ᡱᄂᡛᇄ ᏰюᓞЈ ޟ ড়Ᏸ ᇄ ড়ऋᏰ ސ ౩ Ᏸ ᡱᄂᡛᇄ ᏰюᓞЈ ޟ ড়Ᏸ ᇄ ড়ऋᏰ እМȁߙ ԃ 婑ハỏ䤽屈㔀䤸濕 唌 Ʊ䄙 曑Ʊ㮓ㆇ䧪䨇 䐴ⴲ㯹嵋䕂 濕䗉ᶔỏ ḓ廍弌 椕濕 䤴僅 ⶡ䢏 濊 Giuseppe Bezzuoli (1784-1855) Istituto e Museo di StoriadellaScienza ყа پ Ȉhttp://portalegalileo.museogalileo.it/egjr.asp?c=36858 前言 в ႳȞNewton, 1642~1727ȟ ܜ ݲ ڷ ȞFaraday, 1791~1867ȟ ڷ ೨ӻ Ӫ ޟ ऋᏰড়ΙኺȂ ড়Ᏸ ȞRoyal Societyȟ ޟ ষȂвႳෆᐊӈ ȇ ޱ ԙҳ 1799 ԑȃ ܜݲ ߖ 50 ԑ оѕ ϤϞ ۇ ଆ ڷ ထ ᅋᖿ ޟ Ȟყ 1ȟȄ ড়Ᏸ ߝ ޟ Ȃ ܜݲ ࠌ ᄂᡛࡉкӈȂ Ӫ ޟ ϤϞ ۇ ଆ ȞFriday Evening DiscoursesȟЅထ ᅋᖿ ȞChristmas Lectures for Childrenȟ ܜݲ ഺᒲ ޟ Ȅ 皇家學會的創始 以實驗促進自然科學知識的發展 ড়Ᏸ ԙҳ 1660 ԑȃ12 ଔΡϛȂ ড় Ᏸ ȞRoyal Societyȟ ڷ ড় ऋ Ᏸ 1 σ ഋ Ϸ о в σ Ᏸ ҟ ኈ ᅕ Ᏸ ȞWadham Col- ȞRoyal InstitutionȂᙏᆎ Riȟ ϚΙኺ ޟ Ȃ ࠓר legeȟ ߝࡄᅭߜ ȞJohn Wilkins, 1614~1672ȟ Ι ݧؠޢ ཎ ڗ Ȅ ࠉڗޢ গභՃᄆϞࠉȂϗತ ཤ ॶ ޟ ΙတᏰ ޱ Ȅ 1650 ԑфଔȃ တᏰ ޱ Ȃѓ Ѻঈ ޟ ϷտȂ೨ӻၥਟ װ ڍ এ ᙚឍԙ ച ёσ ݰޟ оնȟrobert Boyle, 1627~1691ȟȃႪ ড়Ᏸ Ȃ ר ౠད೨ӻΡζ רڷ ΙኺཤϚ Ȅࠉ ȞChristopher Wren, 1632~1723ȟȃ ߏ պȟrobert ޱ ԙҳ 1660 ԑȃ вⴓȃߏպȃࠤⴊ Ρ ޟ Hooke, 1635~1703ȟ ΡȂ ӵ в ޟ ҟ ኈ ᅕ Ᏸ 2014.10 / psroc.phys.ntu.edu.tw / PHYSICS BIMONTHLY 357
Oxford Philosophical Club Descartes, 1596~1650 Francis Bacon, 1561~1626 Thoms Willis, 1621~1675 1654 2 1657 Gresham College 3 1660 11 28 College for the Promoting of Physico-Mathematical Experimental Learning 1662 Royal Society The Royal Society of London for Improving Natural Knowledge 358 36 5
ᡱᄂᡛᇄ ᏰюᓞЈ ޟ ড়Ᏸ ᇄ ড়ऋᏰ ސ ౩ Ᏸ ߴ ՌณऋᏰ ޟ ȂѺ ж ΰᐣѬശߝՄά ೩ Ң پ មᘛȃԜ٨ϸցᄂᡛ ڷ ӴЖЕΨ ޟ Ґϛᘞ ޟ ऋᏰᏰ Ȃӵ ଔ ড়ऋᏰ ޟ ᄂᡛȂ ۻ ഋԤΙ ܘ ೩ џоᡱјмᏰড়ആ Јഥ հңȅࢥ౩πжⴕ ΟΙЛ Ȃ ԩᆹ ਢȂт ቈᢎก ۇ 5Ȅ1677~1682 ԑ Ȃߏպюӈ ড়Ᏸ Ȅ ޟ ങӖӵ ȂϚ фߒ д ޟ ᇄȂζհ д օ ޱ Ѕഺҳ ޟޱ ຫ Ȅ 牛頓與皇家學會 ড় Ᏸ ޟ ষȞFellow of the Royal Societyȟ 1669 ԑԑ ۻ ȂቔᐝσᏰέΙᏰ ޟ вⴓ ӈт ޟ ᆎ FRSȂ к ৰȞPresident of the Royal Soci- ՂৱБᛳȞIsaac Barrow, 1630~1677ȟᕫᡱ т ޟ ᑋ etyȟ ޟ ᆎ PRSȄӵᆰஅԻऋΰџоࢥ ٲ ڗ Ρ њᖿ৴ ޟ ௲ᙛ Ȅ1671 ԑԑ ۻ ȂБᛳ вⴓᇧ FRSȂ ٲ PRSȄ հ ޟ ఖሉᜢள ڗ ড়Ᏸ ҰȂЕଔ σ ޟ ៜଢ଼Ȃ ؠ ӻδȃ ѮІ Ԓఖሉᜢԙ ዉ ዥߞ ޟ ᚠȂ 皇家學會的實驗室研究員 虎克 вⴓӱԪι ՄऔȂӪᆸӒዉ Ȃ ٮ ᒵ ড়Ᏸ ߏպ ٮ Ϛ ড়Ᏸ ޟ ഺ 12 ষϞΙȂഺ ষȄ ڏ ᄂвႳӵΠԑࠉ ϐငѽйᇧհюі ਢтᗙӵв ᐊӈ ݰ оն ޟ ᄂᡛօЙȄ1662 ԑ ԒఖሉᜢȂϲ ӧߝȃ σॻ ࠓџႀϲΪॻȂ Ȃто ݰ оնᄂᡛօй ޟ ӋȂഗ ݰ оն ё ਢগභ ڷ ဎσցശԁ ޟ Ԓఖሉᜢ ॻޟ ζϛ ড়Ᏸ ޟ ଢ଼Ȃ ౪т ޟ ᄂᡛߝϗȄ এᏰ ޟ ԃԪȃծߝ ࠓ вⴓ Ѯఖሉᜢ ޟ ΪΙॻߝȄв ߑ ᒳඉ ݲ ՙ உਲ਼ ޟ ౩ Ȃоᄂᡛ ߴپ ႳҢ Ѯఖሉᜢ ڗ Ο ԑըց ޟڗ ԇ Ȃѓ Ռณ ޣ ᜋ ޟ ȂӰԪ Ԥ ষ Ұтঈ ޟ ᄂ У ڷ т ޟ Ѳএፏ ȃߜ ޟ ༫ Ȅ ᡛȂծ м ف ಛᇄᆓ౩Ȅ1662 ԑ ۻ Ȃ ᕒρȞSir 1672 ԑߑȃвⴓ т ޟ ΙጕӎᏰ Мச ড় Robert Moray, 1608~1673ȟඪដ ೩ညடӈ ޟ ᆓ౩ষ Ᏸ Ȃ क़тϲԑࠉ ޟ ᜢᄂᡛЅ ౪Ȃ ٮ ଆΟ ᙛ Ȃᡱ ԩᆹ ਢ Ԥέ ڗ Ѳএџᢎ ޟ ᄂᡛȂᄂ ӎ ޟ ҏ፴ȅӵ ήў ޟ ѲԑϛȂᏰ ޟ ю ސގ Ȯ ᡛ Ψሳ ڧ ԁຟ ߏޟ պ ԙ এώհ ޟ ϚΠΡᒵȂ Ᏸ ȯ এТѐ Ᏸ ޱ ঈᄇӎᏰ ޟ Өᆍ ތ Ȃ ٮ Ԫ ӵ Ⴊ ݠ Ᏸ ၇оᏰ ড় 40 ԑȃ ڗޢ ԤΪጕМണธց ޟ րοвⴓ ޟ ᢎᘈȂՄвႳζ жȅ1663 ԑߏպ ᒵ ᄂᡛࡉ ـ ষȂ ά ӈ ߒΟΪΙጕМണਛፏт ޟ ҳ Ȅ ٲ ӇᇄМ Ⴊ ݠ Ᏸ ޟ ௲Ȅߏպ Ԕ ޟ രЅᅋҰᄂ ണȂ ആ Ᏸ ફਪ ղ ȞHenry Oldenbury, ᡛȂᗙ ௲ Ȃӵ 1665 ԑю ގ Ȯᡗཌყᇬȯ Ȃԙ 1619~1677ȟ ᙽޟ ϭϡоѐ ࡇܖ Ȅ1675 ԑȃв Ᏸ ၇ର ޟ Ιᗻ Ȅӵ ԑ Ȃߏպ Ᏸ Ⴓ ቔᐝ ڗ গභȂ Ιԩюৰ ড়Ᏸ ޟ ᆹ Ȃ ٱ ᅾЖᅾΨȂӵऋᏰᄂᡛΰϚᘞᆠ Ȃ ޟـ ڗ ٲ ԑ پ ӵਪ ΰঽᅁՏ ޟ Ᏸ ޱ ঈȂѓ Л ጒ Ԟϐ ᡗཌᜢ ޟ ጒ Ȃѓ ᒯՖ 4ȃТ ޟ ᢎ ཌಖᇳ ݰޟ оնоѕᄇвⴓᢎᘈཎ ശӻ ߏޟ պ ᄆȃᐽᐶȃ ȃӎᏰȃӵжеψȃមᘛᇄ ᔆ 6 ޟ ᄂᡛ Ȅ1664 ԑᐌএ ЈȂߏպ н ӵထ ౩ Ȃ ٲ Мӵ ড়Ᏸ ਭ ȂЕଔΟ ᛳσ ஆȞSt Paul s Cathedralȟ ޟ ༱ഥ ᄂᡛȂ ᓃ ষঈᐭ੨ ތޟ ȂЎ ߏ ڏ պȃι ޢ ᇯ вⴓ ᡅ ဣᡝ ޟ ȃ ސ ᡝӵϚӣ ᔆЅϚӣଽ ਢ ޟ १໔Ȃ Οт ޟ ད ݲ Ȃ ڍ Ρആ Ᏸ ફਪ ղ Ȃϣ དоᄂᡛ ᜌӴЖЕΨ Ӱଽ ڷ ӴᘈՄ ᡐȄ ᔞȂፐए ᅋ ੨Ȅ1677 ԑȃ ղ жȃߏպ 1666 ԑগභσь Ȃт ڷ Ⴊ ଔΟ१ গභ ޟ ώ ӈ ڏ ᙛ Ȃюӈ ড়Ᏸ ફਪȂвႳషю ড়Ᏸ հȃӵᏰ Ѕ ѿ१ ڍ П७ ౪т ޟ ΨȄт ȂζϚӔ ߒӎᏰ ޟ क़Ȃ ڗޢ 1703 ԑߏպ жȅ ೩ ޟ σьक ȞThe MonumentȟȂӣਢζԤ ড়Ᏸ Ռഺ ޟ 50 ԑ Ȃᆹ ӴᘈΙ ޢ ऋᏰᄂᡛҢഊȂ ਲ਼ଽ ߖ 62 ϴЏ ޟ ϛ υȃϛ ӵ Ⴊ ݠ Ᏸ ȞGresham CollegeȟȄ1703 ԑȃв Ȅӱ ڗ ቔᐝ ȂвႳ እቸ Мលक़т ޟ ӎཌಖ 2014.10 / psroc.phys.ntu.edu.tw / PHYSICS BIMONTHLY 359
Crane Court, 1710~1780 Carlton House Terrace 1967 7 G Henry Cavendish, 1731~1810 10 Thomas Garnett, 1766~1801 Thomas Young, 1773~1829 1803 Davy, 1778~1829 Ri 1821 Faraday, 1791~1867 1973 Ri Faraday Museum 1807 60 23 39 11 Royal Institution of Great Britain Royal Institution Ri 1799 8 Joseph Banks, 1743~1820 Sir Benjamin Thompson, Count Rumford, 1753~ 1814 9 Sir Thomas Bernard, 1750~1818 Royal Institution diffusing the knowledge, and facilitating the general introduction, of useful mechanical inventions and improvements; and for teaching, by courses of philosophical lectures and experiments, the application of science to the common purposes of life. 1812 William Dance, 1755~1840 21 Ri 10 3 1825 Director of the Laboratory 12 13 2011 4 15 CASE PRESS 14 360 36 5
ᡱᄂᡛᇄ ᏰюᓞЈ ޟ ড়Ᏸ ᇄ ড়ऋᏰ ސ ౩ Ᏸ 1861 ԑ ๖ԙы ޟ Ȯ ᕎ ޟ ऋᏰȯ ܜݲ ശ ༪Ȃ ڗײ ϴ༪ਠ ޟ Carlton HouseTerrace Ι ᑞȂ Ӫ ޟ ထ ᅋᖿȂϐҥকᙏҩ ௲ᙚឍԙϛМю ގ ڏ ϛ ޟ 6~9 ড়Ᏸ ޟ Ϥএড়ȂՌ 1967 ԑ ٺ 15 ҢՍϬȂ ר ঈӵԪ ή ڗ ԪΙၽ ޟ ᓃȄ Ȅ ਲ਼ ᐃ ࠉ ࢥ ܚ ޟ ၥ ਟ ᡗ ҰȂ в Ⴓ ఏ ԑ Ȟ1710~1725ȟ ޟ έ ቹ ᇺ ԉ ੫ ࡐȞLeicester 皇家科學院的財務危機 ӵࢥၚ ᜰၥਟਢȂሀณ ౪ Ri Ԥ ӠᐠȂ Houseȟ ޟ Ӵ ထ Λ ທ 35 Ȃ ԑ ޟ ᇺ ԉ ϐ џ ю୵ ڏ গභᖂഋȂ רװ ᔃ Ι վԮȅ ጕ 1931 ԑᎏ ଶ 19Ȃ ר ঈ و υഥ ϛͽ ޟ σњ 2013 ԑ 1 Т ޟ ϛм ᏲȂ װ Ri ቸԙ ড়Ᏸ 16Ȃ Ȃತ ڗײ ထ Λࡓ 35 ȂҬࠉ এӴᘈ ޟ ᑞ 17 ᜰ џо ᎧȺ ທ 21 Ȼ ޟ ᆩમ Ȅᗙ এѴᢎߨலᅔ ޟ ᅈቑ ɯ London ColiseumȂ ԁଡᙹ ౪ȂRi ϐ 2013 ԑ 3 Тԝ ڗ Ι ਖ Ȃ English National OperaȞENOȟ ᅋ ю ܚ Ȃ Ԥ 2359 18 ਢ ڏ Ӡᐠ Ȅ এ৴ Ȃ গභശσ ޟ ቑ Ȅӱ Ӕ Ι ࢥၚȂ ౪ ੫ࡐ ଶ ޟ ԑф ڷ London Coliseum ᕊၼ ޟ ԑфι ޢ ϚΰȂІ ཪ ϗ ณσ Ȃন 穿越時空的巡禮 2014 ԑξтȃ ޱ ڗ ቔᐝσᏰέΙᏰ ё ר پ ᒿ װ ထ ΛȺࡓȻ հ ထ ΛȺທȻȂҬ ސ ౩Ѭ ଆ Ϟ Ȃ੫տ გ ڗ গභ٠ᙄ ড়Ᏸ ȃ ࠉထ Λທ 35 ޟ ᑞ ՙ ԋყਪᓢȟwestmin- ড়ऋᏰ ȞRiȟᇄвႳఏԑ ޟ ড়Ȅ ר ঈӑསӴ១ ster Reference LibraryȟȂყਪᓢࠉᕓΰ ړ ቸ ή७ ڗ Green Park મȂ Ιωࢲၯ ڗײ 21 Albemarle Мԅ 20Ȉ Street ޟ RiȂ ᢎ ҰӨᆍ ܜݲ ԑ ޟ ᄂᡛЅᏢ SIR ISAAC NEWTON ܜݲޟ ސ ᓢȄџ ЈԤ ଆ ᖞ Ȃฒጢ LIVED IN A HOUSE ON THIS SITE Σ এџоৠઽኵԻΡ ޟ σᅋᖿᢈȃཐ ڧ ԑ ݲ 1710-1727 ܜ ȃ պ ࡄᅭȃҀ ܜ σৱෆમ ޟ ᖿஆȄ ই ޟࠉܚ ᕓᏩყਰ σ ޟގ 20 ጁ໕ಉȂԤ ܜݲ ޟ ᓞ Ѕтӵ Ri ᖿஆΰᅋᖿ ߛॳޟ Ȃ ר ঈ ᑹᏭ ޟ ӵ٥ ܯڋ Ȃၯ ޟ ষώ о ޟ ડȄ ᚔ Ri Ϟ Ȃ ר ঈင ᆦཎઋณ ޟ ထၝ ۓ ϴ 圖 2 皇家科學院 Ri 的演講盛況 圖 片來自 Ri 的官方網站 圖 3 皇家科學院 Ri 的財務危機 2014.10 / psroc.phys.ntu.edu.tw / PHYSICS BIMONTHLY 361
Summer Science Exhibition Ri 1825 Ri 1868 William Cavendish, 1808~ 1891 Henry Cavendish, 1731~1810 1871 1874 21 J. J. 362 36 5
ᡱᄂᡛᇄ ᏰюᓞЈ ޟ ড়Ᏸ ᇄ ড়ऋᏰ ސ ౩ Ᏸ 後記 虎克與法拉第 МՍԪȂ੫տ ౪ਢ ຽΙԻϤΪӻԑ ߏޟ պᇄ ܜݲ Ԥ೨ӻ խϟ Ȅтঈᗶ Ϛᆠ ኵᏰȂ ծᄂհ Ψ Ȃ ᏭϚ ȃདྷዥᏰಬиᑹ፸ኄ ݿ Ȃтঈശߑ ӰᐊӈσऋᏰড় ޟ ᄂᡛօ౩ՄԙӪȂ ᄇᄂᡛቈᏢ ޟ ᐇհȃ ي ᇄᅋҰ ڎ ѽ ᇄഺཎȄ ߏպӵ ড়Ᏸ ᗹକᅾ 40 ԑȃ ܜݲ ࠌӵ ড়ऋ Ᏸ ۈ ᝦߖ 50 ԑȃ ڍ ᄇᄂᡛ೩ ȃ ي ᇄᅋҰ Ԥ σ ޟ ଓᝦȄϚӣ ޟ Ȃ ܜݲ ᗶณӰᏰᐣϚԃ ΡՄ ਙȂծএ ܒ ᖾላ ޟ тȃತᕕөп ޟ ൵१ᇄ ȄߏպᄹΰΟσऋᏰড়вႳȂ ڏ ԁ ޟ এ ܒ Ȃ ཬΟт ޟ ೨ӻଓᝦछӪȄ ଶΟऋᏰҏ ϞѴȂߏպᄇগභσЬ Ȃ ѿ१ ᇄ გ ޟ ђᕼϛ ᑑ Ȅ ܜݲ ܚ ഺᒲȃஈ ᇄ 圖 5 延伸閱讀參考書籍 ௰ ޟ ϤϞ ۇ ଆ ᇄထ ᅋᖿ Ȃ ऋ Ᏸᇄऋල ى ௰ኄ ڐޟ ጒȄ 參考推薦書籍 1.Ȯগභ ޟ ଔȯȂᒥᓞᢁਪ ܘ Ȃ2011 ԑю ގ ȄȞLeo Hollis Ȃ छያឍȟ 2.Ȯ Ֆ Ϟ ફ Ѭ ȯȃ ᆩ ၯ ᇄ ਪ ю ގ Ȃ2014 ԑ ю ގ Ȅ ȞHolly Tucker Ȃങᄸ ឍȟ 3.Ȯᡗཌᜢή ޟ ऋᏰ८ ڼ ȯȃ ـ തю ޥގ Ȃ2001 ԑ ю ގ ȄȞLisa Jardine Ȃങ ឍȟ 4.ȮвႳ ( ΰ )~ ശ דޟ ৱȯȂЈήМϽю ޥގ Ȃ 2002 ԑю ގ ȄȞMichael White Ȃങџரឍȟ 5.ȮвႳ ( ή )~ ऋᏰ ΙΡȯȂЈήМϽю ޥގ Ȃ 2002 ԑю ގ ȄȞMichael White Ȃങџரឍȟ 6.Ȯ в Ⴓ ȯȃ Ϥ ࠒ ю ޥ ގ Ȃ2012 ԑ ю ގ ȄȞJames Gleick Ȃ ᓄឍȟ 7.ȮႫᏰϞЮɯ ܜݲ ٱ ޟ ȯȃмင ޥ Ȃ1999 ԑ ю ގ ȄȞ М ȟ 攝於英國皇家學會門口 հ! ޱ 悘柢 敞 态嬿Ḕ 䉐䏭䦸 E-mailȈyjchiu@mail.cgu.edu.tw 2014.10 / psroc.phys.ntu.edu.tw / PHYSICS BIMONTHLY 363
[1] Ri Royal Society Ri [2] p51~55 p63~66 [3] Gresham College 1597 City [4] 1665~1668 ) [5] p93 p179 [6] p71 [7] p139 [8] Sir Joseph Banks, 1743~1820 1788~1820 [9] 1791 Sir Benjamin Thompson, Count Rumford, 1753~1814 19 [10] Henry Cavendish, 1731~1810 Lord Charles Cavendish, FRS, 1704~1783 1760 [11] Thomas Young (1807): A Course of Lectures on Natural Philosophy and the Mechanical Arts Robert Crease (2003): The Prism and the Pendulum, p112~117 [12] Ri director of the Laboratory Ri 1801~25 1825~57 1857~87 [13] Ri http://www.rigb.org/christmas-lectures/history [14] 2013 12 CASE PRESS http://case.ntu.edu.tw/blog/?p=16407 [15] 1848 1860 1861 Faraday, Michael (1861). W. Crookes, ed. A Course of Six Lectures on the Chemical History of a Candle [16] http://chinese.engadget.com/2013/01/20/royal-institution-considers-selling-hq/ [17] http://save21albemarlestreet.com/ [18] http://www.theguardian.com/science/2013/mar/19/royal-institution-rescued-donation [19] http://www.sciencephoto.com/media/147252/enlarge [20] http://www.isaacnewton.org.uk/stmartinst/ [21] p33 364 36 5