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! ý o 2014 12h ð 183-202 52 DOI: 10.6243/BHR.2014.052.183 ÄŒqÉ Ù ˆ ÄŒqÉ ±! î g eá je kæ 1 nøe kª j ëg g Ì zo pèm ܺ u øe

- 184 - ý o 52! Í d ³çš Œ ½ ³ w d nnë nå ½ jî w Threat-Formulae yˆ Drohformeln n ŠŒ³fæû pâ ä ³ é Ë g ˳ f õ ç» ³fæû xu f yœ ³ jî w ûˆ â p æ ö õ jî w ³ Ñ è³šë ³æ n³ ˆš i Áçˆ yd ˆ«½ jî w ³ ˆš då ƒå ûˆâ jî w ³ o xù ʈšË æ ³ xåõ Ñ ³ˆ«åçš Ë æ ³n ³µoz púfã Ó y j æh» f ³fæû Œ ³ j Î w d n³¼ælexikon der Ägyptologie âå ùõ n ä ³ éðt³ f â g ¾ Ðt³ n ✠1 jî w â Œæ ³nŒº»º»³njÎ w ³ d hh iå Ä jrsdm.tj=fj, sdm=f i Ž p 2 õ jî w Œ f f fg Œ x Œ wá»»g 3 jî w ˆ Œ ohh i Œ o 1 LÄ I, pp. 1145-1147; Scott Morschauser, Threat-Formulae in Ancient Egypt (Baltimore: Halho, Inc., 1991). 2 fì Scott Morschauser Ò Á ûdà p stipulation ª kp Injunction àã Ì p à~¹p kp à ¹p pð øe Ì u d jrnty r sdm, sdm=f/nns Dmf Scott Morschauser, Threat-Formulae in Ancient Egypt, pp. 3-4. 3 LÄ I, p. 1146.

½ já Ò ½ já! - 185 - ³ oi³ { Ëo º ƒæ 4 y Œî ÈЊŒŠ õ½ jî w jœ¹ ³i jr rmt nb ao.t(j)=sn jm=f m ab.w=sn i Œ ñ ï f 5 jr sj nb jtj.t(j)=f(j) jn(r) m js(=j) pn i Œ f³ 6 j jr pa ntj nb jw=w ft pa(y=j) rn i Œ œ ³ n 7 Hd.t(j)=f(j) zxaw i Œ g f³ ûˆ 8 Sd.t(j)=f(j) XAt=j i Œ g³p 9 Ìň oº ƒæ ⺠10 } Ì jîõ g ³ x ³ÜÊ f~ 11 4 Urk. I, 72: 4. 5 Urk. I, 49: 8 Á~¹p} Ô ~¹ } ð Õ Ù~¹ eèï Akh Á Scott Morschauser, Threat-Formulae in Ancient Egypt, pp. 67-68. 6 Urk. I, 250: 5. 7 Scott Morschauser, Threat-Formulae in Ancient Egypt, p. 42. 8 Scott Morschauser, Threat-Formulae in Ancient Egypt, p. 45. 9 Urk. IV, 1491:11. 10 Scott Morschauser, Threat-Formulae in Ancient Egypt, pp. 73-76. 11 Scott Morschauser, Threat-Formulae in Ancient Egypt, p. 84.

- 186 - ý o 52 h jw(=j) r jtt [Tz]=sn mj Apd Ë o ƒ ³Înp ƒ 12 swt mwt=f 13 jrw=w ahaw=f tm wnw ³ o âèè 14 mwt=f n Hor n jbw o žì 15 ѳ n Š ³fæû uä Œ ³»yî îh x³üê î îhpà Œ õ jî w ³é f³ d Ñ p ¾ õ jî w vœ o ³ x z ¾ kã Ó d hhˆ³ jî w Ј» ³fæû o³ jî w ïšë ƒœpà f jî w oä ŠŒ³ùnf uâ ³ˆnâ õ ˆn xâd no½ ùnfˆ Pyramid textsùnfˆ ³ o ëo Œ ç š ä é ³ Îhžõ x³o õ 12 Urk. I, 116: 7. 13 Urk. IV, 257: 15. 14 Scott Morschauser, Threat-Formulae in Ancient Egypt, p. 91. 15 KRI VI, 844: 3-4.

½ já Ò ½ já! - 187 - ùnfˆ Œ jî w ³ ç Ðâ ³ù nf ê y ÁÇ yˆ Á À { kæk } ÂÁ k Ákjk Ùû k ó Á j ð Á 16 yˆ êó jôó je e Õ k m } ã Þ ð } àk àk 17 ùnfˆ ³ jî w hhˆšë ³ jî w æ â ö uâ 18 d ³ jî w hh Œšx µ õí º Ma at 19n uœ ½jÎç é ä õš c ³ { Ž½ÜÊ æ ³ jî w ŠŒ é ³»º ºg Œ³ hù ³æ Œn jî w ³ n 20 s êkò Ù f Î } hà Á  øe Á}h Á Î 16 PT 534, 1278-1279. 17 PT 539, 1325. 18 Antonio J. Morales, Threats and Warnings to Future Kings: The Inscription of Seti I at Kanais (Wadi Mia), in Zahi A. Hawass and Jennifer R. Wagner, Million of Jubilees: Studies in Honor of David Silverman, ASAE 39/1, (Cairo: Supreme Council of Antiquities Press, 2010), p. 387. 19 Katarina Nordh, Aspects of Ancient Egyptian Curses and Blessings (Uppsala: Acta Universitaties Upsaliensis, 1996), pp. 25-26. 20 Urk. I, 305:8-306:1; Hans Goedicke, Königliche Dokumente aus dem Alten Reich, ÄA 14 (Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 1967), pp. 214-225.

- 188 - ý o 52 û u m ªjq Ù ug Á kòá e kò } j Osiris kòáð ÁØv h Š hˆ Abydos ¾³ ˆ o ô} ³Åõ éƒiù䈺 x jî w ÐŒ ³jŒ 21 e Á½ u Á ªŽ  ká }uã l káò } sp k Á «Á k { } Ø Á Á«kÁ Ç Á Á Á Î Á } ý Ù} Èi~Ô Á Á ƒ Œ³Ó hvš ˆ Coptos t³ æ Œ ³ jî w jî ä ç f Teta ³ 22 i Min Á Á ê Á ï Ìí ~Á ï â Ù Á ªMinhotep Á k } Á} k pn Á kek Á kõ káõk kò}} ká mª Á ká } ~{ó Á ká } Á { Á u}káø±g 21 Wolfgang Helck, Historisch-biographische Texte der 2. Zwischenzeit und neue Texte der 18. Dynastie, 2. Überarbeitete Auflage, KÄT 6-1 (Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 1983), 32, Z. 36-39. 22 William M. F. Petrie, Koptos (London: Quaritch, 1896), p. 10 pl. VIII. g Ù e jáí y } ë e j } s

½ já Ò ½ já! - 189 - j Ùìõ ká k uã Ë ÙçãËÁg w Áu«Á ý k Á Œ yàjáã ì õ ká ká s ká ká }à Ái Á À kª Ák ËÁ ªk is Áz ãò yˆ ˆ ŠŒ ûˆ æ õ gh jî w g ³î n Ñ oæ³æ Œ³ fƒ ³o³æ³æ jî w uœœ ³ Îhöy ³ÈÈ º nõù õù³ 23 s Á j kr Á ÁÞÇ wk Men-Maat-Re Á Çkò ÁÈ Amun-Re Ï Š Re-Harakhty Ptah-Tatenon e Wennefer kòði kò ÿ}i } iš ªŒi kòá ª š kòá rì i } Á ó s Á j êk Á ªì ó û} Á kò ká Ù ~Á ² ä k } ½ Heliopolis kò } Á½ý kò Ákò Õ ç i kò kòá Á kò r ì Á Á ú ~ 23 KRI I, 68: 11-69: 7.

- 190 - ý o 52 Á j škò ƒ ³ö ùæ Decree of NauriŒ Œ ³ he» Îo ùo³övº w The Temple of Years of Million â³ Î â p³ Ê ë h Ê in Ó õ õ» Ë ³ñ o«x ³ÜÊŒì³ y Œ z Ì š ì 24 káh }øeá j e À ~ yˆ }øeá j Á yˆ Á À ûw yˆ Ù}j j í ð Ù ý Kush ± Á kòá } yˆ}øeá j Á }Ù}j j í ð Ù ý ± Á yˆ }øeá j Áj Ù qáá Ù}j j í ð Ù ý ± Á yˆ}øeá j Á¼ Á Ù}j j í ð Ù ý ± Á êùyˆ ý Áj í ð qs }ø 24 KRI I, 51: 1-58: 15.

½ já Ò ½ já! - 191 - eá j Á À à Ù yˆ }øeá j Á Ù~Áp Ù }øeá j Á x w j Áãû k k d m ó ³ opì k }}øeá j Á ÊäˆäÐ æùhattuschili III ä 1267 1237 Ân³ v ÄŒ o jî w ³ o õ Ä ç d äðóõä o n ºº³ÜÊ Ì Ë ˆnÅn 25 ŒxŒ³ f³ Ø Bilgai StelaŒ šäùoœ eg³ n uœ nš Š õ önš ³ Œ ³x 26 æ h ö Œ d³ jî w ŒŠfĈƒˆ jö Semna Û u ˆp Êš tü ³ö Œ æ 27 êú Á Á â k Ù Á k Ùu Á u Á ki ÁÊ Ã k Á u âá à êú ² q Ù àq k Ù Á Ù u u Œ ½ˆ ³ö Œ ³ 25 Elmar Edel, Der Vertrag zwischen Ramses II. von Ägypten und Hattusili von Hatti, WVDOG 95 (Berlin: Mann, 1997), 24-27. 26 KRI IV, 341: 5-343: 15. 27 Christopher Eyre, The Semna Stelae: Quotation, Genre, and Functions of Literature, in Sarah Israelit-Groll, Studies in Egyptology. Presented to Miriam Lichtheim, Vol. 1 (Jerusalem: Magnes Press, 1990), p. 135.

- 192 - ý o 52 d hˆõ d ³± ½ˆvëˆ Kurgus Û u ˆpÊš t Œ ˆ 520 ùü w¾ ö xâ ½ˆ ˈ ê óœi Ái È È ªÈ káû k 28 æ ö h jî w ûˆ o ³ n ½ˆ äo³ èšû ³Š o ³Ð ç³æ ~Ù Á ~ Ù óì Áã ÁÙ ó}û ká ~ ò ~ Á ~Á«k ~Þ ~ ~Á 29 ~¹ ~Á Á ï 30 q «Ã šë ³æ Curse of the Pharaohs yˆ Fluch des Pharao µ³n Ð Œ é pnç n ä ½ ç ÜÊö oˆšë fõá g ³ g fë nµ wîhµ³ Ë no y Howard Carter, 1874 1939 31ˆv ˆ Thebes ³ ë Valley of the Kings ƒ ³f ÆÜ KV 62 ƒ Ë ƒ È x j ÎÌî 1922 v³ 11Œ í öë Fifth Earl of Carnarvon, 1866 1923 ³ùü 28 Christopher Eyre, The Semna Stelae, p. 137. 29 Urk. IV, 257: 8-15. 30 Urk. IV, 260: 11-12 Áp Urk. IV, 217: 16-17. 31 n Áuqn Nicholas Reeves and John H. Taylor, Howard Carter before Tutankhamun (London: British Museum Press, 1992).

½ já Ò ½ já! - 193 - ë³ vn ³ f õ Œ šœâ ¾ õ³f o x ó Š l ÌhÍfo y ³Ë æ é Š³ fn³åõ 32 33 11h 1h Á ýšj ç 3 ëf ˆ ó ç Á  11 h 3 h ò }šjá ó ì qò{ ± qòá}± 3ëfe ï} }Á ó ² d ÁÔ Â ì u }± lóv ä fç~ ò ÿ Ó{ÁÈ qù Á ò Áèg Ô } Æ þ ÁÙ j ÁÉ ² Ù Á öë ë Ñ w 11Œ24 õ fn ç öµ Œ n ³h n Êi³ h yn Å ³ h x 34 11 Œ 29 woh fn ³f ³³ Ĉ vxùäh ³fn n ë³ fnh îõìù³ ùä³p ³ Œ ù ³Œ ³fⳃ æhh ³èå j f nâ³ ³Åõ n ³ èå õ fn f åòæ Ë o Ð šëo ³ ñì f º¼³ œh v šœè n³n Ì Œ³ˆ«Ë ì ˆ Œ õf ³åü y o ³e Philipp 32 Howard Carter and Arthur C. Mace, The Tomb of Tut. ankh. amun, Vol. I-III (New York: Cooper Square, 1963). 33 Howard Carter and Arthur C. Mace, The Tomb of Tut. ankh. amun, Vol. I, pp. 87-88. 34 Howard Carter and Arthur C. Mace, The Tomb of Tut. ankh. amun, Vol. I, p. 94.

- 194 - ý o 52 Vandenberg³ o åù 35 ô ³ Ä p fû Œ åü h Ú á Ô Thomas Hoving åù f ŒyŒ õ õ æ 36 ô Šïæ Œ ³fo 37 æ ³ n~æ fnâ ö g³wá ³o ö äo³ n ³e ³f ³ o âœÿ æ ³ n ˆ Anubis ºg³ šnƒš õv º¼³f½ ˳ éë ïõ ³ º ³ x Ð šœ d në Ë no æ ³ëxˆn Ëo Ð šëo ³ ñ õ æ x è º¼noŽ ù Marie Corelli 38 èå ³fâ ³ h ³ùÅ âµþýèç â ù Å ³ ä šë ³fy d µþý éšë ³ëy 39 èå åë H. V. Morton ô öë õ ³f y{ u { Ë noå Arthur Weigall o õ Óöë Å õ½ãºpé Œ 40 Ì Œ x öëx t ³õèå ½ ³ Œ ³ tå x ³ Ð t³ ˆŒ õ ± ï öëâün ³ ˆ èì öë ëšâün Œ³±± 35 Philipp Vandenberg, Der Fluch der Pharaonen (Bergisch Gladbach: Lübbe GmbH, 1999), p. 20. 36 Thomas Hoving, Der golden Pharao Tut-ench-Amun (München: Scherz, 1958), pp. 233-234. 37 Thomas Hoving, Der golden Pharao Tut-ench-Amun, p. 234. 38 http://www.pasthorizonspr.com/index.php/archives/04/2013/curse-of-tutankhamen-90- years-on(2014.03.31). 39 Thomas Hoving, Der goldenpharao Tut-ench-Amun, pp. 75-76. 40 Harry V. F. Winstone, Howard Carter and the discovery of the tomb of Tutankhamun (London: Constable, 1991), p. 262.

½ já Ò ½ já! - 195 - ³h â ³ n³š âwî á± xä 1923v 4Œ 5 ³ Š t õv 57 æ ³ ô ³Š i ÊhÓ ³ Š jªx öë³ ošë ³æ ƒ l j ³ ïšë ³æ õå hùfo Ó ož õ Arthur Conan Doyle f The Morning Post oˆ öë³ äåæ i³ {oð öë±{ ùõì õ ³ ö Š Œ ³n ½xw d ³ õ³ h 41 xè Ê xu³ ³ {öë³ õ x³ o Š š ŸšË ³æ ³œ{ l ÈÈî ô n½ Šï ³ ˆ öë³ ³ÖoË y George Jay Could å ³f 1923v 5Œ 16 ±Ìõv 59 d n ù Ali Kamel Fahmy Bey ä ³f x âino h Gardian La Fleur h e hn³ˆno än ³f x ³ï Ð ñ y Archibald Douglas Reid o ³Œ õ X ˆ ±± h Joel Woolf än ³f x yõò hg pêšì y Georges Bénédite š Êœnd ˆ ³ ä³ ³f³ h Š x í Arthur C. Mace ÄÄh Úá ˆ ÀË ³t ˆÎÐ 41 Roger Luckhurst, The Mummy s Curse. The True History of the Dark Fantasy (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012), p. 10.

- 196 - ý o 52 õ ƒ ƒ šë ³æ Ì ³ Ó t p t ±Èñ æh¼no õ h³ x Åoˆ ³ ½ ³ õ äõ f³ Œ Î ±Õ³ ŽÌñ Ö Õ ÅÐ ÕÕ Õ ÞÞÃÌ ÄÇÎ Õ±± õ ± Õ o ±ÄÅ i³ xp ç Ó äë t{±fnââ±õ Ž³ p v³ xh öë y ³ ³ñ» ñ ét nœ d žòñ ì Ì y dpt{± d ± í Œ ÎÐ Ó xœ±³ñ ³ y ³ vp ñ ono ʳ Ó šë æ µ³n ³ ~æ ƒ f³ å x³ v o næõ eœ Œæh ³ Ð öë³i ÒÒ Lady Evelyn 79 õ Äì Percy E. Newberry 80 õ ÌŒ ³d nno Ä Sir Alan Gardiner 84 õ šë ³æ šœõõ¼no³åùìv{ Ì õõ l  x ³fo xšë ³æ w Ê iöf šë ³æ Ä ³ x y 1932 v³ Œ The Mummy 42 ô ³ º h The Mummy 43 º h 2 The Mummy Returns Œ ³ 44 Œ d ˆ ³ èòo õõ Œ oätš n³oi o³ä¾ o ľ i 45 ³f ƒ x Ê oiâšë æ ÍŠ Ì ³Ü é o d Œ ó y 42 1932 ÙàKarl Freund 43 1999 5h 7h Ù u olîàstephen Sommers 44 2001 5h 4hðÙ u olîàstephen Sommers 45 À à q ¼ Ç làâ À1976 m 37 s

½ já Ò ½ já! - 197 - ³d nnë tošë æ ³ô p d n³ ½ æh ëxˆn o³ tâåén õ hùhj³ˆ«o ƒä ôÿ d ³ º ˆ Ë} n Ú á d ³ˆ º¼ õ³ d n³ åv ç è³æp jî w n ³ µ Ë æ Ën Œ» ³fæûâŒ Ë éðt³ f Œ pñ f f g» Ë äo g ¾ ~Ü ò ³ f ŠŒ³ùnf h õ ³ jî w eœ oä³ ç n ³ ï Œ ³ jî w ˆ æäoëùoö öy æ ³ õš³ ö ³ jî w h o ùoö öyän³h ˆ d ± ³n õ jî w õu Œšx Š ½ ³è ˆ«Ð yœœjî w šë æ ö o³ o ³ o ³ fë y é ³ n x ³ jî w ³ õ o Ñ» fæû³ jî w hœõ v Ê ìthnd n ƒuw Silvermann ç 46 h hˆ³æ òç Ј ä w Ìån³ Í h Úá Ô oˆšë æ ³ ç ³Åç 47 i µœæ ³n ö~æ Œ µ ëxˆno³ n áõ nðšë ³ Јˆ Š» ³åç n ÚˆŽ 46 47 David Silvermann, The Curse of the Curse of the Pharaohs, Expedition, 29 (1987), p. 57. Thomas Hoving, Der golden Pharao Tut-ench-Amun, p. 237.

- 198 - ý o 52 Œ³ Û Ì ³ÒÒµ ~½Œ ½ ³ f ³æ o ½½ h µl ³i Ìt

½ já Ò ½ já! - 199 - á 1 d v á šë k ½ j k Ì nj 2740 2670 p 2670 2500 2500 2180 v j Pepi I 2180 1938 e n j Neferirkare II j eªj Neferhotep I j Sesostris III ë e j Intef V j j Thutmosis I Ï Hatshepsut j Thutmosis III È Amarna ç önè Tutankhamun j Sety I ç j Ramesses II Siptah 1839 1759 1759 1539 1539 1353 1353 1292 1292 1190 ç 1069 664 664 332 1190 1069 Thomas Schneider, Lexikon der Pharaonen. Die altågyptischen K nige von der Frýhzeit bis zur R merherrschaf (Zurich: Artemis, 1994), pp. 313-319.

- 200 - ý o 52 ô o hv w Carter, Howard and Mace, Arthur C. The Tomb of Tut. ankh. amun, Vol. I-III. New York: Cooper Square Publ., 1963. Edel, Elmar. Der Vertragz wischen RamsesII. von Ägypten und H attušili III. von H atti. WVDOG 95. Berlin: Mann, 1997. Goedicke, Hans. Königliche Dokumente aus dem Alten Reich. ÄA 14. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 1967. Helck, Wolfgang. Historisch-biographische Texte der 2. Zwischenzeit und neue Texte der 18. Dynastie, 2. Überarbeitete Auflage. KÄT 6-1. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 1983. Hoving, Thomas. Der golden Pharao Tut-ench-Amun. Die erste authentische Darstellung der größten archäologischen Entdeckung aller Zeiten. München: Scherz, 1958. Luckhurst, Roger. The Mummy s Curse. The True History of the Dark Fantasy, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012. Morschauser, Scott. Threat-Formulae in Ancient Egypt: A Study of the History. Structure and Use of Threats and Curses in Ancient Egypt. Baltimore: Halho, Inc., 1991. Nordh, Katarina. Aspects of Ancient Egyptian Curses and Blessings. Conceptual Background and Transmission. Boreas 26. Uppsala: Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis, 1996. Petrie, William M. F. Koptos. London: Quaritch, 1896. Reeves, Nicholas and Taylor, John. H. Howard Carter before Tutankhamun. London: British Museum Press, 1992. Schneider, Thomas. Lexikon der Pharaonen. Die altägyptischen Könige von der Frühzeit bis zur Römerherrschaft. Zurich: Artemis, 1994. Vandenberg, Philipp. Der Fluch der Pharaonen.Moderne Wissenschaft enträtselt einen jahrhundertealten Mythos. Bergisch Gladbach: Lübbe GmbH, 1999. Winstone, Harry V. F. Howard Carter and the discovery of the tomb of Tutankhamun. London: Constable, 1991. ô çˆ Eyre, Christopher. The Semna Stelae: Quotation, Genre, and Functions of

½ já Ò ½ já! - 201 - Literature. In Israelit-Groll, Sarah (ed.) Studies in Egyptology. Presented to Miriam Lichtheim, Vol. 1. Jerusalem: Magnes Press, 1990, pp. 134-165. Morales, Antonio J. Threats and Warnings to Future Kings: The Inscription of Seti I at Kanais (Wadi Mia). In Zahi H. Hawass and Jennifer H. Wagner (eds). Million of Jubilees: Studies in Honor of David Silverman, ASAE 39/1. Cairo: Supreme Council of Antiquities Press, 2010, pp. 387-411. Silvermann, David. The Curse of the Curse of the Pharaohs, Expedition 29(1987), pp. 56-63. w ÄA: Ägyptologische Abhandlungen ASAE: Annales du Service des Antiquités de l'égypte KÄT: Kleine Ägyptische Texte KRI: Kitchen, Kenneth A. Ramesside Inscriptions. Vol. 1-7. Oxford: Blackwell, 1975. LÄ: Lexikon der Ägyptologie d n³¼æ PT: Kurt, Sethe. Die altägyptischen Pyramidentexte. Leipzig: J. C. Hinrichs sche Buchhandlung, 1908. Urk.:Urkunden des Aegyptischen Altertums WVDOG: Wissenschaftliche Veröffentlichungen der Deutschen Orientgesellschaft

- 202 - ý o 52 Curse of the Pharaohs? The Ancient Egyptian Threatformulae of the Pharaohs Hsu, Shih-wei Abstract The so called curse of the pharaohs remains till today mysterious. It was brought to people s attention due to the mysterious deaths of some people of the Howard Carter s archaeological team and other personnel related to Carter s Discovery, after the tomb of the king Tutankhamun was opened in 1922. The ancient Egyptians indeed used some so called threat-formulae to protect their own tombs, corpses, sarcophagi and grave goods. However, the use of threat-formulae is not attested in the inscriptions from the royal tombs. Such formulae are just found in the royal decrees and boundary stelae. In this paper, I will discuss the threat-formulae from the pharaohs and analyze whether the curse of the pharaohs really exists. Keywords: curse of the pharaohs, threat-formulae, royal inscriptions, royal decrees, boundary stelae Ph. D. of Egypology at the Free University of Berlin, Germany.