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3. 1. 2. 1976 11 8 1945 10 1/4 8
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 ă ŏ ] 12 [ ] 13 [] 14 [] 15 [] 16 [] 17 [] 18 [] 19 [] 20 [] 21 [] 22 [xiá] 23 [] 24 [] 25 [] 26 [] 27 [] 28 [] 29 [] 30 [] 31 [] 32 [] 33 [] 34 [uàn] 35 [jù] 36 [] 37 [] 38 [] 39 [] 40 [] 41 [] 10
4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 1 [] 2 [] 3 [] 4 [] 5[] 6[zhuàn] 7[] 8[yì] 9[] 10[] 11 [] 12[] 13[] 14[jiàn] 15[] 16[huò] 17 [] 18[] 19[]qù 20[] 21[] 22[] 23[] 24[] 25[] 26[] 27[] 28[] 281 29[] 30[]31[] 32[] 33[miăn] 34[wú ], 35[jué] 11
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 1[] 2[] 3[sè] 4[]ŏ ] 7[] 8[] 9[] 10[yì] 11[] 12[] 13[] 14[] 15[] 16[] 17[] 18[] 19[] 20[] 21 [] 22[] 23[] 24[ ] 25[] 26[] 27 [] 28[] 29[] 30[] 31[] 32[] 12
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1. 2. 3. 4. 1[nú ] 2[] 3[] 4[ ] 5[] 6[] 7[] 8[wěn] 13
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 1 [] 2 [pu]3 []4 [] 5 [] 6 [kuang] 7 [yue]8 [hong] 9 []10 []11 []12 []13 [] 1 [] 2 [] 3 []4 [] 5 [] 14
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A B C D A B C D A B C D 1[bèi] 2[] 3[xí] 4[] 5[] 6 [] 7[] 8[] 9[]zhì 842 44
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 1[] 2[] 3[] 4[] 5[] 6[] 7[] 8[] 9[] 10[] 11[zōu ] 12[] 13[nà] 14[] 15[zhăng] 16[] 17[yāo] 18[zhī] 19[ ] 20[] 21[] 22[] 23[ ] 24[] 25[] 26[] 27 [jì] 28[lù] 29[] 30[] 31[xì] 47
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 1[] 2[] 3 jué] 4[] 5[fŏu] 6[] 7[] 8[kuài] 9[] 10] 11\] 12[] 13[chēn] 14[(zì)] 15[(jì)] 16[shèng] 17[] 18[zhì] 19[] 20dàn] 21 shēng] 22[] 23[] 24[] 25[] 26[] 27[ ] 28[] 29[] 48
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 1[] 2[zŭ] 3[wéi] 4[] 5[] 6[] 7[] 8[] 9[] 10[] 11[jiàn] 12[duó] 13[bēi(sháo)] 14[] 15[] 16[]17 [] 49
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B C D [] [] [dn] 1 2 3 4 6 69
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 l 16111680 2 [] 3 [] 4 [pn] 5 [] 6 [] 7 [] 8 [] 9 [p] 10 [] 11 [] 12 [ ] 13 [] 14 [di] 15 [hn dn] [c] 17[] 18[q ng] 70
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 2 3 4 5 71
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[18821948] [ ] 3503 79330 4 200 73
139 1957 1963 1955 1957 1957 [17701831] 74
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1. ( ) 2. 3. 4. 1 2 75
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[] loomfield 1978 9 [] [] [18091882] 79
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[lingqing] [yo] 81
82
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19 20 40 1985 [] [19131960] 84
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1 2 18 3 4 1 []2 [18561939] 3 [1694-1778] 18 4 [] 87
1945 4 1 18 60 70 2 3 1 [1888-1969]19434 2 []20 3050 3 [] 20 20 50 88
1 00 0 1 1 1 0 89
90
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3 4 5 1. :, 2., 3.,,, 1.,, 2. 3. 4. [] [] 229 [][] [][] [][][][wi] 11 []12 [] 95
1., 2., 1. 2., 1 2 96
[] 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 768824 [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [ ] 11 [] 12 [] 13 [ ] 14 [] 15 ] 16 [] 17 [] 18 [] 19 []20 [] 21 [] 22 [] 23 [] 24 [ (du)] 25 [] 26 [(fu)] 27 [ ] 28 [ ] 29 [] 30 [] 31 [] 32 []33 [] 34 [] 35 [ (y)] 36 []37 [] 38 []39 [] 30 [] 31 [] 32 []33 [] 34 [] 97
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 1 2 3 1., 2., 3. [(y)] [][] [][] [] [(tn)] [(chng)] [] [(dn)] 11 [] 12 [] 13 [] 14 [] 15 [] 16 [ (zhn)] 17 [] 18 [] 19 [] 20 [] 21 [(y)] 98
A B C 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 1. 1. 2. 3. 4. 99
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117
30 31 32, 33 34 35 36 (1zh) [] [(cc)] [(qiq) [(ni)] [] [ chng ] [] [(ji o)] [] 11 [] 12 [] 13 [(chn)(gu)] 14 [ ] 15 [] 16 [ (ru)] 17 []18 [(li) ] 19 [] 20 [] 21 [] 22 [] 23 [] 24 [(hung)] 25 [] 26 [(yng)] 27 [(w)] 28 [(zhg)] 29 [] 30 [] 31 []32 [] 33 [] 34 [] 35 [] 36 [] 37 [] 38 [] 39 [] 40 [] 41 [] 42 [] 118
1 2 3 4 5 () 1 [fuban] 2 [] 3 []4 [] 5 [zhi] 1 [] 119
1991 3 18 1992 3 10 []17701827 [ ]18401893 []17561791 [] [ ] [] 120
11 1[] (ln) 2[]1861 1941 3[]18231849 4[]18181883 5[] 121
[] 1 2 1 2 122
1986 12 6 19101992 123
[] 1979 90 15 23 277 1.6 10% 40% -235 1983 8 [] [] 124
-235-235 0.7% -238-235 0.7% 5% -235 90% -235-235 200 0.2 []-235 125
-235 1979 20 100 200 2000 [ j] [] [] 126
1970 181 102 56% 73 40% 0.003 0.002% 1000 300-14-41 88 50% 1930 60 1952 4000 6 7 200 127
[] 1. 2. 3. [] 1 2 3 128
31 1 [] 2 3 4 1 1 1988 4[wěng wěng] 2[] 3[] 129
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 1[] 2[] 3[] 4[mòmò] 5[] 6[] 7[qiàn] 8[] 9[ē] violin 10[] 11[] 12[] 13[] 14[] 15[] 16[yuàn] 17[yì] 130
1 2 3 4 5 1927 7 1 2 3 1 2 1 2 3 46 1[zhào] 2[] 3[] 4[] 5[ ] 131
1948 132
133
32 1 [] 2 3 4 5 è 134
1 2 3 9 4 5 6 7 8 9 íŭŭ àú áĭè 135
1 2 3 ì 136
400500 137
33 1 [] 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 110371101 1057 2[] 1082 3[] 4[] 5[zhŭ] 6[ (yăo)(tiăo)] ă ù] 10[] 11[] 12[] 13[] 14[píng ] 15[] 16[] 17[] 18[] 19 [xián] 20[zhào] 21[ ] 138
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 20 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 1[] 2[] 3[] 4 [] 5[] 6[ ] 7[] 8[hè] 9[] 10[] 11[] 12[] 13[niăo niăo] 14 [] 15[hè] 16[lí] 17[qiăo] 18[] 19[] 20 [] 21[] 22[] 23[liăo] 24[] 208 80 24 25[] 208 26[] 27[zhú(lú)] 28 [shī(shāi)(shuò)]() 29[qiáo] 30[ zhŭ] 31[] mí] 34[piān] 35[ páo(zūn)] 36[fú(yóu) ] 37[] 38[xié(áo)] 39[] 40[] 41[] 42[] 43[] 44[] 45[] 139
1 2 3 4 5 1. 2. 3. 4. 1. 2. 3. 1[zàng] 2[] 3[] 4[zhĕn(jiè)] 5 [] 140
34 1 2 [] 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 2[]650675 3[ ] 4[zhĕn] 5[oū] 6[] 7[] ì 8[] 9[huáng ] 141
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 1 1[qĭ] 671 2[ yì(chān)] lĭ 3[] 4 [] 5[] 6[ ] 7[] 8[] 9[] 10[] 11 [lăo] 14 12 [yăn(cān)(fēi)(ē)] 13[ ] 14[chóng ] 15[ ] 16[(tīng) (fú)(zhǔ)] 17[ ] 18[tà(méng)] 19[ (yū)(zhŭ)] x 142
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 1[lǘ] 2[gĕ] (zhú) 3[jì] qù 4[wù ] 5[lí] 6[] 7[] 8[xiān(è)] 9[suī] 10[yè] 11[] 12[dì(miăn) ] 13 [jiŏng] 14[] 15[(guì)] 143
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 1[] 2[ ]3[ ] 4[hūn] 5[(jiē)] 6[ (chuăn)] 7[] 8[] 9 [] 10[] 11[] 12[] 13[ (hé)] 20 14[(shē)] 15[] 16[ ] 17[ ] 144
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1[] 2[(guàn)] 3[(què)] 4[(zān)(hù) ] 5[ ] 6[] 7[ (mèi)] ] ] ] 11[(z)] 12[] 145
1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 2 3 4 5 6 1[] 2[] 3[ ] 4[] 146
1 2 100 147
35 2 3 4 5 148
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 í 2[] 3[shān shān 4 [] 5[chè] 6[shāng shāng] 7 [] 8[] 9[] 149
1 2 150
1 2 3 4 5 6 éí 151
1[lán(yà)] 152
153 36 1 11989 4
154
1982 6 3 155
156
157
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4 5 159
37 1 [] 2 1 1963 2 [] qí 160
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1 2 2 []2 lièzōng 162
163
1. 2. 3. 4. 164
1. 2. 3. 4. 1 2 3 165
38 1 [] 2 1 1958 2 [] 166
1 1. 2. 3. 1 [] 167
39 1 [] 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 11037-1101 ó 2[] 3[ĭ ì ] 14[ú] 15[] 16[] 17[] 18[] 19[] 20[] 21[ ] 22[] 23[] 24 [] 25[] 26[] 168
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 1[ōō 2[ù ] 3[ú] 4[é é] 5[à] 6[] 7[ēó] 8[] 9 [à] 10[] 11[] 12[] 13[] 14[] 15[ ăăāà] 16[ì] 17[ì] 521 } 18[] 561 19[] 20[] 21[] 22[] 23[] 24[] 25[] 26[] 27[] 169
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 1. 2. 3. 4. 170
40 1 [] 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 11021-1086 2[]à 3[] 4[] 5[] 6[] 7[] 8[] 9[] 10[]11[ ] 12[ ] 13[] 14[ ] 15[] 16[] 17[] 18[] 19[] 20[] 171
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 1[] 2[] 3[] 4[] 5[] 6[] 7[] 8 [] 9[] 10[] 11[] 12 [] 13[] 14[] 15[ ] 16[à 28[] 29[] 30[] 31[] 32[ŭ] 33[] 34[] 35[]1054 36[] 172
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 173
41 1 [] 20 30 20 30 20 174
175
1400 176
177
178
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2 3 4 5 6 7 8 āé ēíá ìă á 180
1 2 ó 181
[] 1. 2. 3. [] 182
183
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1 2 3 80% 4 95% 5 185
2 [] [] 186
95% 2/3 14000 2000 200 187
1. 2. 3. 4. 188
[] 20 100 1957 22% 36.38 20.3% 30 1986 10% 73.94 41% 111 50% 20% 80 12% 50 30 30% 28% 50 4% 80 23% 1 1999 189
24 50 50 36 80 103% 19 6000 1949 4350 40 1.5 13 79.2 1984 2145 40 1/5 1949 0.5 1066 40 300 1/3 6000 1600 50 22000 80 12000 45.5% 190
500 1988 191
192
[] 193
5000 1868 41 [] 194
195
100 30 2 196
A B C D 3 A B C D 4 A B C C Entyopy1923 Entyopy Entyopy 197
[] 198
1904 [] [] [] [] 199
200
[] 20 Clone, Clone Klone, 201
1979 385 59 10 189 80 8 1960 1962 1978 202
1996 2 27 247 7 7 PPL I 6000 PHP LAS 203
J D 204
[] nm 10-9m 2 6 12 1000 21 21 205
1 2 3 10 5 4 5 1996 1 206
1100 30 80 1997 20 21 18 207
208
209
210
211
212
[] 1 2 3 [] 213
3 1995 19181883 3 14 3 17 18201895 [18091882]1859 [] 214
1 1 2 (1842 ) 3 1844 4 1847 5 18481849 6 18521861 7 8 [ ] 1882 []1842 1 1 1843 3 31 1842 4 10 []1844 1 12 1844 1845 1 [ ]1847 1 1848 2 1847 9 1847 [] 1848 6 1 1849 5 19 ] 1841 1924 19 40 50 10 [] 1864 1876 []1845 1 1848 3 1849 5 8 [] 1 215
216
3 1991 1931 1934 217
[] [] 218
1 [] 1941 1935 [] 1 2 219
[] [] 220
221
222
223
[] 1983 [] [] 224
O [] [ y] 225
226
m di znzn d lu b din ji 1 2 4 8 227
1998 5 4 [] 20 20 1998 5 5 228
50 21 21 79 229
230
A. x ro B. hng xi (r) C. l (d) D. (mi) (b) 1 2 3 1. 2. 3. 4. 231
[] 1992 6 18091865 16 1836 1856 1860 11 232
233
[] 2 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 1997 8 15 234
21 21 21 21 13 16 21 21 21 21 235
236 21 21 21
[] 1. 2. [] 237
[] 1960 1 238
239
12 12 6 240
1991 [] [ ] 180 300 241
[16431727] [1831 1879] [ 18791955]20 1933 [] [18221884] [] 1871 17311810 [X ]X X DNA X DNA [] []DNA [] DNARNA 242
[] [ 580 500] [] ] 243
244
[15641642] 245
500 246
1991 [] [] 247
[ 427 347] [] 248
[17121778] 249
19101998 1910 11 21 1948 1979 1958 1943 19791984 19411946 1947 250
1980 6 8 1905 [] [] [] [] [] [] 251
[(xid)] [(h) 252
253
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27, 28 29 13101381 [] [] [] [] [(gun)] 20 (gun) [] [] [] [] 11 [] 12 [] 13 [ (du)] 14 []15 []16 [(qi)(y) ]17 [] 18 [(jn)] 19 [] 20 [] 21 [(yng ) 22 [] 23 [] 24 [ ] 25 [] 26 [] 27 [] 28 [(y)] 29 [(yn)] 254
11 12 13 14 15 [] ] [] [(sho)] [] [] [] [] [] [] 11 [] 12 [] 13 [] 14 [(zh)] 15 [] 255
[] 1996 19201998 [(yo)] 256
[(jin)] [] 257
1993 3 15 258
259
260
261
262
263
264
265
266
267
268
269
270
271
272
273
274
275
276
277
278
279
280
281
282
283
284
285
286
287
288 3,
1 45 2 3 289
1 2 1 2 3 290
1 2 3 291
4 5 1 292
293
294
295
296
297
298
299
300