TS. DANG THj HANH GA TAM HOANG NHA XUAT BAN NONG NGHlfeP TP. Ho Chi Minh - 2007
I. DAC DIEM CON GIONG Ga Tam Hoang c6 nguon goc tfr Trung Quoc. Sau rgay giai phong Trung Quoc (1949), cong ty xuat nhap khau Trung Son doc quyen thu mua ga nay de xuat khau sang cuta khau Thach Ky nen nguo'i nifo c ngoai con goi la gk Thach Ky. Ga Thach Ky thuan chung nho con, kha n&ng sinh trifling sinh san khong cao nen khoang cuoi thap nien 70 cac nha chan nuoi Hong Kong da cho lai Thach Ky vdi giong ga Kabir (Israel) tao giong ga Thach Ky lai hay con goi la Thach Ky tap. Ga Thach Ky-Kabir difqc difa tro' lai Trung Son va ditoc chon loc qua nhieu the he vtfi cac muc tieu khac nhau tao ra cac dong ga Tam Hoang co ngoai hinh va nang suat khac nhau. Hien nay ga Tam Hoang difl?c nuoi pho bien 6 Trung Quoc, dac biet la vung Quang Dong. Ga co mau long vang den vang hoa mo', chan vang va da vang. Ga co dac diem than ng4n, lung b ng, ngirc no, dui phat trien, bifoc di ngkn va chan thap hcfn ga Tau Vang Nam bo. Ga Tam Hoang co sufc chiu dimg tot, thit ngon, ngoai hinh va mau sac hop vo*i thi hieu ngi/cfi tieu dung cr Viet Nam. Giong ga Tam Hoang difl?c nhap tir Trung Quoc vao Viet Nam lan dau nam 1993 va diloc nuoi d Quang j
Ninh. Ket qua nuoi thich nghi tf day cho thay the trong ga 90 ngay tuoi chi dat binh quan 0,81 kg/con, tieu ton 4.5 kg thtfc an cho 1 kg tang trong va n&ng suat triing dat 131 qua/mai/nam. Nhtfng nam sau do ga Tam Hoang dirqe nuoi khao sat thich nghi tai trai giong cua Vifn Chan nuoi, Xi nghiep ga giong Luang My - Nam Ha. Sau do rat nhilu co so' giong ctia nha nude va tu nhan hoac nhap trifc tiep hoac mua con giong tcf cac ca so' v de nhan giong. Hien nay of Viet Nam co cac dong ga Tam Hoang sau: - Tam Hoang dong 882 co mau long kha thuan nhat: vang ram, chan vang, da vang, ga trong to con, CLfo'ng trang, mao dan to va chan thap ho*n ga Tau cua Viet Nam. Nuoi 3,5 thang dang ban cong nghiep dat binh quan 1,75 kg/con. Nang suat trufrg cua ga mai dat 145-150 qua/mai/nam. - Tam Hoang 882-2 (Hoang he), to con han va de sai hem. 3 thang tuoi dat trong ldpng bsng dong 882 luc 3.5 thang. Nang suat trufng dat 160-170 qua/mai/nam. - Tam Hoang 882-3 nuoi 3 thang co the dat binh quan 1,9-2,0 kg/con va nang suat trufng co the dat 160-170 qua/mai/nam. - Ga Ma Hoang (882-2) co nang suat thit, trufng qua khao nghiem gan tifdng ditorng vdi ga Tam Hoang 882, nhung co mau long vang sam, diem r&n rat giong ga Ta nen cung rat dupe ngudi dan ua chuong. - Ga Jiang cun nho con ho'n cac dong ga Tam 4
Hoang ke tren. 3 thang tuoi chi dat 1,4-1,5 kg/con. Song diic biet ga Jiang cun co pham chat thit rat tot, thit thorn ngon va ty le cac phan thit co gia tri (thit life, thit dui) trong than thit xe cao. - Ga LtJtfng Phupng (hay Hoa Lifcmg Phupng) co mau long giong ga Ma Hoang, song ga Luang Phupng to con ban, ty le de cao ho'n. Nang suat trufng dat 170 qua/mai/nam. Ga Liio ng Phiipng lpn nhanh nen ngirdi ngheo rat thich nuoi va thich an. Tuy nhien giong nay co nhupc diem la ty le phan thit co gia tri trong than thit xe thap hon, do do thi tru*d ng Hong Kong da khong chon Hoa Luang Phupng ma chuong Jiang cun ho n. Hien nay ga Tam Hoang dope chon loc va nhan giong chu yeu 6 vung Quang Dong * Trung Quoc. Mot so cong ty ldn co uy tin cung cap giong ga Tam Hoang la Cong ty Bach Van. m6i nam san xuat khoang 50 trieu ga con. TrUdng Dai hoc Hoa Nam moi n&m san xuat tren 30 trieu va Jiang cun moi nam khoang 14 trieu con. Giong Hoa Luong Phirpng dupe nuoi va nhan giong d Quang Tay, Trung Quoc. Pham chat than thit xe va gia tri dinh dupng cua thit ga Tam Hoang nuoi trong ho dan phia Nam (Bang 1) II. CHUONG THAI VA THIET BI DUNG CU CHAN NUOI 1. Chuong nuoi: Chuong ga phai dam bao thoang mat, kho rao ban dem va mua dong am ap. Chuong nen lam noi cao
rao, hudng Dong Nam, mat, tan dung cang nhieu anh sang mat tro i cang tot. Anh sang se diet vi khuan, chong am moc han che dich benh. Ghuong phai thiet ke sao cho thong thoang td nhien tot. Xung quanh dung ludi ho&c tre dan lam song, co rem che bang cot, bao tai, bi xac ran... Luc sang sdm chong rem len cho thoang, luc mifa gio va ban dem ha rem xuong. Neu dung ludi che thi tifo'ng phia dudi xay cao 30-40 cm. Neu nuoi nen phai lot trau, dam bao, ro'm, co kho cat ng&n. Co the lam san bdng tre go cao 40-60 cm so vdi mat nen cho phan rot xuong nen de de dang hot phan. Mang an, mang uong treo ho&c gac len be rai deu khip chuong. Mai chuong co the lop b&ng ton, la ho$c ngoi. Lop ton ben nhufng nong hon lop la. Neu nuoi ga thit theo dang ban cong nghipp (khoang 3 thang xuat chuong) chi can lam chuong rong khoang 10-15 m2, con neu nuoi 100 ga mai de can chuong rong 20-25 m2 Chuong um: Co the um ga trong chuong sau nay nuoi ga Idn, nhimg phai co phen che kin xung quanh de tranh gio lua. Neu um n n thi chi can lot trau, dam bao day 7-10 cm, dung quay bang cot cao 50-70 cm. Quay dai ngan tuy thuoc so lcfong ga. Neu um tren long chuong um ga con co the lam bang san tre, g6 lot them ludi 6 vuong dipn tich 6 1 cm2, chuong cao 40-50 cm, dien tich 1 m x 2 m = 2m2 cho 100 ga. Chung quanh lam song tre each nhau 2-2,5 cm, che lidi khi ga con be, sau do bo ludi de cho ga tho dau ra &n, uong (mang d4t ngoai chuong). Che chuong cho am bsng bao tai, bi xac rdn, bia cactong, hay tham chi co the dung la chuoi kho. 6
Bang 1. Cac chi tieu giet mo va gia tri dinh dtfdng cua thit ga Tam Hoang Cac chi tieu Ga trong Ga mai Tuoi giet thit (thang tuoi) 4,0 4,0 Ty ie moc ham (%) 78,6 75,7 Ty le quay thit (%) 66,2 67,9 Ty le thit ufc (%) 16,2 18,3 Ty le thit dui (%) 24,7 22,4 Ty le dau va co (%) 20,8 18,4 Ty le lung {%) 14,4 14,8 Thit he: Vat chat kho (%) 24,8 25,1 Dam (%) 23,8 23,5 Eeo (%) 0,85 1,38 Thit dui: Vat chat kho (%) 23,4 23,4 Dam (%) 20,7 20,5 Beo (%) 2,10 2,50 7
2. Dung cu chan nuoi: Mang dn: Ga mo i no', 2-3 ngay dau rai thufc an tren giay lot, sau do co the dung met vanh thap ho&c khay nhom hoac mang co true quay dung cho ga con de trong chuong (cho den 2 tuan tuoi), sau do de mang &n dai 6' ngoai chuong um. Sau giai doan um, khi tha xuong chuong nen dung mang tron tir dong b^ng nhua hoac ton. Mang loai phi 50 dung cho khoang 25-30 ga thit. 0,6 m Khay dvftig thvife an cho ga Mang dai treo ngoai long con 1 tuan Mang an ttf dpng treo Mang dai co true cf giiifa de ti*ong trong chuong chuong cho ga con an Chu y mang luon treo ngang tarn ltfng ciia ga de tranh ro'i vai thufc Sn. 8
Mang uong: Ga nho, ga ldn deu dung loai mang golon la tot nhat. Loai nho: 1-2 lit cho ga con (1-2 mang cho 100 con), loai Ion: 3,5-4 lit cho ga lo'n. Co the tan dung lam mang kieu nay bang vo hop skt up ngtroc vao dia day bang co get hoac dung chai, ong biftfng treo ngito'c. Hoac dung mang dai b:ang ton hoac ong biio'ng, ong nito'c treo ngoai chuong. Mot so kieu mang uong: Mang uong bring nhua cho Mang uong bring chai ga con Mang uong cho ga ldfn 3,5-4 lit 9
Chup um: Co the dung d&n di$n, den dau, d&n bao, bep than, nen tit tao chup b&ng ton ho&c nhom de gitf nhiet. Chuong 2 m2 co the dung 2 bong 75W cho 100 ga. Nhiet do chuong nuoi can cho ga trong nhcifng tuan dau nhu sau: 1 tuan (1-7 ngay): 34-32 C 2 tuan (8-14 ngay): 32-30 C 3 tuan (15-21 ngay): 30-28 C 4 tuan (22-28 ngay): 28-26 C Nhtf vay, thuc ra ta chi can um cho ga 2 tuan dau, nhufng tuan sau do chi nhtfng luc mtfa lanh ho^ic ban dem mdi can dot den. Muon biet nhiet do trong chuong um co phu hop hay khong, tot nhat nen quan sat hoat dong ciia dan ga: Neu lanh ga se don dong tu tap dudi nguon nhiet, neu qud nong ga tan ra xa nguon nhiet, ga sa canh dufng ha mo de thd, nhiet do thich hop ga phan tan deu trong chuong, ga hoat dong nhanh nhen. Phan ting cua ga con vcfi nhiet do trong chuong um: a) Nhiet dq thich hop ga tan deu trong chuong um. b) Nhiet do thap ga tap trung gan den sudi. c) Nhiet do cao ga tranh xa den si/cri. 10
0 de: 6 de co the tan dung hop cactong nho (thung bia, thung nutfc ngot...), thung mung, ro ra hu" lot ro'm ho c trau hoac co the dong bang go. Moi o de cho 4-5 ga mai. O de nen de a no i toi trong goc chu6ng de ga mai khoi bi quay ray. Noi chung, ga Tam Hoang van co mot so con co phan xa doi ap (khoang 20%). Nhtmg gk Tam Hoang khong kheo ap bang ga Ta, cho nen tot nhat la dung cac bien phap cai ap de tang nang suat trifrig. Co the thu trufng cho ga Ta ap hoac suf dung tu ap thu cong qui mo nho de ap. Ky thuat ap trufng ga Tam Hoang khong khac so vdi ap trifrig cac giong ga khac. San, viion: Ga nuoi bdn chan tha phai co san hoac vufrn cho ga cko bdi. Dien tich toi thieu la 5m2/ con. Co the dung lifdi aide de quay vi ga Tam Hoang thufcfng khong bay cao nhir ga Ta. Sau 1-2 thang nen doi san triidc ra san sau ho$c quay sang khu vifc khac de gk kiem dime nhieu moi hofr va sat trung san cu. Trong san hokc vtfofn nen co ho cat de ga tarn. III. CHAM SOC NUOI DLfefNG 1. Cham soc nuoi dtfsng ga con Ga con mot ngay tuoi khi difa tu' trai ve cho uong nutfc ngay. Nifo c hda vitamin complex va khang sinh phong bach ly, E.coli va viem ron (vi du: Saigo-Nox Poultry, Tetracyline, Flumequyl...). Ngay hom sau cho &n bap nhuyen, hoac tarn nhuyin. Bat dau tif ngay thur 3 hoac thur 4 mdi cho an cam hon ho p danh cho ga con. Trong 2 tuan dau dac biet phai quan tam nhat la siicri am va tranh bi gio lua (xem phan thiet bi chubng trai) va thifc hien lich chich ngifa day du. 11
Sau 3 tu&n bat dau tap tha xuong nen va chuyen doi thufc an. Vi du ngay dau tha ra ngoai 2 gid, ngay thuf 2 tha ra ngoai 4 gio, ng&y thuf 3 tha 6 gid... Phai tap dan de ga khong tri stress sao cho sau 1 tuan co the quen dan vdi dieu kien mdi. Nen nho' chi tha ga ra san, vifdn (co quay lu o'i) luc trdi n&ng am, da kho sifting, toi nhot vao chuong. Khi thay doi thufc an cung thay dan dan, vi du ngay dau tien 20% thufc an mo'i, 80% thufc an cu, ngay tiep theo 40% thufc an mdi, sau do 60% thufc an mdi, 80% thufc an mdi va khoang sau 4-5 ngay mdi dung hoan toan thufc &n mdi. Khi tron thuoc khang sinh hay bo sung vitamin hoac axit amin vao khau phan vdi ham lifting rat nho phai tron theo nguyen tac tif it den nhieu. Vi du: tron 2 g thuoc khang sinh vao 10 kg thufc an. TrUdc het can 0,5 kg thufc &n rile 2 g thuoc vao tron deu. Sau do can 3 kg thurc an va r c deu 0,5 kg thde 3m da co thuoc vao tron deu. Sau do lay so thufc an da tron thuoc tron deu vdi so 6,5 kg thufc an con lai de du 10 kg. Ga Tam Hoang ldn nhanh htin ga Ta (ga Tau), nhifng cham han ga thit cong nghiep. Cho nen thufc an doi vdi ga Tam Hoang trong giai doan 1-4 tuan tuoi can khoang 19-20% dam, nang luting 2850-2900 Kcal/kg thufc Sn hon htip (xem bang nhu cau dinh dating: Bang 2). 2. Cham soc va nuoi ditdng ga thit Tuy hoan canh kinh te tcrng gia dinh ma d&u tu" ve dinh dating nhieu hay it. Nhifng doi vdi ga Tam 12
Hoang, phufcfng thufc nuoi ban chan tha la phu ho'p nhat, tufc la ban ngay tha ga ra vito n (5-10 m2/con) de ga Idem them giun de, sau bo, di lai cho san thit va khoe manh nhifng van thifo'ng xuyen ca thufc an bo sung. Hien nay pho bien co cac dang: - Thufc an hon hcfp cho ga tha vutfn - There an hon hop cho ga thit cong nghiep + thufc an dia phifo ng - Thufc an dam d&c + thufc an dia phtfo ng - Tif pha tron tif cac nguyen lieu dia phtfo ng Ty le tron tuy thuoc vao kha nang dau ttf ciia tifng ho va tifng tho i diem. Neu gan tet can vo beo nhanh de kip ban tet thi nen tang ty le thufc an hdn ho p (50% : 50%) ho&c dam d^c (25% - 30%) de co the xuat ban luc 10-12 tu4n tuoi. Neu dau ttf it (30% hon ho p: 70% thufc an dia phtftfng) hoac 15% dam d c: 85% thufc Sn dia phtfemg, tho'i gian nuoi co the keo dai til 3,5-4 thang. Song van rat hieu qua do chi phi thufc an thap. Ngoai ra, doi vo'i ga Tam Hoang van co the tan dung dau tom, dau ca, cua hoac nuoi giun lam thufc an cung cap dam nhir doi vdi ga Ta (dau tom ca nen dun chin). 3. Nuoi ga giolig hau bi hoac ga de lay trutag Giai doan nuoi hau bi la tif sau 8 tuan tuoi cho den luc ga hkt dau vao de (doi voi ga Tam Hoang khoang 4-5 thang tuoi). Cham soc nuoi dtfo ng cho den 8 tuan tuoi van nhuf nuoi ga de ban thit. Sau 8 tuan tuoi tach ga trong 13
nuoi rieng de v6 beo ban thit. Con ga mai phai nuoi n han che va khong che trong lifting ga sao cho den luc vao de ga chi n&ng 1,6-1,8 kg/con. Co the han che bang 2 each: Han che ve mat chat lifting: van cho ga an tir do nhimg pha tron thufc an co ham lifting chat dinh difdng thap, dac biet cac nguyen lieu giau nang luting nhti bap, tam. Cho an nhieu rau, co xanh... Han che ve so luting: Chat ltiting khau phan an van gitf nguyen, nhimg chi cho ga an 2 lan/ngay (buoi sang va buoi chieu) vdi lifting thufc an khoang bang 70%. Khi cho an han che ve so lifting ga hay edn mb, rift long nhau do doi va buon bde, dac biet la luc nang nong hay nhot qua chat choi, dien tich vtidn hep... Bdi vay nen cho ga an them nhieu rau co, cu de ga mb an them. Hang thang nen can thuf mot so con (con vifa, con to, con nho) de kiem tra trong ltiting ga hau co sif dieu chinh thufc an cho phu hop. Neu trifdrc luc vao de ga qua map ga se de muon, de thda va de bi chet nong (stress) trong then ky de. 4. Nuoi difdng ga de Ga Tam Hoang la giong ga kiem dung nen nang suat trumg khong cao. Ty le de binh quan ca nam chi dat 40-45% (khoang 140-160 qua/mai/nam). Be cao diem nhat cung chi dat 60-65%. Bdi vay khong nen cho ga an qua nhieu ga se map, tich m3 va de giam. Tuy nhien, khi pha tron thufc an nen bo sung them axit amin thiet yeu nhd lysin va methionin. Nang suat trumg 14
se duttc cai thien ro ret. Neu tf gan cho nen tan dung mua xac dau phu thay the mot phan thdc an cung cap dam rat tot va re, Khi ga de dtfo'c khoang 5% (100 con de 5 qua/ ngay) thi chuyen tif thufc an ga hau bi sang thufc an ga de (co the dung cam hon hop cho ga Tau hoac tii pha tron) mufc an 90-95 gam/con/ngay. Ty le de tang thi t&ng IiTtfng cam cho an len (ga an vtia het trong ngay, khong de den cho an dem). 5. Nhu cau dinh dvcdng va mpt so phu dng phap pha trpn khau phan Bang 2. Nhu cau dinh du&ng qua cac giai doan tuoi Chat dinh thfarg Gacon 1-4 tuan Gathit 5-8 tuttn Loai & Ga thjt 9 tula i ban Ga heat hi Gtide Ehmtho 9c 20 IB 16 15 17-18 NLTDfcd/kg 2900-9000 3000. 3000 2800 2750-2800 Xf loi ch r c 5 5 5 6 7 Ga ^ 1,0 1,0 L.0 1,0 3,5 P V 0,8 0,7 0,7 0,6 os Lysim 9C 1,2 1,0 1,0 0,8 0,7 Methionine 9c 0,5 0,45 0,45 0,32 0.3 15
MOT SO PHTJCfNG PHAP PHA TR0N KHAU phan Pha loang khau phan (sit dung thitc an hon hap va thitc an dia phtiang) 1-4 tuan: 100% hon hop 5-8 tuan: 70% thufc &n hon hop + 30% b&p hoac tarn, cam. tam. 9 tuan -> ban: 50% thufc an hon ho'p + 50% bdp, Tuy gia ca va thoi vu co the thay b&p bang tam, cam hay bot khoai mi-.. Phitang phap hao tint (each phoi hap thitc dn dam dac va thitc dn dia phitang) VI du: Muon phoi hop khau phan cho ga de co 17% dam tho tii thufc an dam d&c cua ga de (34% dam) va bap nghien (9% dam tho). Dam thufc hn dam dac 34 \ / 17 / \ 8,0 Dam cua blp 9,0 17 25 = (8 + 17) 16
68% => % cam dam d&c ga de can suf dung 8/25 x 100 = => % bap xay can suf dung 17/25 x 100 = 68% (ho&c 100% - 32% = 68%) Cach lap bao thit: a. Ghi ham lucmg dam cua thufc an dam dac len goc tren phia trai bao thu va dam cua bap vao goc dubi, Ham lixong dam cua thufc an can tron vao giufa. b. Trif theo duong cheo bao tho ghi gia tri vao cac goc phia phai. c. Cong 2 gia tri cua cac goc phia phai (8,0 + 17,0 = 25,0). d. Ty le cua thufc an dam dac can dung chinh la ty le cua gia tri goc tren phia phai chia cho tong cua 2 goc phai x 100 (8 : 25 x 100) va ty le b&p xay la phan con lai (de dito'c 100 kg thufc &n co ham lucfng dam 17% can tron 32 kg thufc an dam dac voi 68 kg bap xay). Phoi hop cac khdu phan til nguyen lieu don: - Phoi hop cac khau phan tir nguyen lieu don trtfdfc het phai phan bipt ditoc cac nhom thurc &n gia sue cung cap n&ng krong, nhom cung cap dam, khoang... va cac mufc suf dung toi da doi vo i tifng loai nguyen lieu thufc an. Vi du: Nhom cung cap dam gom co bot ca 5-10%, bpt dau tom, dau nanh, dau xanh, kho dau me (vifng) 17
kho dau dau phong (lac), kho dau dau n&nh... Trong nhom nay can Ion y ham lupng muoi trong bot ca. Flam lupng muoi qua cao ga an se bi tieu chay, hay trong dau nanh co antitrypsin la chat khang lai men tieu hoa dam, nen khi dung dau nanh phai rang chin. Trong kho dau dau phong rat de phat trien nam sinh doc to aflatoxin rat nguy hiem cho gia cam... Nhom nay chiem 25-35% trong khdu phan tuy thuoc khau phan thufc an cho loai ga nao. - Nhom cung cap nang 1 Upng gom ngu coc (bap, tarn, cam, khoai mi, khoai lang...) va hat co dau. Trong nhom nay can luu y bo sung axit amin khi dung nhieu bap. Cam loai 3 ham lu o'ng xo cung rat cao, khong nen dung nhieu. Bac biet trong khoai mi co doc to HCN cyannid nen phai ngam nude xur ly trudc khi cho an (tron toi da 30% khoai mi trong khau phan). Nhom nay chiem khoang 60-70% trong khau phan. - Nhom cung cap khoang: la bot so, bot xitong, premix khoang, tuy theo nhu cau dinh dub'ng cua tcmg loai gia cam de tron trong khau phan (1-4%). - Nhom cung cap vitamin va axit amin: Ga chan tha co co non de an thoai mai duoc 1 phan nhu cau v vitamin. Ngoai ra co the mua vitamin tong hpp (Multi vitamin) ve tron thufc hoac hoa nude uong. Axit amin tinh cung co ban ngoai thi trudng, co the mua ve tron theo nhu cau dinh dudng. Thudng nhom nay chiem khoang 1,0% trong khau phan. 18
ga de Bang 3. Vi du ve khau phan an cho ga thit, Nguyen li u trong 100 kg Ga thit (giai doan dau) Ga giong (de) Bap vang 59 48 Cam gao 9,7 12 Banh dau dau nanh 6 4,0 Bot dau xanh - 0 Banh dau dau phong 16 15,0 Bot ca lat 7 10,0 Bot co - 4,0 Bot so - 4,0 Bot xifcmg 2 2,5 Premix &khoang 0,25 0,35 Vi luong - - Methionin 0,05 0,05 Lysine - 0,1 NLTD (Kcalo/kg TA) 3000 2900 Protein (%) 20 18,0
IV. PHONG va TRI BENH CHO GA Ga Tam Hoang tuy c6 sure de khang cao ho'n ga cong nghiep va thfch nghi tot vdi dieu kien Viet Nam, song ga co the mdc tat ca cac benh nhij d ga cong nghiep. Bdi vay ga Tam Hoang cung phai ngiia vaccin tat ca cac benh truyen nhiem nguy hiem nhu dich ta, Gumboro, dau... va ngba bkng khang sinh nhting benh nhif eau trung, bach ly, thtfcrng han... Cung giong ga Tam Hoang nhiing sufc de khang vdi dich benh va moi trifdng o cac dan ga cua ttfng gia dinh rat khac nhau. Sdc de khang cua dan ga phu thuoc nhieu yeu to, vl du: - Tinh trang ve sinh ehuong trai, ch&m soc, nuoi di/5 ng doi vo'i dan ga (ve sinh sach se, dinh du'ong tot, chich ngifa dung lich...). - Hien trang dich benh trong vung: Neu trong vimg thtfdng xuyen co dich benh, dan ga cung se bi lay nhiem mac du co chich ngcra. - Chat lu Ong ga giong: Neu dan ga mua d cac xi nghiep co uy tin, dan ga bo" me diltfc chich ngcra nghiem tuc, ga con thifa hlfo'ng duo c khang the tti me. Neu cac ho mua ga ve nuoi roi de lam giong, khong co phuong phap chon loc lai tao dung se lam cho dan ga can huyet, ga con sinh ra se cham ldn va sure song giam r5 ret. Bdi vay, neu nuoi lam ga giong tot nhat phai doi trong giong khac. CAC BENH THtfCfNG GAP 1* B$nh dich ta Ga Tam Hoang thtfdng dupe nuoi ban chan tha 20
trong cac ho dan co nuoi ga dia phiteng hoac hang xom, lang gieng co nuoi ga dia phifong chan tha. Thu o ng dan khong co tap quan ngtia benh cho ga dia phitong nen moi trtfo ng bi nhiem benh rat cao. Benh dich ta xay ra quanh nam, nhifng dac biet tap trung vao 2 giai doan chuyen mua td mifa sang n^ng va nang sang mira. Benh gap d tat ca moi Ida tuoi, thiio ng gap nhat la luc 20 ngay tuoi den 2 thang tuoi. Nguyen nhdn: Do virut Paramyxovirus, co the lay nhiem trite tiep tit dan ga cu qua dan ga moi hoac lay nhiem qua ho hap, dung cu chan nuoi, ngtfbi nuoi... Trieu chitng: Thdi gian mang benh 5-6 ngay, 6 the cap tlnh ga chet qua nhanh trong 3-4 ngay khong bieu hien ro trieu chufng va benh txch, neu benh xay ra Cham co trieu chufng: - Ga lii du, cam mo xuong dat, thd kho khe, ho - Tieu chay, phan co mau, phan trying xanh - Mot so chay dich nhdn o' mdt, mui - Mao, mong, tich bi tim lai, co the bi phu dau - Sau 4-5 ngay neu khong chet thi co trieu chdng than kinh (mo lung tung, di quay vong) - Ga de giam litong triing, vo trufng m m - Ty le chet tir 50-90% - O the man tinh ga ho, thd kho khe ve ban dem, ga ldn de giam, khong chet (mang mam benh) ga con chet 1-10%. Day la nguon lay lan cho dan mol. 21
Berth tich: - Xuat huyet loet ttfng diem 6' hau het cac bo phan he tieu hoa, dac biet xuat huyet tien me va hau mon. - Viem niem mac mui, khi quan co dich nhay... Phong benh: Benh khong co thuoc chtfa, chi phong benh bang vaccin (xem lich phong benh). Neu ngiia lan dau luc 3 ngay tuoi nen dung vaccin nhucfc doc dong kho chung F (he 2), neu ngira luc 7 ngay co the dung chung F hoac Lasota. Ngha lan 2 luc 21-28 ngay tudi dung Lasota. Ngfta ga tren 2 thang tuoi chung M (he 1) hoac Imopest (chfch dudi da 0,2-0,3 cc/con). - Khi benh da phat co the difa vaccine nhuqc doc hoac vaccine chet nhu dau, dong tho i chxch thuoc bo tror sufc. Sau 7-14 ngay benh se on dinh se cdu ditoc nhufng con chita nhiem benh. - Cho ga uong thuoc bo Multivitamin de tang sure de khang va uong Electrolytes chong mat nifdc va mat can bkng chat dien giai khi ga bi tieu chay (lieu lg/2-4 lit nirdc). 2. B nh Gumboro Nguyen nhan: Do virut co ten Avibirnavirusy rat ben vufng o' moi tradng ngoai ctf the, benh thitfmg gap nhat luc 4-10 tuan tuoi, ty le chet tii 20-50%. Benh 22
gay suy giam mien dich tram trong va de bi cac benh khac ke phat. Trieu cluing: Sau khi nhiem virut 2-3 ngay, ga co trieu chdng: - Tap tinh khong binh thudng, bay nhay lung tung, c&n mo nhau sau do giam an, 16* do\ - Tieu chay, phan loang, tr&ng co nhot nhay sau loang, nau, dlnh quanh hau mon. - Ga sot cao, di lai run ray ho&c bai do nam mot cho, chet khat. - Ty le nhiem benh va lay lan rat nhanh. Chi 2-3 ngay co the toan dan nhiem benh trong xtf xac. Benh tick: - Mdi phat benh tui Fabricius simg to co nhieu dich nhay (con goi la tui phu sa) sau do xuat huyet do. Den ngay 5, 6, 7 thi bst dau teo lai. - Ctf dc, ca dui xuat huyet thanh vet. Phdng va tri benh: - Chi/a co thuoc dac tri ma phai thuc hien dung lich ngda vaccin. Neu ga bo' me co mien dich truyen cho con thi co the ngda Gumboro luc 7-10 ngay tuoi. Neu dan ga khong co khang the td bo me thi phai nho mlt, mui Bur 706 luc ga con 1 ngay tuoi. - Dieu tri bang each vda chich thuoc bo trd sdc, dung dich di n giai va cam mau, ket ho'p uong dung 23
dich axit amin va dating glucoza de tro stic va cung cap nang lifo'ng. Vi du: Dieu tri cho 100 ga 5-6 tuan tuoi: Suf dung san pham Bagum, hoa 1 g vtii 1 lit nittic cho uong lien tuc trong qua trinh bi benh de tang sufc de khang va chong mat ntitic hoac mua vitamin K, Vit-C500, B-complex, B12 moi thuf 10 ong + 5 ong Bl + 100ml sinh ly man 9% + 100ml sinh ly ngot 5% pha chung chich 3ml/ con/ngay trong 2 3 ngay. Dong thtii hoa Aminovital 2-5ml/l nutic, Glucoza 20-30g/l cho uong 3-5 ngay, Dan vung sau khong co hieu thuoc thu y, nhieu ho dan da dung nadc dtia non cho ga uong cung han che dudc ty le chet or ga. 3. B nh dau ga Benh dau do vi rut thuoc nhom Pox virus gay ra, tao thanh nhufng not mun san sui tren da, mao, tich, trong mieng, tren mui, mit gay mu m^t, nghet thti hoac dau mieng khong in ditoc, tang trong giam va chet. Cac dan ga dia phuong mac benh dau rat pho bien nen ga Tam Hoang nuoi trong dan rat di bi lay nhiem. Boi vay phai chung vaccin dau cho ga luc 7-10 ngay tuoi, bing each xuyen qua da canh. Ga thit chi can chich 1 lan, ga giong trtio'c luc vao de nen chung lai de tao mien dich cho ga con. - Benh dau hien chita co thuoc dac tri. De ngtia benh ke phat va chong nhiem trung co the dung mot so khang sinh nhix Saigo-Nox Poultry hoa lg vtii 1 lit natic, uong 3-5 ngay va dung sulfat kem 1% co rtia 24
lam bong cac mang viem hoac dung xanh metylen 2%, con iot 10% boi len. Nen bo sung ADE de giup hdi phuc vet thuo'ng. 4. B^nh cum ga Benh cum ga do avian influenza virus la benh nguy hiem gay thiet hai kinh te n&ng ne cho nganh chan nuoi gia cam o' nhieu nude tren the gidi. 0 Viet Nam, benh boc phat lan dau tien (n&m 2004) vdi chung cudng doc H5N1 va sir lan truyen nhanh da cudp di sinh mang cua 15 ngudi va 43,5 trieu gia cam tren ca nude (bi chet va tieu huy). Trieu cluing, benh tick: Trieu ch dng, benh tich cua benh cum ga rat giong vdi benh dich ta (Benh Newcastle) vdi cac bieu hien tren dudng ho hap, tieu hoa nhu viem phoi, xuat huyet dudng ruot, viem buong trdng va ong dan trdng d ga de, xuat huyet ca tim, xuat huyet dudi da chan, mao tich tim tai sung to, nudc nhay chay td mo, mui, tieu chay v.v... Vdi chung doc luc cao, ga chet dot ngot vdi ty le chet rat cao (> 90%). Ga co the bi benh d moi Ida tuoi. Phong tri benh: Benh khong co thubc dac trj. Phong benh bkng each ap dung triet de chuang trinh An toan sinh hoc trong tdng trai. Co nghia la ngdn chan. su lan truyen benh b^ng each kiem soat hieu qua cac tac nhan truyen benh nhu chuot (vi du dung Racumin TP), kien, gian ruoi (vi du: Solfac, QuickBayt...) va thudng xuyen ve sinh chuong nuoi, dung cu ch&n nuoi, xe cho' cam, xe chd ga moi lan ra vao trai blmg cac thuoc sat 25
trung co pho khang khuan rong va an toan (vi du Virkon S, Longlife 250S). Moi tuan sat trung chuong nuoi (co gd trong chuong) toi thieu 1 lan b&ng Virkon S. Nen han che khach tham quan vd ngiio'i ngoai ra vao trai. Trade moi day chuong nen co ho nhung chan b&ng voi bot ho&c nifdc hoa thuoc sat trung (vi du Farmfluid S hodc Longlife 250S pha ty le 1 : 100). Phong benh b&ng vaccin chi co the thuc hien a cac trai giong co kha ndng kiem soat tot bdi vi neu khong quan li tot, vaccin cung chinh la nguon virut co the lam boc phat benh. Ngoai ra, vaccin cum ga cung kha mdc tien. 5. B nh CRD (B nh hen ga) Nguyen nhdn: Do vi khuan Mycoplasma galisepticum gay nen. Benh thtfcmg xay ra nhufng thang co khi hau lanh va co bien dp chenh lech nhiet do ngay dem ldn (thang 10, 11, 12). Trieu chieng: Dich chay ra d mui, m&t luc dau trong, loang sau d&c dan va nhay, ga chet It nhung it an, cham ldn, ga ho hay thd kho khe. Benh tick: Xoang mui va khi quan tich day dich, viem keo nhay trdng hcri vang. 0 the man txnh mang tui khi day va due trdng giong nhu chat ba dau nhao. Phong va tri benh: - Dung thuoc khang sinh de tron vdo thde dn ho&c hoa nadc uong. Vi du: Sd dung Saigo-Nox Poultry 26
hoac vitamin C + Oxytetracyline hoa 1 g/1-2 lit nuo'c, cho uong 3 ngay/tuan khi chuyen mua ho&c thcfi tiet thay doi de phong benh. Bieu tri benh b&ng Baytnl 10%, hoa 1 ml/2 lit nudc (lieu 10 mg hoat chat enrofloxacin/1 kg TT), cho uong 3 ngay lien tuc. - Dung vaccin ngifa CRD luc 3 tuan tuoi, lieu 0,2 ml/con va tritdc luc de 2 tuan. Neu dan ga bi benh co trieu chilng ve dudng ho hap giong CRD nhtfng dung khang sinh tri khong het thi co the dan ga bi benh viem phe quan truy n nhiem (IB) hoac viem thanh khi quan truyen nhiem (ILT) do virus gay benh. Trudng ho'p dan ga bi m^c benh IB hoac ILT nhu ng dot nuoi sau phai chung ngifa benh do. 6. B nh thifcfng han (Bach ly ga) Nguyen nhan: Benh thito'ng xay ra cap tinh <5 ga con 1-30 ng&y tuoi va man tinh 6 ga de. Benh do vi khuan Salmonella gay ra, co the lay trufc tiep tir me qua trufng hoac lay gian tiep qua thufc an, ntfdc uong. D5c biet ga d& bi m c benh trong nhofng ngay dau ga bi gio lua, lanh. Trieu cluing: - Ga xu long, u ru, chan kho, mkt lim dim, &n it, uong midc nhieu. - Phan trang, loang (curt co). >. * 0 ga de: Ga de giam, phan xanh, loang hoac sen set, mao tai ho&c teo lai, chan kho. 27
Ben It tick : - Gan sung mau sam, tui mat sung to, mem mac ruot viem loet tran lan. - Ga de: mat sifng to, gan hoai tor lam tarn, buong trufng den tun, long do meo mo. Phong vd tri. benh: - Dung khang sinh pha nude uong luc 1-3 ngay tuoi, 10-12, 20-22, 30-32 ngay tuoi, co the dung mot trong cac loai: + Saigo-Nox Poultry lg/1 lit nude; + Neotesol 5g/l lit nude; + Flumequyl 10% pha lg/1 lit nude cho uong 3 ngay. Dong thdi dung Lactobac C pha 1 g/1 lit nude uong 1 ngay/tuan de tang kha n&ng tieu hoa, han che vi khuan co hai trong dudng ruot. Dieu tri: Baytril 10% pha 1 g/2 lit nude (1 ml/10 kg TT) cho uong 3-5 ngay. - Boi vdi ga de, khi chuyen mua, n&ng nong hay bi tress nen dung mot trong nhufng khang sinh tren de ngifa benh va suf dung cac san pham chong stress nhu Vitamin C Antistress pha 1 g/2-4 lit nude, thuoc bo Multivitamin (1 g/2-4 lit) cho uong de tang sure de khang benh: 7. B$nh E.coli - Do vi khuan E.coli gay benh cho ga con va ga lo'n. Benh gay tieu chay phan tr ng va glam de. Ga con u ru cham ldn, co con viem khdp. Ga de mao teo, nhut 28
nhat, ga met moi, xac gay om. Tren vo trumg c6 vet do hoac dom den (do mau dong va kho lai). * Mo ga ra thay gan sung do hoac bam den. Mang tui khl day len va co ke trbng. Niem mac ruot viem do, 6 ga de buong tnjfng bi viem do, sau teo lai, nhieu trdng lo'n bi vd lam viem dinh ruot. Phong va tri benli: O ga con va ga thit tron khang sinh vao thufc an hoac ntfoc uong giong nhu 6* benh bach ly. Nhtfng khang sinh tri duqc bach ly cung tri dirqc Ecoli (cung la vi khuan gam O ga de co the phong b&ng chich ngcra vaccin phong E.coli, lieu 0,2 ml/con luc 4-6 tuan tuoi va 0,3 ml/con trade khi vao de 2 tuin. 8. B nh viem ron tuoi. Benh viem ron xuat hien d ga con luc 1-5 ngay Nguyen nhan: Do quy trinh ap trdng khong dam bao ky thuat, khong ve sinh, ga con hd ron nhieu hoac do ga nd ra cham soc khong tot, tha ga no'i da ban, vi khuan xam nhap gay viem ron hay ga mo'i nd cho an thufc &n qua nhieu dam khicn long do du thha de lau gay thoi. Trieu cluing vo benh tich: - Ga yeu, long xu, ron sung do. C5 giufa ron co vay kep kin ho&c ron bi hd lo'n. Mb ga ra thay nhieu con long do con nhieu, to bdng dau ngon tay hoac hat dau, ruot bi viem ke phat tif ron. 29
Phong benh: Sat trung tu ap va chuong um (ke ca trail don chuong khi um nen) can than bang cac thuoc sat trung co pho diet khuan rong va an toan, vl du Virkon S pha ty le 1 : 200, Longlife 250S pha ty le 1 : 250..., phun 300 ml dung dich/1 m2 be mat. Diiu tri: Bdi thuoc do sat trung ron - Dung thuoc pha nude uong phong va tri chung vdi 2 benh E.coli va bach ly: Baytril 10% pha 1 g/2-4 lit nude uong dung trong 3 ngay. Penicilline chich 5000 Ul/con (hu 1 trieu dcfn vi chlch 200 con) chich lien tuc trong 2-3 ngay. 9. B$nh tu huyet trung {benh toi ga) Benh gay chet nhanh, dot ngot d ga tren 1 thang tuoi va ga de. Benh do vi khuan Pasteurella multocida gay ra, dac biet khi thdi tiet thay doi hoac dinh dudng kem, ga m&c cac benh khac lam cho sdc de khang giam benh di boc phat. Ga de chet dot ngot, bai do, sa canh, mao tich tim tai, chay nude mui, nude mieng nhieu, mo ga ra thay thit sam den, vo trutng co mau, phoi do, gan sung, ruot sung doi khi co mau, tim va mo' vanh tim xuat huyet lam tam do. -i- Phong tri benh: - Phong bkng khang sinh Saigo-Nox Poultry hay Vitamin C + Oxytetracycline hoa nude uong (1 g/1-2 lit nude) luc ga 3-4 tuan tuoi. 30
- Sau 1 thang chich vaccin THT (lieu theo hutfng dan noi san xuat). Tri benh dung: - Baytryl 10% hoa node uong 1 g/2 lit mfdc (1 ml/ 10 kg TT) - Streptomycine 100-150mg/lkg the trong + Penicilline 50.000-100.000 UI/1 kg the trong + khang huyet thanh 1-2 ml/1 kg the trong/ngay chfch b&p 2-3 ngay. - Tetramycine 120-40 mg/1 TT + Septotryl 1ml/ 2-3 kg TT (chich rieng tdng loai) dieu tri 2-3 ngay. - Gentamycine chich b&p 20-40 mg/1 kg TT/ngay + Erythomycine chich b&p 10-15 mg/1 kg TT/ngay, 10, B nh cau trung Benh do noi.ky sinh trung loai Eimeria gay ra. Thirdng ga nuoi tren long it mile benh hem ga nuoi nen. Bac trifng cua benh la ga u ru, xu long, phan do (co mau) ho&c sap nau (benh ia phan sap) ga de giam, vo trdng mong. Manh trang ruot dif sufng to day mau, ruot sifng to qua mdc, mat kha nang nhu dong. Niem mac ruot co nhieu diem trdng do... Benh tu huyet trung va Gumboro cap tlnh di phan cung co mau, nhutig d hai benh nay manh trang khong sifng. Phong va tri benh: dung thuoc dac tri cau trung tron thde an hay pha vao nifdc uong. d vung benh hay xay ra, sd dung thuoc phong 3 ngay/tuan trong giai doan ga man cam voi cau trung (12-30 ngay tuoi). Mot so thuoc co the sd dung de
ngua la: Coxil (1 g/1 lit nude), ESB3 (1-2 g/lit nude), Anticoc (1 g/1 lit nude)... - Thuoc dac tri cau trung hieu qua nhat hien nay la Baycox 2,5%, pha 1 ml/1 lit nude (1 ml/3,5-4 kg TT/ ngay) cho uong lien tuc 2 ngay. 11. B nh do giun san Ga Tam Hoang nuoi tha vudn rat de nhiem benh giun san. Khi thay dan ga eh am ldn, long xu, thieu mau (ga van an uong binh thudng) thi phai nghi ngay den benh nhiem giun san. Cac loai thudng gap la giun dua, giun kim va san day. Neu khong co dieu kien guri phan di xet nghiem thi nen mo kham con ga gay yeu nhat, xem trong ruot ga se thay nhieu giun san. Thuoc dac tri tay giun san theo kieu tu tieu (giun san bi tieu huy trong ruot va khong nhin thay theo phan ra ngoai) la Rintal. Neu khong co Rintal, co the suf dung mot so thuoc khac nhu Fencare, Levamisol v.v... (Lieu dung theo hudng dhn cua nefi san xuat). Lich phong b nh bang vaccin va bimg thuoc cho ga tha vuftn Noi chung lich phong benh bang vaccin hay thuoc cho ga phu thuoc vao dieu kicn chan nuoi, muc dlch nuoi cua tting ho (nuoi ban thit, nuoi ga giong sinh san de san xuat ga con...) va tuy thuoc vao nguy ccf dich benh trong vung. Vi du, neu trong vung dang co dich ta thi ga con mdi mua ve can phai duo c chiing ngita dich ta sdm va sau 2 tuan phai ngtia lap lai, hoac neu trong vung dang co dich Gumboro thi co the phai chung rxgda vaccin Gumboro ngay khi ga mdi 2-3 ngay tuoi.
Sau day la vi du ve lich phdng benh bang vaccin (Bang 4) va lich phong benh bang thuoc (Bang 5) cho ga tha virbn 8 dieu kien binh thufdng. Bang 4> Quy trinh phong benh bang vaccin Phong b nh Ngay tuoi Cach phong/loai vaccin Marek 1 Chich bap (do ccr so' giong thuc hien) Dich ta l n 1 7 Nho mat, mui; he 2 ho3c Lasota Trai ga (dau ga) 7 Xuyen canh Gumboro lan 1 14 Nlio mdt mui hoac chich bhp Dich ta lan 2 28 Nlio mat mui; Lasota Gumboro lan 2 35 Chich b^p Tu huyet tiling 60 Chich dtfbi da : l Dich ta Lan 3 75 Chich durb i da; he 1 Ngufa dich ta kin 2 va Gumboro lan 2 co the mua loai vaccin ngfta chung 2 benh. hita y: Chi ngifa cho ga khoe - Khi mua vaccin phai coi kv no'i lrfu gift va han dung
- Suf dung vaccin dung lieu luwng va dung ky thuat - Thong thiicfng khi ngu'a benh bang vaccin, 7-14 ngay sau ga mdi co dap tifng mien dich. - Neu nuoi ga de de lay triing ap ban ga con thi trctcrc luc ga vao de (khoang 4 thang tuoi) phai ngu a lai dich ta va sau do cijf khoang 5-6 thang phai ngt& nmc lai. - Khi ngita benh b&ng vaccin nen cho ga udng them thuoc bo: Vitamin B complex, C... Bang 5. Quy trinh dung khang sinh ngtia benh Ngay tuoi Phong benh Thuoc thubng dung 1-3 E.coli, Salmonella, viem roil Baytril 10^; Saigo- Nox Poultry, Coli SP, Flumequiue, Neotesol 10-12 Exoli, Salmonella, cau triaig - Thuoc liliit tren - Coxil, Esb3, Avicox, i Anticoc, Bay cox 20-22 Exoli, Salmonella, Cin trimg, CRD - nt - nt - Vit C + Oxytetracyclme, Tetravit E, Tylan. Saigo-Nox Poultry 30-32 CRD, Til huyet trung - nt - nt Thdi gian tiep theo tliinh thoang ngtfa CRD va Tu huyet triuig 34
Ga Tam Hoang Chiu track nhiem xuat ban: NGUYEN CAO DOANH Phu track bcin tkdo : Nguyen Phung Thoai Si/a bai : Dang Thi Hanh Trinh bay - Bia : Le Anh Vu NHA XUAT BAN NONG NGHIEP 167/6 - Pkilong Mai - Bong Da - Ha Noi BT: (04) 8523887-5760656 - 8521940 Fax: (04) 5760748. E-mail: nxbnn@hn.vnn.vn CHI NHANH NHA XUAT BAN NONG NGHIEP 58 Nguy hi Binh Kkiem Q.l, TP. Ho Chi Mink DT: (08) 8297157-8299521 - 9111603 Fax: (08) 9101036. E-mail: cnnxbnn@yahoo.com.vn In 1.030 ban kh6 1.3 x 19 cm tai Cty in Bao bi vh XNK. Bkng ky KHXB so 132-2007/CXB/64-06/NN do Cue Xuat ban cap ngay 12/2^2007. In xong vk ndp IiiU chieu quy 1/2007.
Ga Tam Ho&ng nuoi ban chan tha cr vifcrn GA TAM HOANG 63-636.5 NN -07 64/06 07 8 936032 945342 Gid: 5.000d