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1 ZigBee 路 Research on ZigBee-Based Wireless Sensor Networks 李 (Jin-Shyan Lee) Department of Internet Embedded System (X100) Information & Communications Research Labs Industrial Technology Research Institute, Hsinchu, Taiwan 1

2 Outline I. 路 II. ZigBee/IEEE III. ITRI ZBnode IV. 路例 V. 2

3 The New Era: Wireless Sensor Networks While the last 50 years have been dominated by a march to ever more complex computers, the next few decades will see the rise of simple sensors. -- by the billions. Business Week Sensors and sensor networks represent a great opportunity. National Science Foundation (NSF) 10 Emerging Technologies That Will Change the World -- Rank #1*: Wireless Sensor networks (WSN) MIT: Technology Review, February 2003 * Injectable Tissue Engineering Nano Solar Cells Mechatronics Grid Computing Molecular Imaging Nanoimprint Lithography Software Assurance Glycomics Quantum Cryptography 3

4 I. ( ) 路 (Kruger, 2005) = + 理 + + (+ + + ) 4

5 例 : Mote 5

6 路 Antenna Interface electronics, radio and microcontroller Server Soil moisture Communications probe barrier Mote Sensor field Gateway Internet 6

7 路 Server Sensor Watershed field Gateway Internet 7

8 理力量離 8

9 路 RFID / ( ) 理 9

10 路 MEMS, VLSI 路理論 ( 行 ) 路 (Ubiquitous society, pervasive computing) Open source (Linux, TinyOS) E-Japan, U-Japan E-Taiwan, M-Taiwan, U-Taiwan 10

11 暴 Boston

12 ( ) TI REGENCY TR-1, 1 st Transistor, 1947 Sony TR-610, , $450 (today) 1 st Integrated Circuit, ~1958 Integrated Circuit, 1963 Today ~$5 12

13 無線技術的演變 Size reduction of cellular telephones 台日感測器與微機電技術研討會 13

14 Micro-Electro-Mechanical-Systems (MEMS) ~ 1mm 14

15 MEMS ~ 1mm 15

16 利行 ~ 5 mm 16

17 Medical: Video Pill Light, video camera, transmitter Receiver strapped on patient Swallow Video pill & standard endoscope 24 hours to travel through body The pill's view of the stomach and intestine 17

18 RF MEMS Conventional LC Filters - Qs of , significant board space MEMS Filters: Qs of 98,000 in vacuum, very small 18

19 19

Original IBM PC (1981) 4.77 MHz 16-256 KB RAM 160 KB Floppies ~ $US 6K (today) ~ 64 W 25 lb, 19.5 x 5.

20 Original IBM PC (1981) 4.77 MHz KB RAM 160 KB Floppies ~ $US 6K (today) ~ 64 W 25 lb, 19.5 x 5.5 x 16 inch MicaZ Mote (2005) 4 MHz 128 KB RAM 512 KB Flash ~ $US 35 ~14 mw 0.5 oz, 2.25 x 1.25 x 0.25 inch 20

21 MicaZ 路 Microphone Sounder Magnetometer 1.25 in Temperature Sensor 2.25 in Accelerometer Light Sensor 21

22 路 + Server Gateway Internet 22

23 II. ZigBee/IEEE (Lee, 2005) IEEE Wireless Standard an emerging standard specifically designed for low-rate wireless personal area networks (LR-WPAN) provide a low data rate, low power, and low cost wireless networking on the device-level communication. with a focus on enabling the wireless sensor networks. 23

24 ZigBee Alliance Internet Everything IP address Wireless standard formed by an alliance of industry leaders Mitsubishi, Motorola, Phillips, TI, Samsung, NEC, Hitachi, Cisco, III, and ITRI over 100 companies and organizations as members!! 24

25 ZigBee over IEEE Application API Security 32- / 64- / 128-bit encryption Network Star / Mesh / Cluster-Tree MAC PHY 868MHz / 915MHz / 2.4GHz Silicon Stack App Customer ZigBee Alliance IEEE the software Network, Security & Application layers Brand management IEEE the hardware Physical & Media Access Control layers 25

26 Why ZigBee? (NWK ) Reliable and self healing Supports large number of nodes Easy to deploy Very long battery life Secure Low cost Can be used globally 26

27 Why IEEE ? (PHY+MAC ) Ultra Low complexity Ultra Low cost Ultra Low power consumption Data reliability Low data rate 27

28 Comparison (1/2) From 28

29 Comparison (2/2) From 29

30 ZigBee Applications security HVAC AMR lighting control access control BUILDING AUTOMATION CONSUMER ELECTRONICS TV VCR DVD/CD remote patient monitoring fitness monitoring PERSONAL HEALTH CARE ZigBee Wireless Control that Simply Works PC & PERIPHERALS mouse keyboard joystick asset mgt process control environmental energy mgt INDUSTRIAL CONTROL RESIDENTIAL/ LIGHT COMMERCIAL CONTROL security HVAC lighting control access control lawn & garden irrigation 30

31 IEEE Data rates of 20 kbps and up to 250 kbps Star or Peer-to-Peer network topologies Support for Low Latency Devices CDMA-CA Channel Access Handshaking Low Power Usage consumption 3 Frequencies bands with 27 channels Extremely low duty-cycle (<0.1%) 31

32 868/915 MHz PHY IEEE Industrial Scientific Medical (ISM) frequency bands: 868/915 MHz and 2.4 GHz Channel 0 Channel MHz MHz GHz PHY Channel MHz MHz The IEEE channel structure. 32

33 Full-function device (FFD) Function Devices As a PAN coordinator, a router, or an end device. Can talk to RFDs or other FFDs. Reduced-function device (RFD) As an end device only. Use minimal resources and memory capacity. Can talk to FFDs only. 33

34 Network Topology Star topology Peer-to-Peer topology: cluster tree is a special case PAN coordinator Full Function Device Reduced Function Device (a) (b) (a) Star and (b) cluster tree topologies of the IEEE network. 34

35 Superframe Structure The IEEE superframe structure. Beacon Active Inactive Beacon GTS GTS Inactive CAP CFP Superframe Duration (Active) Beacon Interval Contention access period (CAP): uses slotted CSMA-CA Contention-free period (CFP): does not have CSMA-CA Guaranteed time slot (GTS): for applications requiring specific data bandwidth 35

36 Beacon Interval (BI) & Superframe Duration (SD) BI = abasesuperframeduration 2 BO 0 BO 14. SD = abasesuperframeduration 2 SO 0 SO 14. abasesuperframeduration = 960 symbols BO: beacon order SO: superframe order Nonbeancon-enabled mode: BO=SO=15. Extremely low duty-cycle (<0.1%) 36

37 CSMA-CA Mechanism Unslotted CSMA-CA Nonbeacon-enabled mode Slotted CSMA-CA Beacon-enabled mode 37

38 Data Transfer Models (1/2) Direct Data Transmission This data transfer is for transferring data from a device to a coordinator. Network Device Coordinator Network Device Coordinator Beacon Data Data Acknowledgment Acknowledgment (a) (b) Direct data transmission in (a) beacon-enabled, and (b) nonbeacon-enabled networks. 38

39 Data Transfer Models (2/2) Indirect Data Transmission This data transfer is for transferring data from a coordinator to a device. Coordinator Network Device Coordinator Network Device Beacon Data Request (polling) Data Request Acknowledgment Data Acknowledgment Data Acknowledgment Acknowledgment (a) (b) Indirect data transmission in (a) beacon-enabled, and (b) nonbeacon-enabled networks. 39

40 Frame Formats Four Frame Types Beacon, Command, Acknowledgment, Data frames. Data Frame Format Bytes: MAC sublayer Bytes: Start of Frame Preamble frame delimiter length Frame control Sequence Addressing Data payload number fields MAC service MAC header (MHR) data unit (MSDU) MAC protocol data unit (MPDU) 127 bytes Frame check sequence MAC footer (MFR) PHY layer Synchronization header (SHR) PHY header PHY service data unit (PSDU) PHY protocol data unit (PPDU) Data frame format of the IEEE

41 III. ITRI ZBnode (Lee & Huang, 2006) SCAN (Sensing, Computing, And Networking) devices A ZigBee/IEEE Platform for Wireless Sensor Networks IEEE RF Module Sensing Module 32-bit RISC Microprocessor ARM 720T 70MHz SDRAM 16 M Flash ROM 16 M Scheme of ITRI ZBnode: SCAN-ZB32. CPLD Power Supply 41

42 ITRI ZBnode: ZB32 Sockets for Sensing Module SDRAM on rear side LEDs ARM 720T Flash ROM CPLD Buttons Battery Connector on rear side Power Switch ITRI ZBnode hardware (SCAN-ZB32). IEEE RF Module SMA Connector for External Antenna On-board Chip Antenna 42

43 ZB32: Sensing Module Humidity Light Sounder ADC & Temp. Prototype Area Sensing module for ITRI SCAN-ZB32. 43

44 ZigBee/IEEE Stack Security Service Provider Application Framework Application Objects ZigBee Device Object (ZDO) Device Profiles Application Support Sub-layer (APS) ZDO Management Network Layer (NWK) Plane Application Layer Medium Access Control Layer (MAC) End manufacturer defined Physical Layer (PHY) ZigBee Alliance defined IEEE defined 44

45 Network Formation Network formation of a 20-node tree topology. 45

46 SCAN-ZB32 Power Consumption min. (mw) typ. (mw) max. (mw) Computing Module Microprocessor Run 140 Sleep (RTC on) Sleep (RTC off) Flash Write Read Power-Down SDRAM Run 330 Standby 66 Power-Down 3.3 Communication Module Receive Transmit (0 dbm) Idle mode (oscillator on) 1.41 Sensing Module ADC & Temperature 10 Humidity 1 Light Power Management CPLD Run mode CPLD Standby mode

47 Comparison with Other Commercial Platforms ITRI ZBnode Crossbow Dust Networks SCAN-ZB32 Mote 2400-MicaZ Mote 2020 Hardware Microprocessor 32-bit Hynix ARM7 8-bit Atmel AVR 16-bit TI MSP430 RF Transceiver CC2420 CC2420 CC2420 Flash Memory 16MB 128KB 60KB RAM 16MB 4KB 2KB EEPROM N/A 4KB N/A Programming Interfaces RS-232, JTAG RS-232 N/A Node Size (mm) 76 x 68 x x 32 x x 75 x 28 Supported Sensors (via Temperature, Temperature, an expansion connector) Light, Humidity Light, Tilt Temperature, Light, Acceleration, Acoustic, Magnetic Software/Stack OS ARM Linux 2.4 Tiny OS N/A Compatible Yes Partial Partial ZigBee Compliant Yes Partial No ZigBee Interoperability Yes No No Mesh Networking ZigBee Mesh XMesh TM SmartMesh TM 47

48 Comparison ITRI-ZBnode Xbow-MicaZ Dust-Mote Nodes (top) with their sensing modules (bottom). 48

49 IV. 路例 : (Kruger, 2005) 量量量 49

50 From 50

ECH 2 O Soil Moisture Probes Probe Type Dielectric constant measurement Measurement Time 10 ms Resolution 0.002 m 3 /m 3 (0.

51 ECH 2 O Soil Moisture Probes Probe Type Dielectric constant measurement Measurement Time 10 ms Resolution m 3 /m 3 (0.1%) Power Requirements: 2.0 2mA to 5 Output: 10-40% of excitation voltage ( mv excitation) 51

52 Input Channels ECH 2 O Data Logger and Transmitter 5, with 12-bit A/D resolution and 2.5V excitation on each channel Data Storage: 49 kb (145 1 scan/hour) flash memory 52

53 ECH 2 O Data Logger and Transmitter Communication 900 MHz with up to 5 mile LOS range (optional 2.4 GHz spread spectrum RF, up to 1.5 mile LOS range) RS-232 capability on Port 1 Power Requirements 4 AAA alkaline batteries Operating Conditions -10 o C to 50 o C, up to 100% RH, weatherproof and impact resistant enclosure 53

Communication Frequency-hopping Spread-spectrum Radio: 902-928 MHz ISM (USA) or 2.

54 Communication Frequency-hopping Spread-spectrum Radio: MHz ISM (USA) or 2.4GHz ISM (Worldwide) RS-232 Power Requirements 7-18 VDC ma Rm1 Receiver 54

55 Measurement Setup 900 MHz (2.4 GHz) Rm1 RS232 ECH 2 0 Logger Soil 55

56 Graphic User Interface Basic Features Time and measurement interval settings Radio settings (channel, subchannel, radio mode) Connect/disconnect, download data Terminal 56

57 Needs 911 切 Solutions 路拓 ITRI ZBnode: / 樓 57

58 ITRI ZBnode: / 樓樓樓 Wireless Sensor Nodes 樓樓 Internet 連理狀聯狀 : WSN Server 行路路 sensor nodes nodes 路路 ( 拓 ) 來車樓老量力 58

59 Severe Resource Constraints Energy (Power management!) Batteries, solar cells Long life time Bird habitat monitoring: 9 months Bridges: > 10 years Unreliable Wireless Interface Environmental noises Terrain High fault rates Asymmetric links Unknown and changing Topologies Unpredictable Environment When/where/how-many targets Mobile targets Sensors leave/join/move Real-Time Requirements Timing constraints: Locate/report targets Within 10 sec Security and Privacy Physically exposed to potential hackers Wireless communication Resource-constrained Wireless sensor networks: challenge of the century! * Source: Prof. Chenyang Lu, Washington University 59

60 V. SCAN (Sensing, Computing, And Networking) MEMS: New Sensor & Actuator Small Size, Low Power & Low Cost New Type of ITRI ZBnode Platform: SCAN-ZB8 Use a single chip (integrating an IEEE RF, an 8051 microprocessor, and a temperature sensor) 60

61 參 Prof. Anton Kruger, Lecture Notes on Introduction to Wireless Sensor Networks, Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Iowa, J. S. Lee, An experiment on performance study of IEEE wireless networks, IEEE Int. Conf. Emerging Technologies & Factory Automation, Catania, Italy, Sept. 2005, vol. 2, pp (EI). J. S. Lee and Y. C. Huang, ITRI ZBnode: A ZigBee/IEEE platform for wireless sensor networks, submit to IEEE Int. Conf. Systems, Man & Cybernetic, Taipei, Taiwan, October 2006 (EI). 61

62 Q & A Thanks for your time and attention! Contact: Jin-Shyan Lee jinshyan_lee@itri.org.tw Tel:

大同大學數位論文

大同大學數位論文 ZIGBEE SIMULATION AND IMPLEMENTION OF AUTOMATIC POWER LEVEL CONTROL FOR ZIGBEE (Jun-Hong Yang) (Prof. Ching-Kuen Lee) Thesis for Master of Science Graduate Institute of Communication Engineering Tatung