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1977 1998 10 30 50 ()

....3.3.5.5. 10 10 12 R&D 16.26 30.30 (1)863 34 (2)..48 (3)973 57.66 (1)...66 (2)...68 (3)...68.69. 71 1

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1199810221996 2 2006 (10)2007 520062311 186775444 377201147767 450317 320042005 2003 1552644908 3

2003 1. 720 371 73 298 349 295 54 407 94 73 21 313 292 21 313 277 277 36 3 33 2. 1552 111 73 38 1268 767 501 173 644 104 73 31 531 470 61 9 () 908 7 7 737 297 440 164 : 711 2 2 554 195 359 155 3. 558 19 1 18 537 250 287 2 4. 1104 1104 : 384 384 3 2003 (:2002) (Full-time Teachers) 1505160 1322176 749201 73586 223037 248491 150026 54061 238988 165855 168132 42446 58284 82254 678737 602911 335203 13501 86200 122400 82696 30406 109721 92650 65337 15332 19217 41277 1452623 1271567 724658 70063 216161 240555 146092 51787 225725 160180 161004 42240 57166 81650 168069 162641 88861 1999 23438 39577 19365 4482 34579 19446 19755 630 2627 2171 3 52537 50609 24543 3523 6876 7936 3934 2274 13263 5675 7128 206 1118 604 4

1 211 107 21 23 11 9 7 6 5 5 211 23 9 3 2 1 5

1 1 4 3 4 11 1 3 2 1 3 1 7 3 5 1 5 1 1 6

6 1 1 3 20059821112 2 985 38344.384 4 6 985 38 3 2 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 1 7

2 2 2 2 2 2 1 4 3 725 5 8

10 9

123 456 2005 5 2004732 344.4 6 2004 () 732 34,439,699 3,126,779 4,397,190 9,728,112 14,402,930 1,828,462 956,226 77 22,868,332 1,297,537 3,204,796 7,115,544 9,932,420 722,280 595,755 484 11,342,210 1,780,870 1,157,252 2,581,906 4,434,876 1,039,072 348,234 171 229,157 48,372 35,142 30,662 35,634 67,110 12,237 23 4,507,015 178,757 951,936 1,407,077 1,822,678 109,094 37,473 60 18,276,434 1,120,677 2,285,382 5,630,419 8,080,065 662,274 497,217 649 11,656,250 1,827,345 1,159,872 2,690,616 4,500,187 1,056,694 421,536 97 8,982,697, 872,954 1,452,268 2,799,298 3,358,817 344,594 154,766 230 20,112,916 1,175,426 2,276,165 5,009,151 10,277,314 822,993 551,867 43 1,875,412 261,311 191,921 942,522 239,745 144,204 95,709 10

87 1,617,888 411,522 170,634 492,840 226,780 203,073 83,039 171 1,583,018 328,196 276,077 425,840 254,597 241,670 56,638 104 267,768 47,370 30,125 58,461 45,677 71,928 14,207 5 1 2 3 4 5 11

R&D R&D 12345 120047 7 2004 () 732 29,515,048 27,669,720 5,116,799 13,808,926 5,653,335 393,101 2,697,559 1,845,328 77 19,029,796 17,569,873 2,977,566 9,336,878 3,028,965 260,101 1,966,363 1,459,923 484 10,287,484 9,906,750 2,089,868 4,425,757 2,543,447 131,509 716,169 380,734 171 197,768 193,097 49,365 46,291 80,923 1,491 15,027 4,671 23 3,763,327 3,545,804 393,933 1,968,239 599,434 17,038 567,160 217,523 60 15,207,755 13,970,108 2,571,048 7,232,011 2,553,006 239,025 1,375,018 1,237,647 649 10,543,966 10,153,808 2,151,818 4,608,676 2,500,895 137,038 755,381 390,158 97 7,595,724 7,212,334 1,320,242 3,424,745 1,637,611 86,,095 743,641 383,390 230 17,342,690 16,134,858 2,797,190 8,571,291 2,799,288 272,881 1,694,208 1,207,832 43 1,571,756 1,439,127 259,583 718,203 341,337 13,468 106,536 132,629 12

87 1,424,009 1,373,518 407,391 565,521 334,451 10,317 55,838 50,491 171 1,346,132 1,280,278 291,750 464,582 435,020 9,036 79,890 65,854 104 234,737 229,605 40,643 64,584 105,628 1,304 17,446 5,132 5 2200020058 8 2000-2005 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 1041 1225 1396 1552 1731 1792 35.2 36.6 38.3 41.1 43.7 47.09 31.5 35.9 37.6 40.4 36.4 39.5 15.9 17.1 18.1 18.9 21.2 22.7 14.7 16.8 17.8 18.6 20.6 22.2 166.8 200 247.7 307.8 391.6 460.9 137.1 165.9 204.2 253.9 318.2 387.46 76.7 102.4 130.5 162.3 200.9 242.3 11 13

3 R&D 19982005 9 9 R&D 19982005 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 R&D GERD (100 million yuan ) % As percentage of GDP Govt. S&T appropriation (100 million yuan) (%) As percentage of total govt. expenditure 551.1 678.9 895.7 1042.5 1287.6 1539.6 1966.3 2450.0 0.70 0.83 1.00 1.07 1.22 1.31 1.23 1.34 438.6 543.9 575.6 703.3 816.2 945.5 1095.3 1334.9 4.1 4.1 3.6 3.7 3.7 4.0 3.8 3.9 11 9 2005 GDP 1.34% 3.9% 14

420012005 10 10 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2589.4 2938 3459.1 4328.3 5250.9 % 8.1 12.8 14.7 17 16.7 2312.5 2671.5 3121.6 4004.4 4836.3 GDP 2.11 2.22 2.3 2.5 2.65 703.3 816.22 94 4.6 1095.3 1334.91 223.1 269.85 300.8 335.93 389.14 359.6 398.6 416.6 483.98 609.69 63.4 69.99 80.2 95.9 112.5 57.2 77.78 147 179.53 223.58 % 19.73 15.38 12.78 8.46 17.28 444.34 511.2 639.9 692.4 807.82 258.9 305.02 335.6 402.9 527.09 3.7 3.7 3.96 3.8 3.9 314.11 322.19 328.4 348.2 381.5 11 207.15 217.2 225.47 225.2 256.06 15

R&D 1 R&D R&DR&D 16

2200411 11 2004 18 530 085 13 905 515 4 082 264 2 921 990 10 851 407 8 162 691 3 596 414 2 820 834 13 434 748 9 998 060 3 071 963 2 216 498 7 681 811 5 733 204 2 680 974 2 048 358 5 025 402 3 860 737 1 000 382 699 734 3 120 742 2 398 072 940 278 762 931 69 935 46 718 9 919 5 758 48 854 31 11 415 11 162 9 545 2 846 902 2 026 098 444 136 321 732 2 059 262 1 510 106 343 504 194 260 10 635 552 8 007 765 2 569 424 1 857 362 5 716 407 4 301 406 2 349 721 1 848 997 5 047 631 3 871 652 1 068 704 742 896 3 075 738 2 351 179 903 189 777 577 5 120 651 3 859 237 1 427 777 1 004 449 2 370 218 1 799 125 1 322 656 1 055 663 10 964 488 8 311 391 1 770 981 1 317 370 7 191 525 5 429 992 2 001 982 1 564 029 983 312 770 455 314 478 236 811 518 913 420 640 149 921 113 004 756 013 494 294 255 434 160 250 448 262 296 853 52 317 37 189 615 355 412 802 291 886 190 686 266 781 181 199 56 688 40 917 90 266 57 336 21 708 12 422 55 708 34 882 12 850 10 032 4 17

200412 12 2004 18 530 085 13 905 515 4 082 264 2 921 990 10 851 407 8 162 691 3 596 414 2 820 834 3 197 384 2 077 078 986 035 658 601 1 884 875 1 169 551 326 474 248 936 685 023 574 384 138 676 126 612 339 782 272 967 206 565 174 805 150 763 126 345 40 453 32 967 92 908 79 703 17 402 13 675 151 544 125 891 43 826 30 437 94 626 83 650 13 092 11 804 65 242 48 455 18 394 8 126 20 671 10 738 26 177 29 591 950 217 748 888 135 221 78 764 674 367 543 962 140 629 126 162 413 243 304 313 124 371 88 373 205 840 144 354 83 032 71 586 1 290 175 1 031 834 130 952 98 573 1 001 157 853 549 158 066 79 712 1 989 965 1 628 910 353 343 249 031 1 206 080 1 010 800 430 542 369 079 1 868 974 1 397 928 400 101 295 802 1 198 101 907 751 270 772 194 375 1 113 286 747 583 198 837 133 768 522 283 362 044 401 166 251 771 308 552 255 650 157 877 134 558 102 055 83 875 48 620 37 217 164 620 126 794 41 867 35 830 81 845 61 280 40 908 29 684 162 241 110 760 16 663 8 745 90 347 59 501 55 231 42 514 369 923 258 681 125 344 82 822 192 504 139 496 52 075 36 363 129 936 96 719 24 796 18 525 54 232 38 749 50 908 39 445 1 193 928 869 206 198 964 143 293 678 725 491 477 316 239 234 436 763 474 598 812 148 598 115 078 591 205 461 075 23 671 22 659 766 093 468 759 245 591 146 872 408 868 247 074 111 634 74 813 116 362 83 870 28 555 18 913 80 506 47 545 7 301 17 412 12 034 10 524 3 761 3 363 8 148 7 140 125 21 222 886 170 574 50 816 32 487 139 526 107 836 32 544 30 251 940 585 844 114 198 914 171 901 379 870 323 394 361 801 348 918 32 746 18 440 10 844 8 641 12 063 7 668 9 839 2 131 111 026 94 903 26 930 20 235 60 521 54 270 23 575 20 398 2 750 1 080 2 400 800 150 130 200 150 1 155 968 917 568 168 130 118 110 606 444 491 423 381 394 308 035 155 173 135 093 54 290 49 341 99 013 84 031 1 870 1 721 7 093 5 301 1 830 1 396 3 913 2 969 1 350 936 9 446 6 541 2 800 1 726 4 589 3 442 2 057 1 373 29 433 20 517 12 085 8 300 16 193 11 247 1 155 970 4 18

32005 2005R%D24241.4 133.1 88.9 16.3 4.0 2005R&DR&D 9.9 R&D 23.4 R&D43.2 51.6 R&D28.8 25.0 R&D3.2 11 R&D R&D 2003R&D162.331.824.4R&D 200233.7 18.411.5(1) 19

R&D1991 199913.21999200325.2 R&D199920035 R&D28.7 10.2R&DR&D 2003R&D20.31991 6.524.519916.6 55.35356 R&2 年 年 2 R&D 類 20

211 1998 985 1997199610.641.2 2000199948.3982000 502003164.83 來 金 R&D2003 R&D162.387.72000 90 20022003 15 21

R&D 2005R&D22.5R&D193.5 R&D9980 R&DR&D 5816R&D5R&D 142.273R&D R&D R&D59.731 2005R&D5 13 13 R&D 19.3613.92 R&D 10 13.3813.03 9.488.157.57 R&D 7-10 7.527.427.08 6.926.665.65 R&D 5-7 5.485.415.17 13 22

4 2003112 85 51995 65 51985678.57 65 95 4 4 28200014 14 282000 28 2000 / / / / 3262 30858 4714 53 5 2309 75565 5495 78 4 920 42039 1300 36 4 1135 24289 1760 22 558 17332 1504 20 23

422 11148 493 12 2 460 11752 985 8 520 12497 938 1 730 14448 201 20 4 324 2133 317 4 501 16973 1151 20 374 1359 98 8 735 8223 895 2 271 530 131 1 525 13034 420 6 94 520 178 2 118 1227 46 2 71 291 118 0 49 389 10 0 49 230 8 0 106 297 10 0 60 696 21 1 44 399 18 16 84 322 27 0 117 399 122 0 119 286 59 0 1794 6746 1484 28 1 140 1131 287 0 2 24

15 1985-1999 / 1985 29 10003 1917 396 1440 81 94259 6628 31381 33270 21140 1830 1986 34 11076 2633 605 1879 149 124499 14973 36922 45566 24056 2982 1987 34 11953 3812 793 2618 401 182205 13869 45213 87495 30974 4654 1988 35 14545 4686 1038 3032 616 207938 15240 42044 108169 36492 5993 1989 37 13447 4974 1186 2946 842 229223 14259 45273 119433 36486 13772 1990 38 14583 5527 1327 3214 986 243556 16673 56856 116696 43766 9565 1991 37 14036 5398 1294 3124 980 283214 15204 59216 135515 62226 11053 1992 35 14130 5517 1408 3112 997 428334 18855 90447 202883 78675 37474 1993 36 19452 7271 2038 3572 1061 545651 30404 97027 259699 96651 61870 1994 34 17447 7203 2081 3620 1502 693698 43270 112648 269355 206843 61582 1995 34 17164 7646 2308 3761 1577 860250 47530 146182 329328 284373 52837 1996 33 17720 7485 2304 3596 1585 1026776 55039 191832 359486 325719 94623 1997 33 15381 7025 2251 3362 1412 1286774 45895 25364 496611 447755 71149 1998 32 15049 6844 2124 3413 1307 1541030 86387 337392 430502 548490 138259 1999 30 13747 6283 1965 2923 1395 1788053 111874 193134 677683 660193 145169 2 25

- R&D R&D 1R&D 2003R&D19.6 R&D477 R&D 1722002103 2003R&D 40-66R&D R&D 5 利 2003 2002 2003 2002 2002 2003 2001 2002 2003 2001 2003 5 R&D 26

2R&D R&D OECD90R&D 1995-20002000-2002 2000-2002 4%-10%R&D 1996OECD 1991-19953.3%1995-20004.2%2000-2002 5.5% R&D 2000-2002R&D 30% 25%16 16 R&D OECD 19911995 16.4 3.3 2.4 5 4.6 1.3 0.4 3 1.3 9.9 19952000 12 4.2 3.6-4.9 3.6 7.7 7.4 3.9 1.4 5.3 11.6 3.5 20002002 29.8 3.5 7.9-0.1 7.2 9.7 3.8 4.1 7.8 4 24.8 OECD2004-2 R&D 1998 R&DR&D1/4620021/28 R&D 1/251/111/121/5 27

1/81/4 20022003R&D 17 17 R&DR&D 1998 1/46 1/25 1/12 1/7 1/8 1/4 1/6 3/4 2000 1/39 1/22 1/8 1/6 1/6 1/4 1/4 2/3 2002 1/28 1/11 1/5 1/4 1/4 1/3 11/10 OECD2004-2 3R&DR&D R&DR&DHERD/GERD R&DR&D 14%-23% R&D33%-35% 10%R&D 6 利 2003 2003 2002 2003 2002 2002 2003 2001 2001 2003 6 R&DR&D 28

4R&D R&DHERD/GERD R&D R&D 0.42%-0.44% 0.62%0.36%2001OECD R&DGDP0.83%2001 0.27%20037 1998-2003R&DGDP R&DGDP0.070.14% R&DGDP R&D 利 2003 2003 2002 2003 2002 2002 2003 2001 2001 2003 7 R&DGDP 3 29

863 973 863 973 200420052003 863973 1662 818 7153 2003 2003 863 30

11021 75 18 2003 863 973 1,296 339 27 818 7,153 9,633 % 13.4 3.5 0.3 8.5 74.3 100 19 2003 213* 32** 15 80 150 88 240 818 *** 20 2003 1264 1532 970 1503 1197 116 359 212 7153 2003 863 973 69.5% 15.7% 14.9% 31

8 863 973 863 973 973 21 2003 % 863 20.9 26.9 21.2 13.7 4.9 12.4 5.3 15.2 20.3 9.3 9.2 7.8 9.8 5.8 17.3 973 11.1 11.1 11.1 11.1 11.1 14.8 29.6 2003 2003 1265 70.71 1195 863973 2003 485 32

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9 2003 3 1 863 863 1986 3 863 15 34

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2863 15 19852000(16) 15 863 6 230 5200 2000 47000 863 560 2000 20 600 4 863 863 15 年 度 10 37

11 料 料 12 38

13 10 10 14 39

25 455 10278 273 189 11985 177 230 12320 202 21 2108 111 712 12165 233 51 1205 0 1658 50061 996 32000 863 2000 863 6 24 90 2040 17000 15 2000 863 6 料 40

2000 年 年 料 2000 1999 16 2000 84 年 年 北 遼 寧 北 林 2000 41

26 2000 % 2000 1999 2000 1999 2000 1999 42 50 814 658 2 3 8 6 193 167 3 4 6 5 70 65 4 7 5 4 89 69 5 5 5 4 86 64 6 2 4 7 101 90 7 6 4 4 103 88 8 10 4 3 84 51 9 9 3 3 39 38 10 11 3 2 62 52 17 2000 61 年 年 金 2000 42

27 2000 2000 1999 2000 1999 2000 1999 1 1 26 20 607 427 2 2 19 18 388 353 3 6 3 3 19 16 4 4 3 5 84 82 5 8 3 3 37 33 6 7 2 3 73 72 7 5 2 4 27 25 8 11 1 2 56 55 9 12 1 1 33 33 10 13 1 1 22 33 18 2000 863 6 2040 料 2000 43

28 19992000 863 6 2000 1999 % % 297 14.6 297 18 613 30 484 29 611 30 406 25 10 0.49 10 1 306 15 272 16 203 10 184 11 2040 1653 2000 863 6 29 2000 863 6 % 2000 1999 2000 1999 16 18 8 8 46 54 43 64 34 26 46 26 4 2 3 2 44

2000 2000 年 年 年 年 2000 1999 2000 1999 45

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31 2000 69 % 2000 1999 2000 1999 2000 1999 1 1 4292 3354 25 22 2 2 3208 2378 19 15 3 4 914 874 5 6 4 3 899 999 5 6 5 5 852 821 5 5 6 6 547 518 3 3 7 9 336 336 2 2 8 8 274 366 2 2 9 7 262 484 2 3 10 10 231 207 1 1 利 料 20 2000 47

料 21 2000 32 2000 (16) 103 52 34 0 504 111 804 191 459 507 4 306 94 1561 0 29 0 1 100 17 147 942 2558 227 213 5546 794 10280 32 6 31 2 2003 48

2003 107 38 63 3 3 1819 198 337.2 13.454 22 2003 49

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25 2003 料 26 2003 51

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28 2003 29 2003 2 2003 63 567 2.57 19.1 34 2003 ( ) 27 42 60 85 137 50 95 44 27 () 0.28 0.19 0.24 0.50 0.34 0.22 0.46 0.23 0.11 53

567 42.9 1.2 55.5 30 2003 31 2003 3 2003 198 7000 198 66.2 3400 39.5 54

32 2003 33 2003 4 2003 35 150 7000 55

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2000 68 2000 2 1986 2005 170 26 20012005 100 61

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