第二章、國際關係中建構主義理論探討

理論切兩 1 Stephen M. Walt 理論理論理論更 Realism Liberalism Constructivism 2 理論不理論理論冷力年不 3 理論力流例 Realism Neo- Realism 度 Neo- Liberal Institutionalism 立論類 Positivism 烈泥不流理論理論理論理念力量歷立不來類 Post-Positivism 兩類立理論論論 1980 年 4 不論論更論識論論 1 北 2001 年 199 2 Stephen M. Walt, International Relations One world, Many Theories, Foreign Policy, No 110 Spring 1998, pp.29-39. 3 200 4 數理論論 1930 1940 年理論 1950 1960 年行論 1980 1990 年論參 Yosef Lapid, The Third Debate On the Prospects of International Theory in a Post-Positivist Era, International Studies Quarterly, Vol.33, No.3 Sep.1989, pp.235-254 Jim George, International Relations and the Search for Thinking Space Another View of the Third Debate, International Studies Quarterly,Vol.33,No.3 Sep.1989, pp.269-279 11

---- 論例女論列論不讀異更更樂 Emanuel Adler 說不識 5 刺理論論理論論見什流不 1980 年 middle ground 了度了識論度論 6 說理論理論歷來行索說論 potential problematic 7 不 1979 年 Kenneth N. Waltz 理論 8 理論論來理論度來理論 9 兩例 Agent Structure 論論類論論 5 Emanuel Adler, Seizing the Middle Ground Constructivism in World Politics, European Journal of International Relations, Vol.3, No 3 1997,p.320. 6 Heikki Patomaki & Colin Wight, After Post-positivism The Promise of Critical realism, International Studies Quarterly, Vol.44, 2000,p.214. 7 Christian Reus-Smit, Constructivism, in Sott Burchill ed., Theories of International Relations, NY Palgrave, 2001, p.216. 8 Kenneth N. Waltz, Theory of International Politics Reading, Massachusetts Addison-Wesley Publishing Company,1979. 9 理論論論 1998 年 5 12

念 ideational structure material structure 行 identity 說了利行 10 11 了來 12 兩論利行行利行不力理論識識行理識了行利 13 行異行不不來不行來行不了了念行行不念念異念流說說 10 Alexander E. Wendt, The Agent-Structure Problem in International Relations Theory, International Organization, Vol.41, No.3, Summer 1987, p. 355-361. 11 James E. Dougherty & Robert L. Pfaltzgraff, Jr., Contending Theories of International Relations, US NY, 2001, p. 106. 12 Ibid, p. 107. 13 歷 2004 年 23-24 13

---- 參了利念不易行利度來說不不識冷聯狀冷羅狀兩狀狀念了狀狀不狀邏狀不不行不狀 14 念狀狀 ---- 念不不論來理論理論理理論理行理力利理力理邏 logic of consequences 來論行理理利切邏 logic of appropriateness 15 不力力力不 14 歷 281-287 15 John M. Hobson, The State and International Relations, UK Cambridge,2000, pp.145-148. 14

力切利切理不 16 論利了利利利行利度切 Finnemore 利什念來論 17 念不行 18 不更說念來 19 說立切 16 Kennth Waltz, Structural Realism After the Cold War, International security, Vol.25, No.1, Summer 2000, pp 5-41. 17 John M. Hobson, The State and International Relations, UK Cambridge press, 2000, p. 149. 18 Alexander E. Wendt, Social Theory of International Politics, UK Cambridge University Press, 1999, pp. 92-138. 19 Mark Neufeld, The Restructuring of International Relations Theory, UK Cambridge,1995, p. 60. 15

---- 論 Roy Bhaskar 理論理論切識念不來不不論理論 20 論力不量度說論不不不 21 念切行念行異念理論行不不行度識利念念了力利念行不念兩識 Alexander E. Wendt, The Agent-Structure Problem in International Relations Theory, International Organization, Vol.41, No.3. Summer 1987, p. 356. 21 Alexander E. Wendt, Anarchy Is What States Make of It The Social Construction of Power Politics, International Organization, Vol.46, No.2. Spring 1992, p. 424. 16

22 不識力量行念行度度念識利度利立力利 23 立了行行利 24 說了度不了念念更度不念行行念不來度更不易說歷論歷聯不離歷量度歷度來兩不不度 Alexander E. Wendt, Constructing International Politics, International Security, Vol.20, No.1, Summer 1995, pp. 73-74. 23 Martin Finnemore, International Organization as Teachers of Norms The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization and Science Policy, International Organization, Vol.47, No.4, Autumn 1993, pp. 565-598. 24 Ronald L. Jepperson, Alexander Wendt, and Peter J. Katzenstein, Norms, Identity, and Culture in National Security, in Peter J. Katzenstein, ed., The Culture of National Security Norms and Identity in world Politics, New York Columbia University Press, 1996, pp. 33-75. 17

---- 不不異說異量來略來更易略類不行更行理力識狀念 ---- Martin Wight 論 25 不狀洛 26 理論來度立利立狀暴力力量率念念識識 Martin Wight, The three traditions of international theory, in G. Wight and B. Porter, eds. International Theory The Three traditions, Leicester Leicester University Press 1991, pp. 7-24 26 歷 318-323 18

力識識 27 說力度零念來行行念來行不立行利力來力量狀邏了力量不暴力識不行狀來利狀不不理來量力不論力力利力量力狀不聯暴力不更異來力識行行行行不殺殺 27 Kenneth N. Waltz. Man, the State, and War. New York Columbia University Press 1959, p 232. 19

---- 例念更不異行行 collective representations 識邏來不來行念說行律數行離念更狀不力量更良力識了降了了立狀不了歷不暴力行行了力量量行來不易力量立不更洛狀洛邏不利行不不不暴力不洛立不利度來不不 20

行 (1) 行行利利力行利來 (2) 利不行利來 (3) 力力不力量不 (4) 暴力洛邏不殺戮暴力度不行不論暴力異暴力力度不識了降了邏 28 洛邏更立理論力洛聯不論不說立行不說利兩更利利利度不不不不論利識量 28 歷 437-444 21

---- 利刺不利度狀略不更利利律不利律理理了律了利洛度理利樂論更洛不利 1648 年洛度洛率了邏洛利利不狀來說了見狀邏兩不立兩暴力兩了行暴力不洛立連洛立利不更不暴力利 22

兩暴力不說利不暴力利不利不度履行不利度利利說降行不聯更了領 cognitive region 29 了了利利利更利領不了利了利利利來說了不更說類了利更利不力量更立識更露便車不不易不更不 30 29 歷 402-409 30 歷 376-381 23

---- 了利來理行立來利來說利不利理識不來利行識邏暴力利力力不不了利了度利利利不洛行行行類行洛歷洛不利度利利力力了力量力立聯料來理 24

來了狀立裂不識狀狀利力了狀略臨略行識識異力來不利力量利論兩 (1) 行立洛狀行了念不力量念不 (2) 度念留度行理論理論狀理論邏理論識狀不數邏識不量不立洛兩念來量兩不說念利理論更力 25

---- 理論量羅列力力便來度羅冷洛北列羅來說聯不兩念了兩兩利了 26

identity collective identity 行行 31 識不不識 32 行行 33 行行 34 來行聯類兩異類兩聯 35 行識若理念識念不來更 36 31 Alexander Wendt, Social Theory of International Politics, Cambridge University Press,1999, p. 224. 32 http://newidea.nandaw.net/modules.php?name=sections&op=viewarticle&arti d=176 33 Alexander Wendt, Social Theory of International Politics, p. 224. 34 Paul Kowert and Jeffrey Legro, Norms, Identity, and Their Limits A Theoretical Reprise, in Peter J. Katzenstein ed., The Culture of National Security Norms and Identity in World Politics, New York Columbia University Press, 1996, p. 435. 35 Alexander Wendt, Social Theory of International Politics, p. 337. 36 Peter J. Katzenstein, Regionalism and Asia, New Political Economy, Vol. 5, No.3, 2000, p. 354. 27

---- 連 37 不了數更了流度度更行利聯更更力降 38 力理更不 1997 年金暴更力來力降了領了數量不來數量論更流來邏行 elicitative trust 39 行度利利行降力量力力力量更數利若不力不行 40 行流不離行來力論 37 Robert O. Keohane and Joseph S. Nye, Power and Interdependence, New York Harper Collins Publishers, 1989, pp. 22-26. 38 Javed Maswood, International Political Economy and Globalization, New Jersey World Scientific, 2000, p. 10. 39 歷 434 40 Robert O. Keohane and Joseph S. Nye, Power and Interdependence, p. 27. 28

不念度念行來說 Nontraditional security 了 41 不論行不行力力 42 行行念 43 行歷類例行 44 念來力量 Securitized 45 行行利歷識行不不 46 41 北 2003 年 3 158-159 42 Alexander E. Wendt, Anarchy is What States Make of It the Social Construction of Power Politics, International Organization, Vol.46, No.2, Spring 1992, pp. 412-415. 43 Theo Farrell, Constructivist Security Studies: Portrait of a Research Program, International Studies Review, Vol.1, Issue 1, 2002, p. 52. 44 Dale C. Copeland, The Constructivist Challenge to Structural Realism, International Security, Vol.25, No.2, 2000, p. 191. 45 Michael C. Williams, Words, Images, Enemies Securitization and International, International Studies Quarterly, Vol.47, 2003, pp. 511-531. Matt McDonald, Human Security and the Construction of Security, Global Society, Vol.16, No.3,2002, p. 295. 29

---- 不數不不來利量不利了行利不立利利利不見 Public good 更行識不論裡不不說類領 47 類類利來更不行行 47 Edward Newman, Human Security and Constructivism, International Studies Perspectives, Vol.2, 2001, pp. 239-251. 30

流理論度流來狀更更理論度行兩說不立不兩立切狀念異不識殺戮不復見拉若不洛利立不諾不力不力暴力識見利利念力念來行利歷 31

---- 識不不說不念 1955 年六 1991 年聯聯更力聯力量 1976 年了 Declaration of ASEAN Concord 1976 Treaty of Amity and Cooperation, TAC 領立不力來年 2003 年 10 2020 年兩立類狀不論兩異不力更了更 32