤 超滤 纳滤或反 渗透, 可替代鼓式真空过滤 板框压滤 袋式过滤 离心分离 静电除尘 絮凝 离子交换 溶媒抽提 吸附 / 再生 - 1 -

15 第一章绪论 蒸发等多种传统的分离与过滤方法 [19] 表 1-1 工业应用膜过程的分类及其基本特征 过程推动力膜类型分离机理应用领域 微滤 压力差 (1~3bar) 超滤压力 (3~ 20bar) 纳滤压力 (15~ 30bar) 反渗透压力 (20~ 40bar) 多孔膜筛分澄清 除 杂 非对称膜筛分澄清 除 非对称膜或复合 膜 非对称膜或复合 膜 透析浓度差非对称膜或离子 交换膜 空间位阻和 Donnan 效应 溶解扩散 筛分微孔膜内 的扩散 电渗析电势差离子交换膜反离子经离子 气体分 离 渗透蒸 发 压力 (10~ 100bar) 分压差 均质膜 复合膜 非对称膜 多孔膜 用均聚物制成的 非对称可溶性膜 交换膜的迁移 溶解扩散 溶解扩散 杂 浓缩 浓缩 脱 盐 浓缩 分级 浓缩 分 级 气体分 离 富集 溶剂和共 沸物分离 1.2 膜材料及其构型 膜是膜分离技术的核心, 膜材料的化学性质 组成和结 构对膜分离性能起着重要作用, 也是膜技术研究的一个重要 - 2 -

16 第一章绪论 内容 通常对分离膜的要求是 : 具有良好的成膜性, 热稳定性, 化学稳定性, 耐酸 碱 微生物侵蚀和耐氧化性能 根据这种要求, 按制膜材料不同, 目前使用的分离膜主要有两类 : 有机膜和无机膜 [20] 有机膜 有机膜是应用最早且最广泛的膜材料 有机膜具有柔韧 性良好 可塑性好 品种多 易加工等优点 目前, 制膜用 的材料较多, 一般分为聚砜类 醋酸纤维素类 聚烯烃类和 聚酯类等 其中, 聚砜类中有聚砜 聚醚砜 聚砜酰胺 磺 化聚醚砜等 ; 醋酸纤维素类有再生纤维素 二醋酸纤维素和 三醋酸纤维素等 ; 聚烯烃有聚乙烯 聚丙烯 聚丙烯腈 聚 偏氟乙烯 聚四氟乙烯等 另外, 丙烯酸 - 丙烯腈共聚物和 以聚芳酰亚胺为代表的芳杂环高分子化合物近来发展很快, 也将成为重要的制膜原料 膜材料今后的发展方向是开发价 格低 性能优良 易成膜的新型聚合物 随着膜分离技术的发展, 单一的有机膜材料已不能满足 实际应用中的需要, 而研制一种新的有机膜工作量很大, 所 以常采用膜材料的改性或膜表面改性的方法, 使膜具有某些 需要的性能, 以提高分离效率 有机膜材料的改性方法很多, 可分为化学改性和物理改性 其中化学改性又有膜材料化学 改性和膜表面化学改性等 膜材料化学改性包括材料的共 聚 接枝 用化学方法赋予亲水基团等 膜表面化学改性是 另一种膜材料改性方法, 包括含官能团的聚合物薄膜涂覆 等离子体表面聚合改性 界面缩聚等方法 膜材料物理改性 - 3 -

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