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7.1 7.1.1 IP R1 N N,R1,M IP 1

7.1.2 [Quidway]display ip routing Routing Tables: Destination/Mask proto pref Metric Nexthop Interface 0.0.0.0/0 Static 60 0 120.0.0.2 Serial0 8.0.0.0/8 RIP 100 3 120.0.0.2 Serial0 9.0.0.0/8 OSPF 10 50 20.0.0.2 Ethernet0 9.1.0.0/1 RIP 100 4 120.0.0.2 Serial0 11.0.0.0/8 Static 60 0 120.0.0.2 Serial0 20.0.0.0/8 Direct 0 0 20.0.0.1 Ethernet0 20.0.0.1/32 Direct 0 0 127.0.0.1 LoopBack0... Destination IP Mask 8.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 8.0.0.0 1 1 Interface IP IP Nexthop IP 2

7.1.3 Protocol Protocol 3 Direct Static RIP OSPF 3

7.1.4 Preference RIP OSPF 10.0.0.0 R0 10.0.0.0 R1 10.0.0.0 R1 Quidway 0 255 DIRECT 0 OSPF 10 STATIC 60 RIP 100 IBGP 130 OSPF ASE 150 EBGP 170 UNKNOWN 255 DIRECT 4

7.1.5 Metric 0 metric RIP 0 5

7.2 7.2.1 [Quidway]ip route <ip_address> [ <mask> <masklen> ] <interface_name> <gateway_address> [ preference <preference_value> ] [ reject blackhole ] ip route 129.1.0.0 16 10.0.0.2 ip route 129.1.0.0 255.255.0.0 10.0.0.2 ip route 129.1.0.0 16 Serial 2 PPP HDLC <interface_name> <gateway_address> 0 IP reject IP ICMP blackhole IP reject 1 <ip_address>[<mask> <masklen>] IP 6

IP 1 2 <interface_name> <gateway_address> interface-name gateway-address IP IP ARP ip-address mask mask-length PPP PPP IP NBMA X.25 IP IP dialer map ip x.25 map ip frame-relay map ip IP 3 <preference_value> preference 4 reject blackhole 7

7.2.2 129.1.0.0/16 Quidway A 129.0.0.1 S0 S0 129.0.0.2 Quidway B E0 Quidway A ip route 129.1.0.0 255.255.0.0 10.0.0.2 ip route 129.1.0.0 16 10.0.0.2 ip route 129.1.0.0 16 s0 QuidwayA 129.1.0.0/16 QuidwayB S0 IP 10.0.0.2 PPP HDLC [QuidwayA]ip route 129.1.0.0 16 s 0 [QuidwayA]ip route 129.1.0.0 16 10.0.0.2 [QuidwayA]ip route 129.1.0.0 255.255.0.0 10.0.0.2 8

7.2.3 Quidway A Quidway B S0 10.0.0.2 10.0.0.1 S0 Network N Public Network Qu idway A ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 10.0.0.2 Internet 99.99%! 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 display ip route ICMP Internet 99.99% OSPF Stub 9

7.2.4 Quidway A Quidway B S0 10.0.0.2 10.0.0.1 S0 Network N Qu idway A ip route 20.0.0.0 8 10.0.0.2 Public Network Qu idway B ip route 20.0.0.0 8 10.0.0.1 TTL=0 10

7.3 7.3.1 TCP/IP OSPF IP 89 IP OSPF BGP TCP TCP 179 RIP UDP 520 11

7.3.2 12

7.3.3 AS AS AS IGP AS IANA 1 65535 1 65411 65412 65535 13

7.3.4 IGP EGP IGP Interior gateway protocols RIP IS-IS IGP IGP EGP Exterior gateway protocols BGP 14

RIP BGP OSPF IS-IS Distant-Vector RIP BGP OSPF IS-IS D-V Metric Metric Metric CPU RIP 16 Dijkstra L-S RIP D-V D-V up down IP LSA Link State Advitisement 15

7.3.5 redistribute RIP OSPF RIP OSPF RIP OSPF Metric VRP import-route RIP OSPF 17

7.3.6 BGP IS-IS OSPF RIP1 RIP2 18

7.4 7.4.1 Routing Table ------ ------ Routing Table ------ ------ B A C D Routing Table ------ ------ Routing Table ------ ------ DISTANCE-VECTOR D-V BELLMAN-FORD B A C D i j i j Metric i j d i j i j i j d i j Metric D i j 0 D i j min [ D i j d i k ] i i k k d i j k i D i j k i Metric 19

i k j d i j i k cost i D i j 20

7.4.2 Routing Table Routing Table N1 N2 R3 R4 R1 R2 N4 R6 N3 R5 Routing Table Routing Table N1 N2 R3 R4 R1 R2 N1 N2 R1 R1 N3 R5 N3 R1 N4 R2 N4 R6 21

7.4.3 B A A RouterA RouterB D-V RouterB RouterA RouterA RouterB RouterB RouterB RouterB RouterA RouterB RouterA RouterB RouterB RouterA RouterB RouterB RouterA RouterB RouterA RouterB RouterB RouterA 22

7.5 7.5.1 Routing Table 11.1.0.0 E0 11.2.0.0 S0 11.3.0.0 S0 11.4.0.0. S0 0 0 1 4 11.1.0.0 E0 S0 A E0 C 11.2.0.0 S0 S1 S0 11.3.0.0 B Routing Table 11.2.0.0 S0 11.3.0.0 s1 11.4.0.0 s0 11.1.0.0 s0 0 0 3 1 Routing Table 11.4.0.0 11.3.0.0 s0 0 11.4.0.0 s0 2 11.2.0.0 s0 1 11.1.0.0 s0 2 11.4.0.0 11.4.0.0 1 C 11.4.0.0 0 B C 11.4.0.0 1 A B 11.4.0.0 2 11.4.0.0 C C 11.4.0.0 B C C B 11.4.0.0 C B 11.4.0.0 2 C B B A 11.4.0.0 3 23

B C 11.4.0.0 C B 11.4.0.0 24

7.5.2 Routing Table 11.1.0.0 E0 11.2.0.0 S0 11.3.0.0 S0 11.4.0.0. S0 0 0 1 16 11.1.0.0 E0 S0 A E0 C 11.2.0.0 S0 S1 S0 11.3.0.0 B Routing Table 11.2.0.0 S0 11.3.0.0 s1 11.4.0.0 s0 11.1.0.0 s0 0 0 16 1 Routing Table 11.4.0.0 11.3.0.0 s0 0 16 11.4.0.0 11.2.0.0 s0 s0 16 1 11.1.0.0 s0 2 11.4.0.0 RIP 16 11.4.0.0 11.4.0.0 25

7.5.3 Not sent to A Routing Table 11.1.0.0 E0 11.2.0.0 S0 11.3.0.0 S0 11.4.0.0. S0 0 0 1 2 11.1.0.0 E0 S0 A Not sent to B E0 C 11.2.0.0 S0 S1 S0 11.3.0.0 B Routing Table Routing Table 11.2.0.0 S0 0 11.3.0.0 s1 0 11.4.0.0 s0 1 11.1.0.0 s0 1 Not sent to C 11.4.0.0 11.3.0.0 s0 0 11.4.0.0 s0 0 Not sent to A 11.2.0.0 s0 1 Not sent to B 11.1.0.0 s0 2 C B 11.4.0.0 B A C 11.4.0.0 C B 11.4.0.0 C C 11.4.0.0 C B 11.4.0.0 C 11.4.0.0 B C 11.4.0.0 C B C 11.4.0.0 C B 11.4.0.0 B C 11.4.0.0 B 11.4.0.0 C 26

11.1.0.0 E0 11.2.0.0 B 12 11 1 10 2 9 3 8 4 7 5 6 12 11 1 10 2 9 3 8 4 7 5 6 A S0 S0 S1 E0 C S0 11.3.0.0 11.4.0.0 11.4.0.0 11.4.0.0 C 11.4.0.0 27

11.4.0.0 11.1.0.0 E0 11.2.0.0 B 11.4.0.0 A S0 S0 S1 E0 C S0 11.3.0.0 11.4.0.0 11.4.0.0 11.4.0.0 C RIP 30 C B C C B 11.4.0.0 C C 11.4.0.0 B S0 11.4.0.0 A E0 28

7.5.4 D E B C 11.4.0.0 A Routing Table 11.4.0.0 E0 Infinity 12 11 1 10 2 9 3 8 4 7 5 6 A D E 11.4.0.0 11.4.0.0 B 11.4.0.0 B B 11.4.0.0 B A D 11.4.0.0 2 3 A D A D E 11.4.0.0 11.4.0.0 29

7.6 RIP 7.6.1 RIP RIP RIP Routing Information Protocol RIP RIPRIP-1 RIP-2 RIP-2 224.0.0.9 VLSM RIP RIP Routing Information Protocol RIP D-V UDP 30 180 120 RIP Hop CountRouting Metric RIP 0 1RIP metric 0~15 16 RIP Split Horizon Poison ReverseTriggered Update RIP RIP RIP-1 RIP-2 RIP-1 (VLSM) RIP-2 (VLSM) RIP-2 MD5 RIP-1 RIP-2 RIP-2 224.0.0.9 RIP RIP 30

RIP-1 RIP-2 31

RIP( ) TCP UDP IP PPP Ether RIP IGP RIP RIP RIP IP IP RIP UDP RIP UDP RIP 520 32

7.6.2 RIP RIP NET1 NET2 R1 R2 Request Response RIP RIP Request RIP Request Response RIP Response RIP D-V D-V 33

RIP Response Routing Table Response Routing Table N1 C A B N4 F N2 N3 D E Routing Table Routing Table N1 C A B N1 A N2 D N2 A N3 E N3 A N4 B N4 F RIP 30 Response Response RIP metric' = MIN metric + cost, 16 metric cost 1 1 16 RIP 16 180 16 Response 120 34

7.6.3 RIP RIP RIP RIP [Quidway]rip RIP [Quidway-rip]network { networknumber all } [Quidway-rip]peer IP-address RIP RIP RIP RIP rip RIP RIP RIP RIP RIP network-number IP Network network 129.102.1.1 display current-configuration display rip network 129.102.0.0 RIP neighbor rip work rip output rip input network RIP RIP-1 RIP-2 RIP-2 224.0.0.9 RIP RIP 35

RIP-1 RIP-2 RIP-1 RIP-1 RIP-2 RIP-2 RIP-2 RIP-1 RIP-2 RIP-2 RIP-2 RIP-2 RIP-1 RIP-2 RIP-1 RIP-1 36

RIP ( ) rip work rip input rip output RIP-2 auto-summary RIP-2 rip authentication simple password rip authentication md5 key-string string rip authentication md5 type[nonstandardcompatible usual] RIP RIP RIP RIP RIP undo rip work no network RIP undo rip work undo network rip work rip input rip output RIP-1 RIP-1 RIP-2 RIP-2 RIP-2 RIP-1 RIP-2 RIP-2 Simple MD5 MD5 RFC1723 RIP Version 2 Carrying Additional Information RFC2083 RIP-2 MD5 Authentication 37

Cisco-compatible Quidway MD5 MD5 MD5 usual 38

7.6.4 RIP RIP E0 : 12.1.1.1/24 S0: 1.1.1.2/24 S1: 2.1.1.2/24 RTC PPP S0: 2.1.1.1/24 S0: 1.1.1.1/24 RTA RTB FR E0 : 11.1.1.1/24 E0 : 13.1.1.1/24 RTA RTB PPP RTB RTC FR RIP RTA RTB MD5 RTA: [RTA] rip [RTA-rip] network all [RTA-Ethernet0]rip version 2 broadcast [RTA-Serial0]rip version 2 broadcast [RTA-Serial0]rip authentication-mode md5 key-string quidway // MD5 RTB: [RTB] rip [RTB-rip] network all [RTB-rip] peer 2.1.1.1 // [RTB-Ethernet0rip version 2 broadcast [RTB-Serial0]rip version 2 broadcast [RTB-Serial0]rip authentication-mode md5 key-string quidway // MD5 [RTB-Serial1]rip version 2 broadcast 39

[RTB-Serial1]link-protocol fr RTC: [RTC] fr switching // [RTC] rip [RTC-rip] network all [RTC-rip] peer 2.1.1.1 [RTB-Ethernet0]rip version 2 broadcast [RTC-Serial1]rip version 2 broadcast [RTC-Serial1]link-protocol fr [RTC-Serial1] fr interface-type DCE // [RTC-Serial1] fr dlci 20 // DLCI 40

7.6.5 RIP RIP [Quidway]display rip RIP is turning on checkzero is on default-metric : 16 no peer network : 20.0.0.0 120.0.0.0 auto-summary is on preference : 100 display rip RIP RIP is turning on checkzero is on default-metric : 16 // 16 no peer // network : 20.0.0.0 120.0.0.0 // 20.0.0.0 120.0.0.0 RIP summary is on preference : 100 100 // RIP preference 41

7.6.6 RIP debug RIP debug [Quidway] debugging rip packet Rip packet debugging is on [Quidway] info-center console RIP : receive Response from 120.0.0.2 packet : vers 1,cmd Response,length 24 dest 110.0.0.0, Metric 1 RIP : send 20.0.0.1 to 255.255.255.255 packet : vers 1,cmd Response,length 44 dest 110.0.0.0, Metric 2 dest 120.0.0.0, Metric 1 debugging rip packet RIP info-center console RIP : receive Response from 120.0.0.2 serial0 packet : vers 1,cmd Response,length 24 dest 110.0.0.0, Metric 1 120.0.0.2 Response dest 110.0.0.0 Metric 1 RIP : send 20.0.0.1 to 255.255.255.255 packet : vers 1,cmd Response,length 44 dest 110.0.0.0, Metric 2 dest 120.0.0.0, Metric 1 Response dest 110.0.0.0, Metric 2 dest 120.0.0.0, Metric 1 42

7.7 OSPF 7.7.1 OSPF OSPF VLSM OSPF Open Shortest Path First IETF Internet Engineering Task Force IP OSPF RFC 2328 OSPF OSPF OSPF OSPF OSPF OSPF VLSM OSPF OSPF OSPF 4 43

OSPF 44

7.7.2 OSPF Router ID 32bit OSPF 89 IP Header Protocol # 89 OSPF Packet Router ID OSPF Router ID [Quidway]router id 1.2.3.4 Lookback IP ID Lookback UP Lookback OSPF IP IP ID Router ID OSPF Router ID Router ID display ospf OSPF IP 89 45

7.7.3 OSPF RTE RTF Frame Relay RTD X.25 RTA Ethernet RTC PPP RTB OSPF OSPF stub networks point-to-point NBMA broadcast or NBMA networks point-to-multipoint NBMA OSPF NBMA NBMA full meshed RTA 1 PPP RTB 2 X.25 RTC RTD 3 Frame Relay RTE RTF RTE RTF 46

4 7.7.4 OSPF 1 RTA RTB 5 2 RTC 3 RTD ( 1 A B A LSDB LSA RTA LSA RTB LSA RTC LSA RTD 1 B A 1 A B 2 A 3 1 C D 5 1 B B 2 C 2 C 2 C 2 C 3 3 3 3 D D D D OSPF 1 2 LSA LSA LSA LSA LSDB 4 LSDB 3 LSA LSDB LSDB 4 4 SPF 4 OSPF LSA LSA LSA 47

LSA 48

7.7.5 OSPF HELLO OSPF DR BDR DD LSDB LSR LSU LSAck OSPF HELLO Hello Packet DR BDR DD Database Description Packet DD LSDB LSDB LSA LSA HEAD HEAD LSA LSA HEAD LSA HEAD LSA LSR Link State Request Packet DD LSA LSDB LSA LSR LSA LSA LSU Link State Update Packet LSA LSA LSAck Link State Acknowledgment Packet 49

LSU LSA HEAD LSA 50

7.7.6 OSPF Area0 Area1 Area2 OSPF LSA LSA LSDB LSDB LSDB SPF CPU LSDB LSDB OSPF LSA OSPF Area ABR OSPF 51

OSPF Area ID 0 32 ABR 52

7.7.7 RTA RTB Virtual Link Area 0 Area 12 Area 19 OSPF Area ID 0 Backbone Area ABR Type3 LSA LSA OSPF D-V D-V D-V OSPF LSA Router ID LSA ABR LSA LSA ABR 53

Area 19 OSPF ABR transit Area ABR ABR OSPF IP ABR ABR type3 LSA 54

7.7.8 OSPF OSPF Router ID [Quidway] router id A.B.C.D OSPF [Quidway] ospf enable OSPF [Quidway-Serial0] ospf enable area<area_id> Router ID Router ID OSPF Router ID Router ID 32bit IP Router ID UP IP Router ID IP Router ID Router ID Router ID Router ID IP IP OSPF OSPF OSPF OSPF ospf enable area <area_id> S0 2 [Quidway-Serial0]ospf enable area 2 55