P r = 1 + ecosθ

2 V = V + V 1 2 2V1V2 cosθ 2 2 = ( V V ) + 2V V ( 1 cos θ) 1 2 1 2

40000 V = 0. 5( / ) 24 60 60

λ m = 5100A = 0.51 Å

2 u e d s 3 1 e uud udd 3 2 3 e 1 3 e

V = 2 9. 8 2000 = 198 V = g r - g r e rt

1 2

R = ραv S

1 2 2 2 2 mv GMm r V GM r = =, /

Å Å Å Å Å

v f = v v f t v f = v + v f t v 1 c f = f0 v 1 + c v 1 + c f = f0 v 1 c

Å Å Å c α 10 17 28 3 10 6 10 2 10

E E = - EGM s c 2 R s hυ GM hυ hυ = 2 c R GM s υ = υ( 1 2 ) R c s s s υ υ = 5. 9 10 5 υ GMs GMs 2 1 1 2 0 υ 0 R c R c s s GM s 2 1 R c s 2GM s 2 1 R c s

v tg α = c

14 C 6 λ 1 N 0 T 2 238 9 226 14 U 4.5 10 Ra 1622 C 92 88 5568 λ 14 14 C C 6 14 C 14 C 14 6 C 14 6 C 14 6 C n 14C n C 6 λ 0 6 14 τ = 1 n0 λ = T n0 0 693 = n0 ln( ) ln( ) 8034. 6 ln( ) n. n n 6 6 6 6

14 C 14 C 6 6

t 1 2nN 2l t c

tgα v c c c 0.434v n c 1 c ± 1 2 vcosθ n n

1 12M K = 3 R Ybh

µθ

1 1 2l 1 t1 = + = 2 c v c + v c v 1 2 c 2l 1 t 2 = c 2 v 1 2 c 2l 1 1 t = t 2 t 1 = ( c 2 2 ) v v 1 1 2 2 c c 2l 1 1 t = ( 2 ) c v 2 1 v 2 c 1 2 c 2 2l v = t t 2 c c

τ t v 2 1 ( ) c 2 1 ( v / c) 1 τ t = 1214. τ v 2 1 ( ) c

I = V R

l = l 1- v2 c 2 v 60 / 5 10-8 l l c

4 3 πr 3 ρg = 6πηrv 1 r = 3 2 2 v1 ρg qe = mg + 6 rv = 4 3 r 3 πη π ρ g + 6 πη rv 2 2 v1 9 2πη( v1 + v2 ) ρg q = E

u u v uv c 1 2

m0 m = 2 v 1 2 c P = m 2 0v m0c 2 E = m c 2 2 0 v v 1 2 1 2 c c c v / c 1 1/ 1- v 2 1= 1/ 2v c 2 2

27 1 3 24 / 27 1 3

λ d = 1.22 f = 2.2 D Å

f A = 2 2 2 ( ω 0 - ω ) + 4β 2 ω 2

40000 3000 4 = 133 3 10 5 43000 = 155 3 10 5

34 2 1148. 10 17 m = E / C = 16 = 1275. 10 ( ) 9 10

1 2 ρυ 2 P ρ υ P

m t t = m + m t + m 1 1 2 2 1 2

υ = ln(1+ m m ) υ γ γ m m m m 9 m m ln( 1 + ) m m m m γ m υγ 4km / s 9 υ γ 4km / s m m 1 υ 1 = υ γ ln( 1 + ) m 1 υ n mn υ γ ln( 1 + ) m n

m 1 1 1 + m 1 m 2 3 + + 8 υ 4km / s m m m γ 1 γ 2 3

E B C C F 1 2 mv R eb e E 2 m RB e 11 1.7 10 m /

T 2 π l g 2 2 T 2 l 2 g 2 980.12 99.3 4π 4 314.

γrt γ p υ µ ρ sinθ1 υ 2 γ 1P1ρ 2 = = sinθ υ γ P ρ 2 1 2 2 1

P - P = 4 α R P = 4 α R + P A B P = 4 α + PP = 4 α = P R R A B B A B P P C C A 2 3 B

P1 1 t1 = + α P 1 + αt 2 2 9 C F - 32 5

λ = h P Å

11 30 GM 6. 67 10 2 10 12 2 11 g = = = g 2 2 2 10 / 2 10 R ( 8000)

α arcsin V 0 V arcsin 1 M V M α V 0

2 P U R 2 2 U 220 R 1210 P 40 α -3-3 -3-3 -3-4

37 37 Cl + υ Ar + e 17 18

τ τ

R P = π 2 P 2 4πl πr 4πl T 2 2 2 4 2 4 4 πr σ T = 4πR σ T = T 2l R T 300 2 1.5 11 10 6210 K 6000 7 8 1 l

5000( ) 360 250000 39816 7. 2

V = γrt µ

1 60 48 1 1 18 6 1 m 100 6

GM F m m g 2 R 2 m R g m GM mm G mg R 2

U I 0.065µ A 2 2 X + R c x

PV + 1 2 mv + mgh = Constant 2 1 P V mv 2 mgh 2

3 8πυ h E T υ 3 υ c e h / kt 1 1 2 E = E υ 4.3 / T υ2 υ1 T 1 = E / E 100 = 2.8 T T

5 P0 1. 01325 10 n0 = = 23 k T 1380662. 10 27315. 0 25 3 = 2.686754 10 /

1 2 mυ = eu, 2 υ = 2eU / m. 12 λ h / m υ h / 2meU. 25 A U Å Å

F S 1 1 F2 =. S 2

l f = H h H l = f h H l = f = 3 100 12.5 h 24

λ L = n 2

Å Å πγ 2 1 q e n e 2 a 10000 V γ K q 9 10 5 10 7 9 5 4 5 10 γ 2. 10

µ e + υ + υ + + µ e + υ + υ µ µ υ υ u υ υ e µ e e

-19 19 q q 1 2 9 1.6 10 16. 10 F1 K 2 9 10-15 2 = 230 r (10 )

Å 2 hν 2 hν 2 hv hv ( mυ) = ( ) + ( ) 2( ) ( ) cosϕ c c c c 1 2 hv hv mυ 2 c c h 1 cosϕ γ γ m0c h λ λ λ 1- cos ϕ = 0.024 1 cosϕ m c 0 Å

µ µ µ

ν e v m v e ν µ

p 1 u 3

F = mgsinθ mgtgθ mg x R T = 2π R / g 5000 1.4

1 H 2 3 D T H 1 1 1

Å

1 S = t 2 2 β

3 8πυ h u υ T 3 υ c e h / kt 1

kt 3/ 2 I s I 0[ 1 0.1187 2 ] A

2 2V sinα v l V t vcosα sin2α g g H = V 2 V 2 = 2g 2g sin α

B µ 0I 2πγ µ

Å Å

T = 2π 1 g

1.75 1 = 1 3600

1 2 3 H H H 1 4 7 He Li 2 3 1 2 3 1 H + H H + n + 3. 25Mev 2 1 2 1 6 3 1 2 1 2 1 2 H + H H + H + 4. 00Mev 3 1 4 2 0 1 1 Li + H He + 22. 40Mev 3 He 2 1

8 Be 1.1 4 + + ϕ / J e e, µ µ 2π π pp + k k +

IαV 4 1 α λ 4

υ = 2g 2R = 2 gr x g g0 R m 3 T = 2π = 2π R / g0 5 10 k 1 20 44 1 2 o + mg0r = mv + o 2

v = 2gR 10 4 ( m / s) 4 3.6 10 /

4 He 14 N 7 4 2 He + N O + H Q 14 7 17 8 1 1 17 8 2

238 U 235 U 92 92

100 0 26666

p = 1 3 u

a AB AB a 1 2 1 2 ρv 1 + P1 = ρv 2 + P2 2 2 1 2 2 P 2 P1 = ρ( v1 v2) 2

1 mv 2 eu 2 v 2eu / m

Å Å

2 P P 0 α R

Å

e 11 1.7588 10 / m e