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Transcription:

行識 2003 1

1) 來理 FAA 2003 年 Pilot s Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge(H-8083-25) 來, 2007 年 3 2007 年 12 2) 行類理行 3) 若行參料不異行行行 4) 不利 5) 漏不聯不 6) 了便讀理 Email fsxonline@gmail.com 行 http://www.fsgame.org 2

行識行了識行了來識了聯 (CFR) 行識領行更行行類不 14CFR 14CFR (AIM) AIM http://www.faa.gov/atpubs FAA 1997 年 Pilot s Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge 3

... 2... 3... 17... 17... 18... 20... 21 落... 23... 23 行理... 24... 25 力... 25 力度... 26 度度... 26 度度... 26 力律... 26... 27 力利理... 28... 29... 30... 31 力... 32 行力... 34 力... 34 力... 36 力... 37 力... 41 力... 41 流... 42... 43... 44 力... 45... 46 念... 46... 47... 47 ( )... 49 ( )... 52 ( )... 54 ( 蘭 )... 56 螺不... 56 行力力... 57 4

力... 57 力... 59 降力... 60... 60 螺理... 62 P 數... 66 力... 66 螺狀流... 67 螺... 67 不 (P 數 )... 68 數... 69 數... 70 數... 71 數度... 72 數行... 73... 74... 74... 74 8... 75 流... 75 VG... 76 量... 77 量行... 77 量... 78 量... 79... 79 行... 81 流流... 81 度... 82 數... 83... 83... 84 掠... 85... 88 行... 88 行... 90 行... 90... 91... 91... 92 裡 ( 力 )... 93... 93 降... 94 T... 95 5

... 97... 97... 98 V... 99 行... 100... 100... 101 流... 101... 102... 102... 103... 104... 104... 105... 106 力... 106 復... 106 螺... 108 螺... 109 螺... 110... 112... 112... 113... 114... 115 度... 116 度... 116... 116 輪... 117... 118 輪... 119 行... 120... 121... 121... 122... 123... 124... 124... 125... 125... 125 / /... 126... 126... 128 6

... 128... 129 滑... 130 冷... 132... 134 力... 134... 137 落... 138 落... 139 落... 139 落... 139... 140... 140... 140... 144... 145 度... 145 力... 145 連流... 145... 146 流... 146 流... 146... 147 螺... 148... 149 輪... 150 輪類... 150 輪... 150 輪螺... 151 輪... 151 輪... 151... 151 輪... 152 力... 153 度... 153... 153 N1... 153 N2... 153 輪... 154 度... 154 力... 154 來... 154 輪 /... 155... 155 7

... 156 六行... 157 行... 157... 158... 158 度... 158 理... 159 力度... 159 度... 160 度行... 161 度類... 162... 162 度... 162 理... 163... 164... 164... 165... 166... 167 - 塞... 167 塞... 167 塞... 169 螺行... 170 螺理... 170 度... 171... 171 力... 172... 173 滑... 174... 174... 175... 176... 176... 178... 179 羅... 179 羅... 180... 180 羅... 181... 181 羅... 182 度羅... 182 度... 183 8

行... 184 行... 184... 185 ( )... 185 ( )... 186... 186 力... 186 量... 187 行... 187... 188 ( )... 188 ( )... 188 ( )... 189 量 / ( 六 )... 189 ( )... 190 行 ( )... 190 錄 ( )... 190 ( )... 190... 190... 190... 192... 193... 193 年度... 193 100... 194... 194 度... 194... 194 行... 194 行... 194... 196 理更... 196 行... 196 令... 197 /... 198 量... 199 量... 199 量... 199 量... 200... 200 不利... 201 量理... 202... 202 9

量理... 204 量... 206 量... 206... 206... 207... 209 力... 210 零量... 210 量... 211 量... 211 量... 213... 214 料... 214... 215 力... 215 力度... 217 度度... 217 力度... 220 度度... 221 度 ( ) 度... 221... 221 行... 222... 223... 227... 231 令... 233 度... 234 滑... 236 陸... 237... 238 陸... 240 度... 242... 243... 244 度度... 244... 246... 247 量... 252 陸... 253 度... 254 類... 255 類類... 256... 256... 256 10

陸... 256... 256... 257 度... 258... 260... 260... 260... 261... 261... 261... 261... 262 陸... 262 陸... 263 陸... 263... 263 陸... 263 陸... 264... 265 理論... 265... 265... 267 力... 268 力度量... 268 度力... 271 度行... 271 度異... 272... 272... 272... 274 流流... 276... 278 切... 279 力... 280... 282... 282 度... 283 度... 283 度 / 露... 284... 284 露... 285... 285... 286 度... 288 11

見度... 288 降... 288... 289... 290... 291... 292 冷... 292 冷... 292 冷... 293 冷... 293... 294... 294... 294... 295 料... 296... 296... 296 雷... 296... 297 FAA 行 (FSS)... 297 錄 (TIBS)... 297 (DUATS)... 297 路行 (EFAS)... 298 行 (HIWAS)... 298 錄 (TWEB)... 298... 299... 299... 299... 300... 300 例行 (METAR)... 300 行 (PIREPs)... 303 雷 (SD)... 305... 306 (TAF)... 307... 308 行... 311 行 (AIRMET)... 311 (SIGMET)... 312 流 (WST)... 312 度 (FD)... 313... 314... 314... 317 12

雷... 317... 319 行... 322 類... 322... 322... 322 料來... 323... 323 錄... 323 行... 324... 324... 325 滑行... 325... 325... 326... 326... 327... 327 滑... 327 度... 328 滑... 328... 329 識... 329... 329... 330... 330 滑行... 330... 330... 331... 332... 332... 332... 333... 334 雷... 334 雷 (ATCRBS)... 335... 335 雷... 335 流... 336 流... 336 流度... 337 流行... 337 流... 338... 338 13

... 338... 339... 340... 342 A 類... 342 B 類... 342 C 類... 342 D 類... 342 E 類... 343... 343 G 類... 343... 343... 343... 343... 344... 344... 344... 344... 344... 344 練... 345 臨行... 345... 345 VFR... 345 雷... 345... 346... 346... 346... 347 行... 348... 349 度度... 349... 350 量... 351... 352... 355... 356... 359... 359 T=D/GS... 359 離 D=GSXT... 360 度 GS=D/T... 360 里... 360 14

... 360 行... 361... 362 領... 363... 363 量... 363 行... 367 料... 367... 368 / 錄... 368 行行... 369... 369... 369 VFR 行... 372... 373 (VHF) ( VOR)... 374 VOR... 376 VOR... 377 VOR... 378 離量 (DME)... 379 VOR/DME RNAV... 379 (ADF)... 381 羅蘭 -C... 384 (GPS)... 386... 388 行... 388... 389 療... 389... 389 行... 389 六 (ADM)... 390 ADM 來... 390 流... 390 理... 390... 390 易... 390 錄 1... 390 15

16 行識

聯 14 行 (Aircraft) 行行行類 (Airplane) 類力力類滑了 (Airplane) 行行力不數落 1 1 17

/ 行列來度 1-2 倫倫梁降量金螺連行弄流料來金行數 18

來識不易料來料兩力量不什易 1 3 量力量數不來力來 1 4 行料不 19

連兩行力了不了力數量不兩 1 5 行陸類數數不來梁肋 1 6 20

梁肋了度數靈裡兩類利力行陸力降 ( ) 1 7 21

不降類輪降例拉輪降 1 8 降降力説 22

行行降行降力 / 降落落滑行陸數類落輪便陸 1 9 落輪兩輪輪輪落落落輪落輪輪螺螺力力數行量來流流來冷力量力力 1 10 23

行理論行力理律律力了行理理利力行領理行理來 24

行陸不陸量不狀流力力流狀例 78 21 1 了什數 35000 度量律留量力 14.7 29.92 度度更度裡更 18000 度量 2 1 力力裡論力 25

裡行度率力力量了力量流力力量力 14.7lb/in 度度 1) 降力更 2) 降力螺力更 3 降力力量更力度更力降更力了更句說度降了度力例力度力降度降說度立度度度降度降度度度度例說力立度力度降度度力降度度降度度落不量略度度度兩立兩冷 ( 兩 ) 度力度度度力律 17 數了律裡念律律律狀度 26

狀力量力力量力量度律力度力裡律度兩度度律論力量力量力力律例力了律螺螺流力了律流力率流度率離率流率率 2 2 A 流裡 B 兩流度了流降流 27

度說力不力力降了力流力利理律數利了流 ( ) 力度說流度流力降裡流來流力降力裡流流量流度不流降了力流 ( ) 類理力力利理流度力降流度降力 2 4 28

論利裡論了什行念力流來說利力量降論論利律料利來力不力度裡論行行說來力 2 5 ( ) 不更數 2 5 兩不行論兩離度度輪廓離來利理律量力兩力力力度流了力流 29

說力了來力狀力量來力來流類不亂流度力力來流裡行力來流流 ( 降流 ) 理行力力不不 ( 來力例 ) 不不行不不不行洞行了行量度了年識力率狀來識類力了度不行說利狀力 (Kreuger) ( 勒 ) 狀行力流力力離 2 6 了更洞行流流淚流兩度力淚狀切流度 ( ) 離更度降了力 30

利力理力流不路力 2 7 力力力路路力離力粒路 AB 離力粒 AB 力力粒 B ( 路 ) 離力 BC ( 力降 ) 粒 C C 流離力粒力力 CD 力力力了力 (B C ) 力力利理力降力力力力來力力流論流流力力律論力律裡論了力力力流流 ( ) 度度度利理流度了力流度降力力力力論力利理律流流行度度力力行行滑力行行度 31

力洞不流不力力 ( 力 ) 力力更 2 8 了不力力力力力力力來力洞力不 2 8 力力力 2 9 力量來 32

力量力 CP 力力量來 60 30 力 18 力力了 2 10 行力力力力不來行力 33

20 行了力 (MAC), 論力量力行力力行行力力力力力行力行力力理行行更行 ( 行 ) 力力螺力量力力不力力流力力流行力行禮力量力力力流力力 34

行力零不力 ( 律 ) 論行降不說力說力力例 3 1 力力力力力量說 ( 不力力不力力 ) 力力力力理行狀力力力力行狀力力不說力力力力力力更行力力力力力力力力力煉了力力力力滑力量力句說不力力力力兩力 3 2 35

念論略不不略論行力力來不力行狀降力力力力力量度例行力力力不力力力力力力力力力立不不量論了論理練了力行來行行行論力力度力力了力力行度力力行率降力降度力力不行力力力力力力力行行度行行行狀力略行狀類行行行 36

力力力 3 3 力降力力降行行量力力更行了力行狀行了力力量數行力度螺流惡力說行力力力力行力降了行力立了行度力降降力力度行行力行力兩類力力行力力兩力來流力力兩易降力流易降力力力降力類滑來不流滑流力滑不來力力力了力力兩亂 50 200 37

力力力力力力說力力流度來兩力來力更度力度力類力 100% 率理論什來力力力力力力力不離力力利流量力論什力力力流力流流流度流兩流流流 3 4 38

流流流流力流力來流流量力流力量力流力量力了力更不零力量力論力說更來量力力更力論力力降度力更力類 39

力力 3 5 力力力力力理行力力兩 L/D( 力 / 力 ) 狀不力力料力數 C L 力數 C D 力數降 3 6 (L/D Max) 力數行力 (L/D Max) 更更降力力 40

(CG) 力 (CP) 離行度力了復行滑行行 ( 數 ) 力力拉力量來力 (CP) 離行度力了復行力力力拉力理行力力力力來力 ( 力 ) 力力力狀度不力力降度力力行度力行力輪力 ( 不 ) 力流論力說度不不若行力度例例不 200 度行力 100 度行力不度不力力了力力了行狀度力來降度降度來力行不論來度行行量力臨度 41

力力度度力度度 18000 度度度了度力更來行度冷度度度冷更行度降力量行行力例 200 力 100 兩見行度兩力度兩易行來度數行力度來例行狀度力度度來度力力狀陸行陸力力量流力力了力行力力力力力流力路來流了流流流類流了流流不流流流流了更流了力量流論力力流力力更流更了更烈流流更力更流度力度量度流行陸度流 42

來行行來說理更行離流流量了流流 3 7 行流 ( ) 力力力數流流流力來力力降力說流度力行說行力流了力降了力力數不力數 3 8 力度力 43

力降了力降流降力力力行力了流流流 ( ) 數力度降了度力力數度度力降 1.4% 度力降 23.5% 度力降 47.6 力降離陸行離陸例離來力數力理降力陸度陸力降度不度更力臨量度度不來不不度行降不不度來度落狀行陸理識力數力力降車拉度離度易降力降力滑行滑行行論什行來車輪兩 90 度度 3 9 44

類力類降行力理力量力力力離力參力離量力力離量來說 ( 離量 ) 力 20% 力力不行不力狀力不力不力不力 ( 力力力 ) 行行了來力行力立力行不力不例力力力流力行力來力來力降了行行不行力易勞 45

類行力練力更易來論更論不行行力易力力量量行度行力行念行度力度了不行度行力行力兩論裡論力 ( 不行狀 ) 來狀 3 10 離來狀 46

行度更了類不兩 ( ) 來不兩來 3 11 了 10 ( ) 易降不度不兩不不行行易類不類不邏聯 ( 立 ) 行行降臨度 ( Vne, 不 ) 行拉輪 47

48 行識

( ) 度了量力不行數不狀不行不力力力力力不復力拉類力力力數力力力 ( 力 ) 來了不 3 12 行狀 CG-CL-T CG 降 T CL 力數力 CL CG 降力來降來了力來 CG-CL-T CL 力兩力 49

CG 力 T 力理理 CL 量 CG T 力降來流流降力度流降 (T ) 力 3 13 降降度率行 3 14 50

度降流度降流度降流降降力更力度降力降力降更降不降度更狀不降度來度力行度不行流類流降 3 12 T 力不降 T 力力拉立力力不力立力來力力 3 15 3 16 力力力力論力力 51

復不狀來來連來不不 ( ) 掠力 1 3 度句說 V 行度來度量力力不說力力兩 52

不滑滑 3 17 力力降復狀 ( ) 兩力力滑力復行復力度降了行不利識掠滑掠掠掠量力數力力降掠掠行流類龍龍 3 18 53

滑量龍流力 ( ) 力行狀 ( ) ( 力 ) 更易力類 3 19 54

了更了類行 ( ) 度力降來來滑 ( 力 ) 了復復滑不來行說不來行立掠略了行掠力立力 55

不度力不不度掠力掠力掠掠了 ( 蘭 ) 蘭 / 不不不流降流降兩 / 不易見行滑烈滑蘭不蘭不不了螺不兩不利蘭不率螺不更數螺行了不行掠數流蘭了螺說蘭不來說更螺不不蘭數螺不螺不滑烈復度力更行不來烈更螺行不 56

更螺螺率行不力度參數行不行不 ( ) 了量力螺行復量行不復更不不螺降度降力拉力數螺行識拉拉更螺螺行落兩錄行參不參來兩行力力力行 3 20 力見兩力 ( 力力 ) 狀力不力力力力類力力力兩力兩力度力力力量力量力力拉離力力 57

了什力不不車了不離來力來說不滑良牢行來說力力兩量降了力力度降力來力來力量量力度降來力力行度力量量度力量力量邏力量了度度來力量來度力力力降降例量降降力來降力例力度降降降度降了離力行力力力度離力力力來來滑度不度力量離力力量離力降度降度立 58

滑離力力量拉度了滑度降度例 400mph 44 度來度 (3 度 ) 度 79% 力力量度力力狀力行力立行了復了力 3 22 行力降力了了力力力行立力復行率不降力不來量量力行了力力力降降 59

力降力 ( 力量 ) 力 3 23 力不量力力力力力率狀力不力率率度率不率了降力行降狀力裡論降率行率力降來降降力降力降降力量力力不降降來力力降狀力量類力降率降力量降率降率降力量降降率降度來力行力行不 60

度行不不量度度流離臨 16 度 20 度臨行行行行降來力更不力降降臨流亂了 ( 了流 ) 裡不度例 200 行拉降力離力不立來了類度行度離力力力來離力力力力降來了了力離力 61

裡力流了力力力降不了降流滑力復行度易螺理螺兩葉葉螺葉螺葉類拉力螺葉力來螺葉螺力力力行力力力力螺葉 3 26 葉葉類類類葉螺流 62

葉度來度量葉葉度量數螺葉螺葉螺葉不螺度葉兩螺螺 74 48 螺度 74 螺 48 螺滑螺螺離螺螺度不螺行行力螺率螺不率螺葉率來說力理螺行 3 27 63

螺力量螺葉螺葉度度了螺力力了力葉狀葉力流螺力力力力螺不力降螺力力說力螺葉力螺力螺滑流度度力率度來說力 80 20 力滑度螺力力力螺螺理量葉了螺了葉螺來葉螺螺度葉率螺力力率 2 4 度葉度度率了 (ground-adjustable) 螺螺螺螺率螺率降率率率螺率力率率螺率 50% 87% 螺滑 (Slip) 螺滑螺 3-28 螺理論離螺離理論滑了螺滑螺螺葉切度 3-29 葉 64

度度螺螺葉行螺葉度句說螺葉螺葉度不度力螺葉度 1 度 4 度力 / 力螺行 0 度 15 度流度螺兩螺螺行數葉率率力螺螺葉葉率螺更量了力了數了流度了力度螺更葉率葉了降了了力螺立了行率降率降力降葉來降度行率更行降 65

力降率葉來降了降率螺理更了更降流度來葉 P 數行來說 ( ) : 1. 來螺 2. 螺流螺 3. 螺 ( 螺 ) 4. 螺 (P 數 ) 力力理律 - 力力說螺力 3-30 行力了力不降更力更來說數螺行裡論數度力數力度度輪力力落更量論力力更了度數數 66

1. 力 2. 螺 3. 度度度 4. 行螺狀流螺螺流螺狀螺 ( ) 螺流力 3-31 螺狀流螺流力度螺流螺螺狀流螺流力說力行行來力不力螺理螺螺理螺理螺螺兩度裡論輪力 3-32 力力 90 度 67

螺螺類螺力力 90 度力兩力更輪 3-33 螺力力 90 度度數輪力螺螺力離 90 度力螺說螺行降來不不 (P 數 ) 行葉力葉力了螺 - 68

葉量葉更不度度螺葉度螺度來行降葉度葉度螺葉度力葉更力 ( 力裡螺螺力 ) 拉行葉更度葉了更力 3-34. 螺更易螺葉度螺流葉離流葉更 ( 葉度 ) 流葉更力力力葉螺來降流度不力例零螺數行狀行更更不螺行行行來數了行理行行力不來說行牢力念利力行力力力數 69

數行量例數 3 量數 G 說數 3 說 3G 數 4 說 4G. 拉數 3G 行 3 力數行度來度了數識行數行來說兩不 1. 行理 2. 數了度來行度數識度行來陸來拉不陸不數不行數數數不聯例 1 1.5 數不了 1.5 數理度量留度不行濫了狀論落數年行行數流降度數不數行不數論 1 類 ( ) 2 行類類易識來說行類數 ( 數 ) 不類 70

類 3.8-1.52 ( ) 4.4-1.76 6.0-3.0 不 4000 數降了 50% 數行烈數了類 (Category system) 行數更練類行類 ( 量 4000 ), 度類行類 4000 類數量降行類類數度數兩力離力力 3-35. 度 ( 裡度 ) 率離力數不 3-36 了數 45 度 50 度 60 度數 2G 80 度數 71

5.76G 度數力 90 度數了 90 度度理論說不 90 度不 90 度滑行數 6G 數度 60 度率了類 10 度數 1G 類立 3-36 數度流滑流行力了度數 2 例度 50 數 4G 100 度數 9 150 行列數了不螺度行數參 3-36 3-27 72 度數 3G 度了度 45 來不 75 類拉 1G 數降 72

數度來度度度 Va 行 FAA 行度度 1.7 度 60 不 102 (60 1.7=102 ) 度 60 102 度數 2.89G(1.7 1.7) 數不切度來不類不行力不不數數數數行力來度來量不練來數力理識數力不度數度 (Va) 理兩類 1. 2. 行烈數行行臨數了不行數 1G 數 73

數數 3-36 3-37 數行 45 度臨數 70 度 75 度度 63 度行數不行 1G 數降 0 切量行降數力行拉來復拉數 ( ) 拉數不數度拉臨度度度拉數不 2 2.5G 不數拉度螺了不數裡復更更數更數 2.5G 螺數 1G 兩 1. 螺度 2 2. 螺不不數數力數留理量度拉降數 1.7 度 ( 度 60 102 行 ) 74

3G 數量數 112 數 4G 8 拉數理說數拉行數不易 8 拉 2G 數不度率度數滑拉度 8 度度不數利流度數度行度流雷暴降度不行度數行了流 -( 度度行 )- 不度不流度度拉流行數力力力數梁量數肋累 75

VG 行行度來度數 3-38. VG 度 - 數 VG 量 VG 力例 62mph 里 / 不 1G 數度數力 92mph 數 2G 112mph 3G 137mph 4.4G 數力不 VG 不力行力行例數度數度例 62mph 數 1G, -1G 數度 80mph 行數數 4.4 不勞行 VG 兩數力力數力力不度度力 76

度參度行不行度不數力力力不 ( 度 ) 參 225mph 度行度不度數不數不力行行 VG 行數量行量料度 / 理路理論料不行例 100 4 70 不數量不量 (CG) 論行理識錄類 - 不不行例行來說來行李不切量行量兩 1. 量行 2. 量行量行 / 陸陸量來量滑度陸滑行不良不 77

不陸度了量料 FAA 行行 (AFM/POH) 年量料易讀力量量力數說論量行行不量不裡不行李不不量例流行行李不練不行李行李量量不易來類識 3.8G 數 3.8 量不數 100 量 380 類類更數 4.4 6.0 更累力金勞行數 3G 數 100 量 300 量不 16 FAA 行度行量行率不行行識不不不行李例行李度量 20 不更量不 78

量識不行量論裡料不利不令識行念 3-39 說數行更度力更力度了度力力更度理論來說行率度不來流力零不 79

行行 1-2 螺螺利索立來說例 1 螺類螺類更力兩流行行更力量力力來降度類度行不拉來不不不更螺螺螺離力離力螺拉螺陸來度量不車滑陸度車陸滑行刹車易陸陸降拉易輪陸滑 1. 力力力度降力 2. 度度 80

3. 降力降度了 4. 更力降了力降更降度更 5. 降了了不狀 6. 了降力降不了度降降度降拉度了降量不行流流力裡力理論力流 260 度不度力度類流力理論度度流流流略不理流理流力理連利理度略度度度度度行流度來力流行流度度兩流 ( ) 流度例 (shock wave) 力流理論度 3-40 81

度度度 15 度度 661 4 裡度 -55 度降 574 度行度度量數來數度行數 1.0 度 (subsonic) 0.75 (transonic) 0.75 1.20 (supersonic) 1.20 5.00 (hypersonic) 5.00 行度 0.78 0.9 流度 ( 不 )1.0 臨數 (Mach Crit) 臨數行行行參流離臨數臨數率臨數 5%-10% 度力力降力度輪力行度 Vmo/Mmo 3-41 82

Vmo 行度度力力 Mmo 數行度不度行數度臨數行數數 (TAS) 度數 ( 75-100 ) 數度降冷度降行度數 (AIS) 度度降降降落度來度數行度不度度流行數度降度裡行數度流力流度降度力粒粒度離度量粒流度流度降流度 12 747 83

兩不類流流流流滑流流流流力流流滑流流流度離滑流度流力流流量流量流流更流離離流離流流流離流離力力離 3-42 流行離流流 12 度 15 度離流流流量流度了流量流離更烈行度力來兩易度不來了度力更說粒流度降了力度度度力度流粒不不粒度力度度烈論不流降流類例流降論流流流流流不 84

流度流量 ( ) 降力力不流度量量力流離力烈來流離流離力力度臨數 10% 力力行度來數流行度流 3-43 力 ( ) 力降流離流力力流離流流流流降了力力力 (Mach tuck) (tuck under), 輪力 T 離流掠行數流離流離掠掠理論識 85

力流量 3-44 流 90 度力力流掠度 90 度掠流行度了掠了臨數力數力數句說掠了力數數力數數臨數 5% 10% 度流離力力力數了掠降了力力力數度說掠力掠不 3-45 流離掠 ( 力 ) 力掠 86

狀 T 更 T 3-46 87

T 流行識更流降不降狀掠力 / 力行降行不不降惡烈 T 類度力力度來量降降量數度降度 5%-7% 了度流度數不度不力行度度量度行度流度論流度度來行力量 - 更力不更 G - G 量論 G 力烈流行行行 (primary flight control) 行 secondary flight control 行 3 降行流 (slat) 流來流降力力流度 (speed brake) 來降度流立來力量輪更 3-47 88

行流來兩流流降力降流度不度流不流不離良不流狀流離行流不流流裂更說裂利力數更流離陸不 89

力力説流離力數 (Clmax) 度降 50 不行度不度理力不降量力降來降降降不度降流來理量降理了降更更行行理度力行力力力來亂 (upset) 行行行行行行行降 ( ) 了了行力例行度行更行流力力力行 3 了行度例行 90

/ 行量良易 3 來類 3 4-1 類滑輪連連輪輪降了力降了度力力力降更力更力力 4-2 91

來度度了降來度力力來降力來力行力降拉力度流降力度滑類滑行滑度降力輪離降離降力力降度度了不立 4-3 92

裡 ( 力 ) 裡輪力流了力力 4-4 裡流滑更裡類裡不論什了連 - 連來 93

來力例行連拉力滑 4-5 降降類降列連連降降 4-6 94

降降了降了力行力度離力降度 / 降力更 ( 更力 ) 論率力降例 T T T 行降螺來流流降流數行狀 T 流行了 T 離流陸兩 T 離降了行 T 降降度來度來螺流力來行力 T 力力兩類行陸行力力 T 來量力度來來了量行 T 易度度狀流來流降類 4-7 95

行狀 (control stop) 降拉降拉降來降降不狀流度降不降降降流惡降拉降降降降拉降靈拉降降降度 4-8 陸拉降力量來陸拉率降了流降陸度降論行理更量論 96

類力 (antiservo tab) 降靈度梁 4-9 拉了行量來了類力力來 4-10. 97

力兩類不串聯 (tandem wing configuration) 理論更率利來量力來說力更串聯力力力來度來降行度力來力不力力不力浪來來力力不力不了狀來流力量了率兩率類裡流力 4-11 98

了 / 流裡度行度行度力螺流滑流 V V 兩來降 4-12 降連輪兩了行降 V V 蘭更力量 99

行行流 (trim) 見力了力了力度陸度不裡見類裂勒 (Fowler) 4-13 類度力數了力力裂離來力了亂流力更裂力力不流行裂力數來量來量了流了流離了更力數力數 (Clmax) 裂類力不流離力勒類不了度了 100

勒不滑力度了力行了力力力類裂 4-14 裂流了流離裂不度更力數更了行流了流離類來力數度類降 ( 說力 ) 來說量力力力力流流力亂滑流降力力流了例流了力了更力降兩流降度不流陸滑離力量輪了力 4-15 101

行率數行來行力連行力行行量降類降數輪來 (nose-down) 流流降 4-16 102

(nose-up) 降流降降了降降降行來說不不力說狀不行立率來行力率來行力力了降來兩連流行更易連了 103

了行了降靈度力連連降不 4-17 了不例連不金力量來行不滑 4-18 104

寧不降連梁螺來 4-19 螺輪更類行行不來行 (AFM) 行 (POH) 105

論見螺滑冷路落行輪行了力螺來力力行復數復來塞復了量復兩類 1. 列 - 輻 V 2. 冷 - 冷冷輻輻良 (power-to-weight) 冷冷流 4 6 106

V 了更力留了流行復數立數冷列降了流力降復 / 塞塞連 5-1 復理 5-2 107

1 塞行 2 塞力 3 力塞離了力 4 塞行度行不連來連行滑冷螺螺力力理螺力拉力力 108

螺力類力力葉螺螺葉葉葉葉 5-3 了葉力葉葉不不度葉葉離葉葉度力螺葉度葉 5-4 兩螺螺螺不螺率螺兩類 - 螺螺論了 109

螺 1 螺力更力更更率力了行降了 2 螺力更更力率力降了了行率螺螺了螺輪螺不了螺率 5-5 度 100 螺了綠連行來螺數 (throttle) 來流流度讀數率行度不率例 2300 5000 度力 2300 力率度度度降度降 ( 度度 ) 了率降度度更度螺螺數螺行螺螺兩 - 螺 110

螺見螺類螺力力螺螺更率率螺兩 - 螺率螺螺讀數了螺葉例行了螺降螺葉降螺螺葉降螺葉螺來螺葉不螺葉螺降例了度降螺葉降降了螺螺度螺葉葉不降螺率力量力更說量力 (MAP) 度率流流流力不行力力 ( 例 29.92 ) 力降力率力度力 5-6 力 ( 力 ) 來行力綠 111

行力不力力力量力力力狀力率力力率力 1 率降降降力力降力 2 率 - 力 3 輻力行行力狀行復勞力狀塞來來裡塞了兩類 1. 來 2. 力力力力力來濾流 - 流了流流流裡 5-7 112

裡力連來量量來切流流流流流力立了 (FULL RICH) 度度降度不行不率不塞量累塞累降了度了車度行流降了度度降度降行不率度來更度不不參行 (AFM) 行 (POH) 來 113

降度降度流 5-8 降度降流了流降率度 21 度 (70 度 ) 度 80% 冷度 38 度 (100 度 ) 度 50% 度降 60-70 度 100 度 70 度度降度 30 度 5-9 114

螺降行不螺力降不螺率了行降降率率不了了度累不說行易了立 ON 了不惡了度利行論冷更不更易行行量度不了量率降 15% 度 115

度螺了降更行降螺力降力不行行識率度度降行不率立行來率降行不 30 度行降率率行度率 ( ) 行不了度了度度度度 15 度 5 度度度量不行利來度度綠來行度數度度度 (OAT) 度不易 (impact icing) 了類塞了行 116

- ( 流 ) 力 / 流量 5-10 了來量度流降更流量更更更易冷行不輪率了輪度力力 (MAP) 力力 29.92 力度降 1000 降 1 5000 度 117

力 24.92 力不度度率力輪了力行更度利更不利力力力度更率力不力力 30 類量了輪力數兩了類類了輪葉輪來度率率度降類率輻 - 利裡流例量葉輪了裡度了力量輻葉輪行兩度葉輪度葉輪度滑離兩度切行率度降度率降切力度 5-11 118

輪復力率輪輪率了率輪來輪力來說輪量輪臨度力臨度率降輪了力更度更力輪兩輪葉輪葉輪葉葉輪了量流葉輪度葉輪葉輪輪不流輪更量葉輪更流輪數流輪輪 5-12 119

度輪度降度輪冷冷量來冷行數輪力滑離力 (MAP) 輪立來切力了力輪例度降力狀降度更狀率滑度行冷滑不流力輪例輪輪葉輪度行 80000rpm 度滑降力滑滑度行輪冷輪度降滑降了輪率參行行 120

輪力度力降臨度輪臨度力降輪行塞 5-13 來立路流塞行數了兩立兩兩塞立行塞兩塞了率不率降兩塞類狀行 5 1. OFF( ) 2. R-Right( ) 3. L-Left( ) 4. BOTH( 兩 ) 5. START( ) 了 LEFT( ) RIGHT( ) BOTH 121

兩行 BOTH RIGHT BOTH LEFT 降來識降降列行行切行降了不塞了塞路塞不不降不不 (OFF) (ON) 了螺不 ( 螺不 ) 例 OFF 車切行度塞類度力率塞力 5-14 度力不塞不行不率度率行 122

力行率行行冷了行不了流 ( ) 流流降度來冷率了塞量裂塞了率行度塞力降狀度兩行度力降率來流量率度行了兩類 - 力力力來例裡力不力例 5-15 123

兩力 124

冷量來不行來讀說連度不流量了量來量讀數 (Empty) 不讀數不量行量量讀數 ( 行度量度來量 ) 了力行力行行度不類 LEFT,RIGHT,BOTH OFF LEFT RIGHT BOTH 兩留量 5-16 125

說例行 / 陸兩論類什切不不狀不 / / 行冷塞流更來不參行行率來識不力更 126

力度不不度滑度行類了行行說量車不 FAA (STC) 識復率 AVGAS AVGAS80,100 100LL AVGAS 100LL 100 LL 量輪 JET A,JET A-1 JET B 識不了來識類 5-17 了識理例識輪來識 127

力數 : 行行行來不濾連量度留留狀來識降行行行行漏來漏濾不不濾不數不濾行流龍累漏連車連列連 1. 連 2. 連 3. 連 128

4. 連連流了累漏了連漏不漏類數數離行輪行度力力螺力流流流 (Start) 勵不行螺率離離更 5-18 129

禮螺輪螺螺不粒滑滑滑降來冷量塞復滑滑立裡滑 5-19 130

流滑流了滑滑滑來立滑滑流不滑更量滑更復滑力了滑 / 量滑力綠力滑力參行行來滑度量滑度綠度滑力不滑度更冷更度度行滑度度度讀數塞滑量塞滑冷度讀數冷行滑度不滑量 ( 量滑量 ) 滑量行量滑行行滑類量量 5-20 131

冷量量數量量度率量滑滑冷冷冷數冷冷流流流了量 5-21 132

螺輪流流暴露流冷行率行率不降了冷度行度率滑例塞塞度説行度行度率來 / 率來降滑度度度了度了度度度度綠行度度 / 降率説降度了來度度了流度度更 133

流降度量連路了了度量不行良裂度度 (EGT) EGT 量度度 EGT EGT 來參力 14 28 流路力列流 / 流流路流 / 流力流流數流不流來行力行力來流流流流流來力流流流流力更 134

(GPU) 連冷 (GPU) 行力 (Master switch) (ON) 路力量來行陸滑行力了類了流行流力立 5-22 流 (OFF) 力不力流力連力力力 135

了 5-23 力路路力來路力路復不路識路流流力流 / 力流流零 5-24 136

流 ( ) ( ) 度讀數不流論參行行不了流亮參行行力 5-24 0 量了流來路率力流流力來度 / 流例 12v 14v 度例來輪落螺行流 ( 力 ) 流力流流兩類力塞流力行力流類落流兩不來不類流類 137

良滑來度易識類流了類參行行 5-25 落落了見類落輪行陸 5-26 落 3 輪兩輪輪輪落落落輪輪輪落輪輪行 138

落落 1 陸更力不 2 陸滑行行更 3 行更易滑輪不滑輪不輪連輪輪兩輪輪立來落落兩輪了量輪螺更 5-27 落輪更滑度輪落輪良練落落落落更流行落 139

5-28 輪立行輪 / 輪降行量度度更度 / 數行數量度例行不降了離 (disconnect safety) 不參行行說行度行說行更暴流行流行類行行理度了度度 8000 行不來力度行 140

5-29 歷行度 8000 不類力降行行李力輪輪來塞輪流來流 5-30 141

理行理例度 - 行離度度 - 度力 - 力度 - 度力 - 兩力力力不力力力度力力力力力力度度力度度度來例 142

力力力力力力力力力度行度了力度兩了降度率度 5-31 降理降兩類降 - 降力降度不 ( 例 ) 0.2 數 0.5 降降降 - 降力力降降降度降度復力降了暈降力降 - 降了力行降了度 (35000 更 ) 了力度 100% ( ) 143

降降 (gas decompression sickness) 暴露度降降數行度了類行力 1800-2200 度降力降量不力度力降了 psi 力 ( 例 1800psi) 100% 度不療暴露裡度流度 40000 度 8000 0% 100% 34000 率 100% 0% 度 45000 來度 40% 60% 度率 100% 行行 10000 8000 5-32 行料易滑暴露不類行行量狀老淚裂狀力行流量連 144

類論類不切露數拉降了度來了不來了硫柳 (, 殺 ) 茶量硫柳 ( 0.35 硫柳, 茶茶 1/3 茶 5 ) 度度 100% 行度度 40000 行理不力力類度度 34000 力力不力力力 40000 度連力不了了 100% 流連流連流連流流度降度 5-33 145

論參類理良理不力滑 ( ) 滑了兩力不行不流流流螺葉了來行度行參行行流輪螺來落來行行來輪廓 5-34 146

來來連行行輪來狀類不漏 (weeping wing) 漏了洞洞來兩類流流度度來金料流金量流羅 40 度行行不 147

螺螺來螺了葉離力流葉了螺螺螺螺兩流了螺來流螺螺流來行行螺行不葉不葉螺 5-35 148

力行行行來行 149

不行輪輪流度來力輪 5-36 輪復列易輪類輪類來類類類離流流離流離流流列行離流兩類來路率了類類輪 - 輪輪螺輪輪輪輪輪度輪輪連行力了力行輪力度 150

輪螺輪螺輪螺輪力輪輪連輪輪螺螺行螺輪螺輪復輪螺率度 250mph 400mph 里度 18000 30000 陸狀行率輪螺度 25000 流輪輪了輪輪螺輪流來力輪路了力冷了輪度更輪兩離流流流路路流路輪輪 (bypass ratio) 流流輪類輪力不螺輪輪輪數量輪不力輪輪輪力 (APU) 復不類輪復力力 ( 力 ) 不力輪力 BHP- 力力力力力 - 輪輪力 THP- 力輪輪力力 ESH- 輪螺來說 - 力螺力 (SHP) 力 5-37 了類力說 151

不類復輪螺 ( 輪螺 ) 輪輪 ( ) 了度類不了力度力數力力 A 度復類 C 輪螺輪 F 輪輪 B 輪復 C 輪輪螺 D 輪復 E 輪輪螺 F 了輪力力度說輪度類更輪輪螺復更度輪滑力滑度度度流量輪復輪力輪力數輪度行輪度讀數 152

力力輪輪率 EPR 輪力力力量錄來料 EPR EPR 度度 EPR 行來率度輪輪度輪度切輪葉輪度度 (EGT) EGT 行狀行 EGT 度不輪度輪度 (TIT) 輪度 (TOT) 輪度 (ITT) 輪度 (TGT) 輪螺 / 輪率量力量率輪螺輪螺度 N1 N1 度度 N1 輪葉輪 N1 輪葉輪連 N2 N2 度 N2 輪葉輪 N2 輪葉輪連 5-38 153

輪輪行不切輪度度輪度輪輪度輪行力輪力度度降力降輪復度輪力略不復力降來輪輪來 (FOD) FOD 來滑行 FOD 行流了流 154

/ 行輪 / EGT 輪不參行行來不度車了力不葉力理葉度度兩力量了度度兩量數葉臨流力了流流度降流 5-39 狀更 / 流狀流烈不度 155

度數不兩來狀降率來輪數葉 (VIGV) 葉來葉立參數行了行行來輪行狀狀度度降度流不不更力度度行降易流流例流量度狀論行行行了度車 156

六行行離行了行行理羅行兩度度行力 6-1 157

裡裡 ( ) 流 ( 流 ) 連了度不律行塞塞塞不塞力力連利行洞連力降力力利塞連力流力列 : 度度度行參行行來度度度不度度量力度度度度理力度了度力連 6-2 158

理力度量度度力度度度度力降不度力異度度不類度度不度兩更論度度 0 9 數輪度度度度度度力 (29.92 ) 度 15 度 59 度力度率度降力度力度來度度力度不度力行例不度度度句狀不度度度 159

6-3 了度度冷更了力例度 5000 力度度冷 5000 力度力不度度度料度更冷度度度來離度冷度數度了力 ( Kollsman Kollsman http://www. Kollsman.com) 度力度度力數力數度度力力度度行行度度力律不度力不行度不度行度度度力 160

狀度度 1000 度更度量不度烈流說度拉 Love Field DAL Mineral Wells 行 Abilene Municipal ( ABI) Love Field 行 (ATIS) 度 29.85 度度度 487 不數度 Mineral Wells 行度 29.94 度數 Abilene Municipal 落 Abilene 度 29.69 數行行落 800 度 Abilene 1791 行 2600 度 (1791 +800 =2591 2600 ) 度不行 Abilene 度 Mineral Wells 29.94 度 2600 Abilene 落落度 250 度陸度 250 度 29.94 度 29.69 0.25 1 力 1000 度 0.25*1000 =250 度數力度力度度度度行度兩來力度降度力連力降度度力度度降 28.75 力度 29.75 力度度度降了 1000 不力度不力度說行陸 1000 度力 30.00 (ramp) 力降 161

29.50 度 1500 來度降力 29.50 度降 1000 度行行行度見度度行度度降來度度類度參參離量參不類度行類度度度度 ( ) 讀度度離離度數度度度離離 (AGL) 離力度度 ( 力數 ) 29.92 度料度 ( 15 度 ) 29.92 理論力度度度度料度度度度力度力度度度度度度力度度度度力度度例離度 5048 度 5 度力度度度 -5048 度 30 度度度 7855 度度 7855-25 度度度度 1232 度狀力數行 (AFSS) 來來度度量度量 75 來度度 (VSI) 率 (VVI) 降行降率度行讀數 0 6-4 162

理度不力連輪連裡連裡連 ( 漏 ) 力行力 0 降力立量力了力降力率了度度度兩類不降度降率度度例 500 (fpm) 度立量率降度率裡例 500fpm 率率度率 ( ) 不練流律不率了度 (IVSI) 來度 6-5 163

行度 0 率靈量行力兩力力力力里 (mph) (knots 1 裡 1.85 里 ) 兩度 6-6 行理列度 (IAS)- 讀數度 164

行行列陸度不度度 (CAS)- 力行不參來 (TAS)- 度度度度降度更力度度降行兩行度數度力來行 (CAS) 力度度 1000 度 2% 度 (GS)- 度 ( 度度參 ) 度量不 12500 5669.90 1945 年 FAA 來行行例行立來降 6-7 列 165

- 行度度陸行度 (Vs0)- 陸度行度陸 ( 落 ) 陸量車度 (Vfe)- 度綠 - 行度數行度綠 (Vs1)- 度行度數量 (clean configuration, 落 ) 車度綠 (Vno)- 度 ( 度力 ) 不度 - 度行 (Vne)- 不度度行行行度 (Va)- 亂流度度行亂流流降度來力量參度例 Va 100 90 落度 (Vlo)- 了落度落落度 (Vle)- 落行度 (Vx)- 離度度 166

(short-field) 率度 (Vy)- 度度 (Vmc)- 不良率率度 (Vyse)- 度讀數 0. 讀數 0 度 - 塞兩塞塞 ( ) 行塞度塞不度度塞塞塞塞不了力降力讀數降零不力行 (ramp) 不零降 6-8 167

行塞留力不來度塞度度力力力降塞度降 6-9 168

見塞見行參行行來塞塞行不行塞度度留度力行度度留了力 169

塞度度留裡度塞度度塞零讀數 6-10 螺行行利了螺來行螺見理行力螺理理識螺理螺利輪螺螺兩量說度力兩類類利了螺螺輪 3 度輪螺輪螺螺兩度 170

度度螺理輪螺螺螺螺 6-11 螺力力不 90 度理螺力來度螺度度力 6-12 171

力螺力力力力力力數兩力來力力流來來來螺車輪行行力 4.5-5.5 螺不量不螺量連量力 ( 度量 ) 172

6-13 力裡螺力例行力力不量來了力降亮兩 - 滑螺滑度度螺度說度度兩 ( ) 來 6-14 173

滑滑螺了螺復力螺行滑來度螺度度練更流行裡論度度更率 (standard-rate-turn) 度不度率 3 度 360 度 2 率 10 例 120 174

率 18 度 (120/10=12;12+6=18),200 30 度來率行力行來了力來來力不離 6-15 滑 (slip) 來說度滑來說度狀滑滑復行滑降度滑降度類流 175

行滑行螺行螺 6-16 來行行 100 度 110 度 60 度 70 度了亂不亂行 6-17 度數度行度度 176

行 177

螺羅易羅行流不羅力 6-18 行理羅度羅度力行量狀輪了滑量螺 15 度力行 15 度北參不北力螺 15 羅行羅來羅 55 度 55 度亂不復復不亂行 178

螺來不滑行不不車率螺不度行更羅羅力理行力理狀兩力力流力論北兩北羅了理論兩里 6-19 理北北北力流羅 179

北力量 0 100% 力羅力量度來羅羅兩了度行北羅度了 30 度數 0 度略例 30 度度 3 300 度 30 數度 5 度度羅 6-20 羅說北理不理數不北北北參北來羅參北北連 6-21 180

A 17 度北北羅了 17 度北北理北羅了金力羅離羅羅了來降行不路了羅力不度 6-22 量不力 181

行量羅兩量度羅羅 / 度羅 / 北北度行北降北行不了北説離北行北北羅度降北北羅羅領羅羅更領領度例行北 40 度羅 220 度 (180 度 +40 度 =220 度 ) 領降領量 0 羅行讀羅降行理了羅行羅羅度羅羅度羅降了羅度類來易讀行 360 度度流降來領 6-23 182

度度暴露金度兩不金螺狀讀度度度度度兩度行度度降率 6-24 183

行行行 FAA 聯 (CFR) 14 律 91 行行行來 (GAMA) 行立了行 (POH) FAA 行 (AFM) 行參不行落 FAA 行 7-1 184

說行行行參落 FAA 行參 / 不 FAA 不行不不行行了行 10 量 / 錄索 AFM/POH 來例量 / 識數錄列錄來便參 ( ) 力不 185

度度度 ( 車輪輪離 ) 落度螺螺參落 ( ) 力行量行 7-2 度不度 (Vne) 度 (Vno) 不度 (Vne) 度行行綠度度落 (Vsi) 量度度 (Vfe) 落陸度 (Vso) 列來度 (Vmc) 藍量率度 (Vyse) 力力了復輪行率 186

連率行率率綠滑力滑螺行 7-3 復螺力來率螺度兩行綠行來 7-4 量量量 (CG) 參料來量不行行量行列了度行數說列螺行行 187

數行了 7-5 ( ) 了不類行降來說了立參不不理 ( ) 行列 188

滑行滑行降陸 ( 陸 balked landing) 陸行不更漏律行 ( ) 行力不數行例度不度陸料 7-6 例參 - 量 / ( 六 ) 量 / FAA 量例量量 - 量論更 189

( ) 了行理行更參 - 行 ( ) 行螺 (AD) 行理錄 ( ) 錄了不了行行例 ( ) 行論例理行冷行行 FAA 7-7 190

列不行律參聯律 14 (14 CFR)47.41 聯律 14 47.14 列列 FAA 聯理 AFS-750 25504 拉拉 73125 行 / 行聯律 14 47.31 行不 90 不行 191

FAA 不聯 FAA 行 (FSDO) 14 CFR21 行狀 FAA 裡行易 (normal) (utility) (acrobatic) (commuter) (transport) 類類 7-8 例了 N 5 數數例 N2631A 行類例裡 NORMAL 類來行類行狀說 NONE 不 14CFR 21 43 91 來 192

FAA 行狀 14CFR 43 行來類例臨行類聯行行不類不行 25 更類 100 行行類錄 14CFR 91 行 14CFR 91 E 來行狀行類 12 行 100 度來度了行立曆行數連說年度復輪 / 輪螺 ( 不 12500 ) 行行不年來行行年度 12 不行 12 曆年年 193

FAA 行行年度行 100 12500 ( 了輪 / 輪螺輪 ) 100 行 100 行練行行練 100 FAA 行 FAA 行年 100 不 10 行 100 行 100 裡年度 100 不 (12500 ) 輪輪螺不參 14CFR43 43.11 91 E 來行度 14 CFR 91 91.411 行行 (IFR) 度度 24 14CFR 91 91.413 14CFR 91 91.215(a) 行 24 行行行行狀行 / 行行行聯行 FAA 194

14CFR 91 行了 (MEL) 念不行行不 91 91 來不 91 行輪滑行兩 14CFR 91 91.213(d) FAA (MEL) 91.213(d) 數行 / 流行行離不行行不行行 / 行裡論行行行 91.213(d) 不類 CFR 不不行不行狀不 (INOPERATIVE) ( ) 來例行 ( ) 行不了行 91.213(d) 行路 OFF 不來行不 91 行輪滑行 91.213(d) FAA 了了來 91 行不 FAA FAA 了 (MMELs) 行 (FSDO) MMEL MMEL 來行 MMEL 行了行 FAA (STC) 類行 195

了行行不行錄錄不錄行不行行行 OFF 路 ( 說 ) 行不例例列 ( 例 ) 離行行行了不行行來行不易行不行來不不行 (Advisory Circular)AC 91-67 聯 (FAR) 91 行零不行行樂行行行不行參 14CFR 65 14CFR 43 錄 A 列理更理更 14CFR 43 錄 A 了理更理更 FAA 337( 理更 ) 理 FAA 理行行不行行行 FAA FAA 理來行錄錄行了裡行理更了 196

行了行了陸不陸行行 (FSDO) (DAR) 説 7-9 令 FAA 螺不狀不狀 14CFR 39 令 (ADs) 了理力令不令兩類 1. 行立 2. 不令行了令連行令例令行 50 50 行錄令令説令聯行 (FSDO) 197

14CFR 91 91.417 錄令狀令類行了參年列令螺錄令令聯 http://www.airweb.faa.gov/rgl 令令兩了令 ( 12500 量 ) 令令令更聯聯理 AIR-140 26460 拉拉 73125 (405)954-4103 (405)954-4104 / 列狀令錄行更立 FAA ( 參 14CFR 47 47.41 ) 了聯 (FCC) (ELT) 198

量量行量行行量量力力利量行行力拉力力行力力度力力量量力不行量不力不度行不離了料不不劣行劣量降了行度 199

更滑了率降了行度了度降了度陸度陸滑輪輪行理量行量行行量降了行度降更行度降量來了量量更量來量 6 量 30 量來降了行量來量理量 (CG) 行不量行識不行不不狀 8-1 200

參量量不弄不行不不利不理不不行力來狀流狀了力降了行率易更不狀行勞行率行不來力量不降了率了行離不利不利狀行類狀兩不狀陸狀降螺復力不力行易力立不不行類料行行陸陸行輪落降度力 201

陸不拉度行陸了降不烈力行易力了降量力不降來陸行降降了流力不狀參不不例行落行行來行李良理量理量行行 ( 兩 ) 理行錄錄量錄量錄列更行來行行量狀理狀行練良不行李量了行降降行李量行量列列良了識行更理量 202

(General Aviation Manufacturers Association) GAMA ( ) 離量數 (+) 量數 (-) (GAMA) 理論離離來力 (MAC) 兩行離 ( ) 力量裡立了力量 Delta Δ 臘來數例 ΔCG CG ( ) 量不不不滑列 GAMA 陸量降落量量 (maximum ramp weight) 量量滑行滑量滑行量量滑行量量量滑行不滑行量來量量量量量類料 (Type Certificate Data Sheets - TCDS) 零量 (GAMA) 不量力 (MAC) 離力量力力 - 力量離力數 ( 數 ) 力量例 100 1000 10000 力數了量力理數數數 (GAMA) 行李量 (GAMA) 行流不滑量量量不量量 6 / Jet A,Jet A-1 6.8 / 203

Jet B.6.5 / 滑.7.5 /.8.35 / 數離 0 +50 50 力行行李滑量量理論量理列量車理量量來量理量理來量降力狀行行 ( ) 降量立不 8-2 離力 204

力 (station) 量離力力量力力量度量 - 50 量離 100 量力量 50 100 來 5000 力 8-3 了立 5000 力量離 5000 力例 8-4 100 量離 25 ( ) 50 量離 50 ( ) 兩量離力 5000 205

量量狀行 / 行不理行例了量不度度 ( 度度 ) 行降量度度行降量行李狀行了量來量利數數例行李 1 3400 78-86 340 350 75 80 量列行李量量 6 列力量力力量力力量量錄力力離 206

量 3320 3400 84.8 78-86 量力 100 1000 10000 例 8-5 8-6 行李 1 340 300 40 20 了力行 loading graph 來力量力來力 ( 例行力力 ) 量力 - 力例 207

量力量力 208

量力量力 - 力理裡 8-7 例量例量 2799 力 2278/100 209

力 8-8 力量例力零量 8-9 零量行量例例量 4240 零量 4400 量 4400 量不零量 210

量行量例行量行李兩行行量行狀行量量量離來說力例了量力降量力力量例行李量來量力來力量來 ( 量 ) 力量力 100 量 30 150 力了 12000 211

150 力 100 X 150 =15000 30 力 100 X30 =3000 力量 = 12000 來力力量力力量來力 = 616000+12000=628000 62800/8000( 量 )=78.5 量 78.5 例更離量離例例量 / 量 =ΔCG/ 量離 100/8000=ΔCG/120 ΔCG=1.5 來 77+1.5=78.5 量例量來量說例.7800. 81.5.80.5 150 30 量 / 量 =ΔCG/ 量離 212

量 /7800=1.0/120 量 =65 量量量量行量降數不度行力來行離例量 6860 CG.80.0 140 行李 150 量 / 量 =ΔCG/ 量離 140/(6860+140)=ΔCG/(150-80) 140/7000 = ΔCG/70 ΔCG=1.4 ΔCG 來 80 +1.4 =81.4 例 6100 CG.80.0 150 100 量量 / 量 = ΔCG/ 量來離 100/(6100-100)=ΔCG/(150-80) 213

100/6000=ΔCG/70 ΔCG=1.2 來量 80-1.2=78.8 例 ΔCG 不來量 ΔCG 來來 ΔCG 論量狀力理律料行 / 行行了行料降陸料行行行料料行行料料料力度度度來不理行 / 行料了理行料行 214

料 - 力度陸不陸量不狀流流力力狀例來狀 78% 21% 1% 35000 度力力行力行度率力 ( 力 ) 力量量了力流力力不不裡論力量量力 14.7 / 度度降了率力螺率更力力更力力了參力度 59 度 15 度力 29.92 1013.2 9-1 215

度降率度 1000 3.5 度 2 度率降度 36000 度 80000 力降率力 1000 度降 1 率 10000 度 9-2 216

(ICAO) 立 (ISA) ICAO 不降率度力度力度力來行不了說 (ISA) 不度力度度參度 59 度 15 度力 29.92 1013.2 力度力度參度度靈度度 29.92 參 (SDP) 度力度 - 力度參 (SDP) 理論量 29.92 力參 18000 度行度力度力度列兩來 1. 度讀數 29.92 讀度 2. 度度數度度力更度度 - 度度度度度力度度 ( 度度 ) 度降 ( 度度 ) 降度降度度度度度度度度度力度度度度度度度離度度力 ( 力度 ) 度度度度度料度不度不度來度度力度來度度 217

度力度度力度度度度力度度不行度行度度度例 29.92 度力度 5000 行 / 行度滑離 790 度 20 度了度度度料度度度度 7000 滑離 1000 度度度度度度度度度度度力度度力度度度更行度度力度行度度來度度參 9-3 9-4 來 218

219 行識

力度更力降更來力更句說度降了度 220

力例力度力降了度降論立度度度降度降度度度度論立度力度降度度力降行度度降度 ( ) 度來不量略不度度降度度降了度度量來量度更冷更不度 0% 不更度 100% 度度度不度更兩立 ( 兩 ) 冷 ( 兩更 ) 力度度度來度度度度降力例離陸力行度行行力行類來說陸離率度力例陸離不率不說度 221

力力了行率力力了行率力力力例力行行行了行力力力力力了行力暴露力力力兩力 ( ) 力 ( 力 ) 行率力力力力力力立力力不力不力行力行 9-5 例狀行 100 200 力力率來兩度行 222

力來力率來力度不度度力行度零力度度力度例裡度 260 力度度不度 (VNE) 力降力行立力量力力不狀行率力率力行度 9-6 行度不力率率力率度行率率 200 力行度 130 力率 70(200-130=70) 力率力了論兩 (Work) 力離立來度量 1 1 了 1 率力 1 223

力 1 33000 1 率率度力度數力數度力來度量率說率力數行行力量力力力行力行見裡略力量量 9-7 度力列力 = 力略了例更力離力不量力量力力異力 9-8. 224

力零度零行力力力力說力力力不降力力例螺力度螺 ( 不 ) 度更率度行度率度量率率率率 9-9 225

量率率率率率零率零行率率率率率率率力數數率度不度不數度量不行度不列量度量量更行來度度了力力力力來留率更量力量量量力率了留率了率量降率度度度率降率降率行度度不度度率行度零率不 100 度度了參 9-10 226

論便率率力量力力量數 ( ) 了陸度行論量行離力行行行兩 1 行離 2 來行離行行裡數行理行列來 = 裡數 / 數 =( 裡 )/( ) 227

= / 流量行流量度來 9-11 行離行立 = 行 / 數 = 行 / 數 =1/ 流量行流量行行度行數行 99% 行 1% 3-5% 度度降度 3-5% 行量度量數度數 1. 量 2. 度 228

3. 力來 AFM/POH 行料行行度率度率了 99% 行量度率數來量降率降度行來行行行行離螺螺來率復流量螺率不力來流量行率率度來率流量行度率 9-11 說力數不量度量數率 9-12 229

行度率來量行度率量率來螺度 9-13 來理度行率力度力率更率切度率切度識度度率度率例不螺不度度來說螺率度略度 230

/ 螺數了復度歷力率 ( 行 ) 略率率度降度率度率更率度了度度 - 復 1 力率數力 - 螺 ( ) 率行流度量度度行 ( 例陸拉離度 ) 流流流流力降度力降 25% 度力降 50% 力行力力降落更 9-14 231

降裡力降更來力數力數力降力降流降降更來數力度 232

拉歷力數歷力降拉離行率降降率了離例離力數力力降行降來流力力不力降力降不度力臨例度度不不不了落 (settle back) 利降力來行行陸行量行度降力離令力了不行率力了不行率行了力力力力力不狀行不度行度率率率說行率 (region of normal command) 行度率率數行 ( ) (region of reversed command) 行率率來度不說率降降行度 ( 率 233

) 行度降率降率行率度度 ( 度 ) 行度了行降率 9-15 率率例率類率度力行 (best endurance airspeed) 率陸行例降行率來降降不率陸不拉降來行度不率降度度不例行度不了了率不不度行了度不度行度行度陸滑兩不例度度 9-16 234

不泥 / 錄說不滑滑離輪不利輪泥不車輪不泥降泥降輪力降了陸離 9-17 235

不類力刹車輪不滑率度理度陸度度度度量度例 3% 度 100 度 3 度度度度降滑離陸陸滑離離陸陸陸離度 / 錄 9-18 滑降輪力降率輪滑力了輪率行臨滑滑狀輪不滑輪不了説滑降了數輪力 ( 裡輪不 ) 滑 236

9-19 行度度滑來說滑度輪輪力 9 例輪輪力 36 54 (36 6 6 9 54) 度滑度陸滑更滑滑度滑 ( 力滑力滑度滑度滑 ) 降落來陸滑來降落力 ( 不利輪刹車易滑利力來 ) 陸行數行陸行陸行力陸狀例零度度降落陸度零度陸列陸度度行度數陸滑力不例陸滑離 / 度兩數 237

離行了離度來度度率度度度力數數度度度 1.05 1.25 度離滑力度力不行不來力力量離力度力力力力力了數滑度度離例量離離量 1. 度 2. 更 3. 力量 ( 力力 ) 量更度來更力數力量例量 21% 度 10% 來更量量力了力離量例量 10% 度 5% 度降 9% 離 21% 離 21% 22% 離 25%-30% 烈離量離離度度更度度 238

10% 離 19% 10% 離 21% 度度 50% 離離 25%( 降了 75%) 陸離離 9-20 陸離陸度率數說陸度率陸離量度離臨度行 / 行度度度度力率不率離不度不離度 10% 離 21% 數臨離行度力度度了度度度了度度度度兩 1. 更度 2. 降力了力 239

量行更度力力數度度度降了更度降更更力讀數更度度力度類度復率立降度不復率降度了臨行度度力降力度度了滑離力度 ( [field elevation] 不數 ) 度數臨量度度不利行利行 / 行料離不什力行 / 行料離列力度度了度度離量離量度狀類陸數陸離行行陸離度陸度留度力來說陸度陸度度陸力數數數立量度陸度陸離力陸滑力陸滑力不來陸陸離陸陸離陸刹車來行陸滑力來輪降力陸不刹車例烈刹車輪力不力度 60% 70% 度度 60% 70% 力什刹車來陸滑力 240

( 力 ) 了數陸陸滑陸度率陸離量陸離陸離量更度來陸力數量例陸量 21% 陸度 10% 來更量陸離力陸滑數力來陸離量例陸量 10% 陸度 5% 陸離 10% 量力陸離陸離立陸陸離陸陸度 10% 降陸離 19% 陸度 10% 陸離 21% 9-20 說力度度度度陸度度陸度不力度陸度度降更度量力陸陸滑力力力力不陸度不度度陸離更 (TAS) 5000 度陸離陸離 16% 陸離度 1000 3.5% 陸離度度度陸離臨陸度行 / 行陸度陸度度陸降率度陸了 ( ) 不陸離陸度 10% 陸離 21% 度度力 241

力力降力力力力降降度立輪裂陸數臨量度度不利了陸離量了臨陸離來度陸行陸行行行行 / 行料陸離列力度度了度度量了陸 (CAS) 量度狀度度 (TAS) 行度 (IAS) 度 (CAS) 讀數不度 IAS CAS (EAS) 度流讀數 EAS CAS Vs0 車度陸行度 Vs1 車度行度 Vy 度率度度降 Vx 離度度度 Vle 落行 242

Vlo 落落 Vfe Va 度 ( ) 不度 Vno 行度度行數 Vne 不度行行陸行行行行行良狀錄行料行行陸度行量不良狀行不利料不良行狀料行不不料行行不行說讀理讀參例 9-21 243

兩裡來行行度度量量讀論了什讀了行行例論易來行行行數更數更不利數理了量說離例 9-22 度度度度度度 9-23 來度度 244

例 1 度.5883 度 (OAT)..70 度度讀數.30.10 力度度 30.10 列讀數 -165 度 165 力度 5718(5883-165=5718) 度度 70 度 5718 力度 5000 6000 兩 245

讀度度度度 7700 行來不離行 50 離 50 離離不量度度度例 2 力度..2000 度 (OAT) 22 度量..2600 度..6 度..50 參 9-24 離了力度度量 22 度 2000 度參量 2600 6 兩來滑離度例 50 600 滑離 50 離 1200 246

50 度參例 2600 度 63 50 度 68 例 3 力度.3000 度..30 度量..2400..18 參 9-25 離例量 2400 讀度列列力度 3000 力度行度欄 30 度滑離讀數 1325 50 離 2480 18 讀說說 9 降離 10% 18 降離 20% 1325 20% 265 離 1060 來 50 離滑離 1060 50 離 1984 類行行行了不離率 247

切離 - 量離度 9-26 來離例 4 力度..6000 度 (OAT)..25 度力度 10000 度 (OAT)..10 度 OAT 25 度力度 6000 離度度度離讀數 3.5 6.5 9 裡離來度讀數 6.5 11.5 15 裡離離數 (6.5-3.5=3 ) 3 5 來 10000 離 6 裡說數率例離 - 不來參 9-27 來例例 5 248

力度. OAT 22 度力度 8000 量 3400 欄量 3400 力度欄來度數數 0 度 8000 行行料兩數讀數 0 8000 10 21 20 裡度 22 度度 15 度 7 度說度 7 度 10% 10%(10X10%=1) 1 1+10=11 10% 11 23.1 離 22 裡不 6 23.1 3.85 (23.1/6=3.85) 例數里數 9-28 來例 6 力度.5000 249

RPM.2400rpm 量..38 欄力度 5000 欄 2400 行讀 TAS 116mph 量 6.9 例了 38 欄 5.5 里數 635 里行率率流量度數例 7 力度 6000 OAT 36 度 250

參 9-29 力度 6000 行 20 度 ( 36 度 ) 欄 6000 2450 65% 連率力讀數 21.0 流量 11.5 161 率率度 9-30 65% 率例 8 OAT. 度力度.5000 251

5000 度 65% 率兩 65% 率 522 里 65% 率 581 里量 FAA 行 90 度 0.2Vso 車落度度 45 9 90 度陸量行 / 行量來量例 10 17 140 度 25 252

參 9-23 來度 17 170 度 140 度 30 度度 30 度裡 25 量 22 量 13 陸不陸陸類數度度量陸離陸 50 陸離例讀說來陸離陸量不量量來行量例 11 力度.1250 度. 度 (15 度 ) 參 9-33 例了陸離 1250 度不 253

來陸離力度 1250 2500 度列 2500 列離 1075 2500 離 1135 2 1250 離 50 離 1105((1135+1075)/2=1105) 來力度滑離滑離 457.5 例 12 OAT 57 度力度 4000 陸量 2400 6 度 50 9-34 來陸離陸離例度量度度度 OAT 4000 力度陸量 2400 量兩滑離度 900 滑離 50 離 1300 度度落 9-35 來 254

度例 13 率. 車落 45 度落落車狀行欄 45 度度 78 里 68 行了利行數行更行聯 (CFR) 行行行行説類類聯 14 (14 CFR) 25 25 255

量不行類類度說類度率類率不數率更類 V2 度良力更率行 FAA 類不行行行類度陸陸度陸陸類度行度 256

度 V S V MCG V MCA V 1 V R V LO V 2 V FS 度行度度不 ( ) 率力來 ( V1) 度不率 5 度臨度度度度滑輪度度不 V1 1.05 VMC 35 度 V2 度度度離 35 度度不度離 400 度度不 ( 落 ) 連率 V 度 V 1,V R,V 2 V FS 度便參度量度行量量列力度度量度量數臨 V 1 ( 度 ) 量離 1. (Accelerate-Go) 離率 V1 離 V1 35 度離 35 V 2 度 2. 離率 V1 離 V1 刹車來 ( 不力 ) 3. 離 257

35 度離不離 15% 離不不離 9-36 度數行度離離料 9-37 裡 258

9-37 了離參不量 V 度了例刹車滑不了度行參行量度裡力刹車離離復 V 1 度不刹車度 ( VBE) 量降 259

不 35 度率不離 1500 度來率不 9-38 說率離度量例 2.4% 率離 1000 度 24 不理 9-38 説量 35 度離度 V LO 35 度 V 2 35 度離 400 度 260

率度 V2 率 2.4% 2.7% 3.0% 離 400 V 2 V FS 度率 ( 5 ) 400 1500 度率連率 1.2% 率 1.55% 1.7% 35 400 ( ) 行了度度量理論度量不度不更度離參來量 1958 年 9 30 類輪力類量 ( 不 ) 度 35 200 離 300 離離 35 離 1500 路度 0.8% 0.9% 1.0% 行不不 ( 度 ) 率力 9-39 261

離 / 行臨例量 / 度度 2.4% 率 1500 度離 10.4 裡了類量列力度度量度度度量量列量度不力 ( ) 量度不見量量量降量來了行陸陸度度 262

狀度 V SO V REF 陸陸度行度陸度 1.3 50 度度度度不行率率 2.1% 2.4% 2.7% 度陸率率 3.2% 陸列度陸兩行 V REF 度度落參度例 V REF 30 V REF 20 V REF 10 (ILS ) V REF 50 度度陸陸量陸陸更 ( 說更 ) 不行 (missed approach) 力率力度度量行陸陸離列力度度量率度量陸離料 263

說力度量滑不滑陸離不力陸離 50 度陸離 50 度 ( 離 1000 ) 行離來離留離 14CFR 91 ( ) 陸離 14CFR 121 不說 50 度陸離不度 60% 50 度不陸度 1.3 度 VREF 度陸量 9-40 陸陸了類陸量列料力度度量度率度狀了料陸量列量 : 陸 ( 不力 ) 陸量了率陸量臨量力度度陸不陸陸更陸量不陸量 264

陸量 9-41 9-62 類理論不行行行行理論理理行了説行理論識說不類 78% 了 21% 量了 1% 10-1. 265

識不度 10-2 266

流度不 20000 60000 北 20000 (8 里 ) 48000 (14.5 里 ) 數暴度流度度 1000 2 度率降力 1000 1 率降流流了流流度度年不流流 (jetstream) 亂流 (clear air turbulence) 流流流 160000 (50 里 ) 度流流 160000 度 280000 (85 里 ) 度度度降冷零 90 度論量 78% 21% 度力行 18000 降了不利 10000 5000 理不度不力度 267

行行更度不利力力 14.7 力度量 14.7 10-3 力力不力力力度度度率陸力度量力 (in.hg) 來度量 10-4 268

量度暴露力力力裡力降裡流來度降類不易讀數易讀數便 10-5. 269

連力來力讀數度力了不了度力參立了 (ISA) 行數料力 29.92 度 59 度 (15 度 ) 力 1 度 34 1013.2 力讀數 950-1040 力力來了錄力讀數力了度 1000 1 來力例 5000 讀數 24.92 力讀數 29.92 10-6 力讀數説力讀數度 270

力更力例力朗來降降力來臨暴度力度力量降了來說度 1000 力降 1 度力降 ( 度度 ) 度行度行度降力陸離了率力流更度來力滑離更 1000 滑離 5000 度不兩滑離 10-7. 更度度降螺率更率降更滑來 271

度異度度異力流行度了降力度了兩 - 降流兩類陸行更了不亂了了力行更量量量年度度度理論度異度降 272

流流冷更 10-8 理論力了力裡利力 (Coriolis Force) 力力度度行度行離離例力北路不度度不降零力度不度北了度流流 10-9 273

北北流北離不北流流北 30 度狀冷降降流力流北 30 度了北類力了 30 度 60 度 60 度了行度流行陸異更力了離 2000 力流力了力路什不度流流北流流 10-10 274

降流不來量降量良理行行利利 10-11 行北利行利北更行路什 275

理論異度流流不輻量度不量量留量不流流流流行度流度不流路降流類林流更度來 10-12 流流路例陸更陸更度更更冷來了 (sea breeze) 陸冷更更冷來陸陸 (land breeze) 離了流流不 10-13 276

流流行力例來流行陸不行陸不陸 10-14 277

行來流不見流度離 10-15 流度度陸行陸流降 (drop in) 不行更 10-16 流流不流輪廓流流 278

烈力流烈烈流行行切切 / 烈切流降流切度切 180 度度 50 更切切雷暴烈 ( 25 ) 度切度了了行度切狀例降降行立類切流降來雷暴降流降切 (microburst) 1 里 1000 15 度 6000 流 45 更流 10-17 不降切行行切力了了 279

路 15 行切切 LLWAS 切行度行了切行來說切雷暴行力了力行力更了力更參狀連 10-18 來北北 10 5 50 力錄力了力度力離 10-19. 280

類度度度例降度行度識拉拉兩兩了力降 2000 3000 度更行度 2000 20-40 度更不例略狀 281

力不更了亂流流不流量烈流冷度降流力度冷來裡度量力度更不度更力降度降度度降度度度 (lapse rate) 度率 2 度 (3.5 度 ) 1000 降了度度降更冷度更量更更不冷度更度度 ( 不 ) 3 度 1000 度度 1.1 度 2.8 度 (2 度 5 度 ) 1000 度度了冷朗不雷暴不度降異了行度度了度度度留度見度降度朗降冷更冷冷來冷 282

度度度 20 度 1 度降 20 度量來狀易度狀狀冷量例量冷類了狀不說理度度度量度量例度 65% 度力量 65% 度度 75% 90% 不見 10-20 283

度 / 露露度了度念度露不更度度降露露不度露度不冷度 5.4 度 1000 露度降度 1 度 1000 了度露度 4.4 度 1000 度露料度來度度 (T)= 85 度露 (DP)=71 度度 (CR)=4.4 度 T-DP= 度露 (TDS) TDS/CR=X Xx1000= 離度 AGL 例 85-71=14 14/4.4=3.18 3.18x1000=3180 度 3180 度 85 度露度 71 度 14 度度露度 4.4 度 1000 度度露降冷度降冷冷冷來量不度度 1000 降 3 度不什來狀 284

露度度降露車露度來露行流力力力降力行 50 度冷露見來類度朗輻 10-21 類陸輻冷度露度輻輻輻 20 冷流不輻流 15 15 流見裡冷陸滑陸滑類滑流不輻不輻更度 285

冷類類年冷見流冷度了利類輻了冷度零 25 度更冷北不度冷見來冷冷不見見狀 ( ) 類粒了狀狀類度狀行來度類 10-22 6500 度度冷亂類類度見度行不行 VFR 行離度 6500 離 20000 度度冷度度行類流度 286

度流 20000 度流了度度度不亂類雷暴量不龍切不行雷暴類類説識類列狀狀 20000 狀狀量 (alto)- 5000-20000 度行來說類雷暴雷暴雷暴連雷暴流了流亂行例雷暴 3000 降流雷暴龍量雷暴歷狀力了不量度流了降落流雷暴流 15 雷暴了雷暴烈降不來說不落了冷降降烈亂流流了降了度來來狀暴了降流來了暴流 10-23 287

不雷暴雷暴流度不令異 50000 60000 度雷暴行烈亂流 5 裡雷暴落里不雷暴留雷暴度度見度類度了度 (METAR) 見度量度切見度見度裸離見度 METAR 見度行降降降落粒行降不降見度陸降粒不落粒 288

類 0.02 降落度更冷降落度冷粒降落粒度更度裡流更流不降落 5 壘降度降落度降落粒降行降度降見度行流力降滑降落更了度度類陸陸冷勒陸不陸 10-24 289

流流了不良見度不流更冷不流流了見度見度粒不留陸不兩類類類度度來 10-25 290

冷論兩識類冷 10 25 里略冷了度度降狀狀雷暴度降見度來度冷露力降見狀見度流度露力降見度狀來度露力降力降 291

狀行 10-26 了裡路易離行 (VFR) 利 15000 行倫來臨狀度 6000 見度降 6 里力降里惡 2000 見度 3 里度露路易見度降 1 里里度見度不行 VFR 行留里兩冷冷冷冷更 25 30 里度冷錄度 60 里冷滑不度降類北冷北里陸冷來了冷了露力降了冷裡冷冷度雷 / 更冷龍冷見度度露降冷降力降冷降量降見度北行度更冷力冷冷烈力冷力冷了了冷離不雷暴 292

連雷暴暴雷暴烈行來說冷冷留了暴更冷度冷不冷冷行行行不狀類更理 10-27 了裡路易行離 VFR 見度 3 里 3500 度行倫冷 2500 見度 6 里力不降不里惡 1000 度見度 3 里雷暴路易 1000 度見度 10 里行狀識理留里雷暴行不暴雷暴力狀 300 500 里冷冷不度冷 20 35 里度 10-25 里冷度烈 293

冷不冷 200 里度見度冷暴流龍冷來臨見度了來臨了兩兩力冷兩力量冷冷冷兩類度度了類冷更冷冷冷了冷了冷冷冷冷不冷更雷暴 294

10-28 了冷冷類行降量見度露力降亂降量見度力降見亂降量降見度 (National Weather Service,NWS) 聯理 (FAA) (Department of Defense,DOD) 力了 295

不 100% 力不理立行更識料度料了類料 : 雷料路行契更來料料了狀類 ID ( ) 見度度 / 露度讀數料來更不料了更兩行 (PIREPs) 裡兩料料了度 100000 度度力料行了料行留流度來料行行行 PIREPs 來行了行了料 (DataLink) 行料 (dispatcher, 度 ) 料雷雷來降量 WSR-88D NEXRAD 雷勒 (Doppler) 雷料來臨 FAA 勒雷 (TDWR) 雷行切降 296

離降量雷 FAA 雷雷降度來 (route) 量 (outlet) 不聯理 (FAA) 理 (NOAA) (NWS) 聯來不 FAA 行 (FSS) FAA 行 (FSS) 來 1-800-WXBRIEF 24 來行行不行行 NWS FSS/AFSS / 錄 (Airport/Facility Directory,A/FD) 行行行行錄 (TIBS) 錄 (TIBS) 行理錄 TIBS 了不了來 FSS TIBS 24 更 TOUCH-PHONE TIBS 列 / 錄 (A/FD) (DUATS) FAA 行行兩 DUATS 聯 DynCorp http://www.duats.com 料錄 http://www.duat.com DUATS 數行行來連 DUATS DUATS 列 (AIM) 297

路行 (EFAS) 行路路行行 (Fly Watch) EFAS 行行路度類 EFAS 行來行黎 6 10 聯 EFAS EFAS 率 122.0MHz 行 5000 17500 行立行 (HIWAS) HIWAS 了了 AIRMETS SIGMETS SIGMETS PIREPs 行聯 FSS EFAS 來 HIWAS 識裡 H 11-1. 錄 (TWEB) 錄連錄 T TWEB TWEB 路料 FSS 50 裡 50 里廊裡 TWEB 12 更 4 298

行行行 FSS AFSS NWS 了行行 (VFR) 行 (IFR) (ID) 類 (ETD) 行度行路路 (ETE) 錄行類了參行了類行行行路了列 1 不利更行路不利不利例雷暴 2 不行 (VFR) 行 VFR 行 VFR 行不 VFR 不行來行 VFR 行 3 更了 4 度見度度 2 不 5 路路行路 6 7 度度度行度 8 行 (Notice to Airmen)- 了行行行行 9 ATC 行 ATC 10 FSS 行率來聯路行 (EFAS) 來更來 299

不略 6 更行行來行度不理了狀不更例行 (METAR) 行 (PIREPs) 雷 (SDs) 例行 (METAR) 例行 METAR 料 METAR 度量裡 METAR 論理例 : METAR KGGG 161753Z AUTO 14021G26 3/4SM +TSRA BR BKN008 OVC012CB 18/17 A2970 RMK PRESFR METAR 了列 1. 類兩 METAR 類例行 METAR (SPECI) 狀來更 METAR 2. 來識 (ICAO) 48 K 例朗 Gregg Country KGGG K GGG 拉 ICAO 兩拉 PA PH FSS NWS 3. (161753Z) 6 數 6 數兩數 4 數 METAR (UTC) 300

Z 魯 (UTC) 不魯 Z 讀 (Zulu) Z UTC 4. METAR 來來了列了 AUTO 來來列 AO1 AO2 降量類了 COR 例 : METAR KGGG 161753Z COR 5. 不 99 5 數 99 6 數 3 數 VRB 兩數數 99 3 數 G G 了錄度 60 度 6 V 數 6. 見度見度里 statute mile 里 5280 1.6 里 SM 里數里數 RVR (visual range) 見 RVR 行裡見離 RVR R 例 RVR R17L/1400FT 17L 1400 7. 兩不 (+TSRA BR) 度度 (-) ( ) (+) VC 5 10 里類降降烈暴漏列 11-2. 301

8. 狀狀數量度類不度 ( 見度 ) 來度度 3 數不 12000 類 (TCU) (CB) 度度度 8 數 11-3 9. 度露度露度 (18/17) 度 0 度數 M 來數 10. 度度 4 數來數 (A2970) A 降力 PRESRR PRESFR 11. METAR 不料見度力不類例 OCNL LTGICCG 來 RMK 例 : 302

METAR BTR 161753Z 14021G26 3/4SM -RA BR BKN008 OVC012 18/17 A2970 RMK PRESFR 類. 例行 METAR. 路易 Baton Rouge. 16.17 53 (UTC).. 140 度 21 26 見度.3/4 里. 狀.800 量 BKN 1200 量 OVC 度. 度 18 度露 17 度度.29.70. 力降行 (PIREPs) 行了行狀來行度切亂流行度 5000 見度不 5 里 ATC 行索行狀行 FSS ATC 行 ATC FSS 行行行易了 11-4 了行行行易 303

例 : UA/OV GGG 090025/ M 1450/ FL 060/ TP C182/ SK 080 OVC/ WX FV 04R/ TA 05/ WV 270030/ TB LGT/ RM HVY RAIN : 類.. 例行行 Gregg County VOR 90 度 25 裡 1450 魯度行度.6000 類.Cessna 182 量.8000 度見度 / 4 里度.5 度.270 度 30 亂流度... 304

雷 (SD) 降雷暴雷例行雷雷 35 雷降量類度 11-5 降度 (MSL) 降度 RAREPs 行説雷降雷不見度 RAREP : 305

雷 1. (LN) 狀降 30 里度 4 狀 25% 度 2. (AREA) 類類不狀 3. (CELL) 流例類度北雷離裡數了兩離離 - 離了不降 MT MTS MTS 料雷量降 AUTO 來 WSR-88D 雷料雷行來狀降度數度兩數例 PM34 連降例 TLX 1935 LN 8 TRW++ 86/40 199/115 20W C2425 MTS 570 AT 159/65 AUTO ^MO1 NO2 ON3 PM34 QM3 RL2= 雷了列來拉 19:35UTC 雷了雷暴數 (86 度 40 裡 199 度離 115 裡 ) 20 裡 ( 離離 10 裡 ) 25 度 240 度雷降 57000 159 度 65 裡行降度例 QM 度 3 (1 6 ) 狀行了不行 (TAF) (FA) 行 (SIGMET,AIRMET) 度 (FD) 306

(TAF) 5 里立 TAF TAF 24 更 4 00:00Z 06:00Z,12:00Z,18:00Z TAF METAR 了列 : 1 類 TAF 例行 (TAF) (TAF AMD) 2 IACO METAR 3 TAF 6 數兩數 UTC Z 4 6 數兩數兩數兩數 5 度 5 數北兩數 ( KT ) METAR 99 數 6 見度見度里數數 6 里 P6SM 7 TAF METAR NSW 8 狀狀 METAR TAF 不 METAR 9 TAF 狀來 (FM), (BECMG), (TEMPO) From 不兩 Becoming Temporary 不 10 說來雷暴降不 24 6 例 : TAF KPIR 111130Z 111212 15012KT P6SM BKN090 TEMPO 1214 5SM BR FM1500 16015G25KT P6SM SCT040 BKN250 FM0000 14012KT P6SM BKN080 OVC150 PROB40 0004 3SM TSRA BKN030CB FM0400 1408KT P6SM SCT040 OVC080 TEMPO 0408 3SM TSRA OVC030CB 307