1 10, 10 O I A B C Z 26 B A D G How are you? 131 morse code A 2 6 Z How are you 32 131 d o t d a s h
2 c o d e ( ) B r a i l l e
1 3 A 3 1 3 A A 1 3 h e l l o 2 3 6 hi there E T Q Z 10 S O S S O S B A H B A H B A H B A H M M M M M V Vi c t o r y 5 ( ) 5 6 7
4 S O S 5 1 0 10 d i h ( d a h )
2 1791 1 872 Y E T 4 I A N M 8
6 1 6 2 + 4 + 8 + 16 3 0 30 26 4 4 4 1 2 2 4 3. 8 4 1 6 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 4 2 4 8 16 2 1 2 3 4 2 1 2 1 2 2 2
2 7 2 = 2 2 R 5 5 32 2 2 2 2 2 2 5 10 16 5 5 6 64 2 + 4 + 8 + 1 6 + 3 2 + 6 4 1 2 6 = 2 2
8 1 2 1 = 2 2 2 2 = 4 3 2 3 = 8 4 2 4 = 16 5 2 5 = 32 6 2 6 = 64 7 2 7 = 128 8 2 8 = 256 9 2 9 = 512 1 0 2 10 = 1024 binary code 2
3 18 1809 C o u p v r a y 25 3 10 Valentin Haüy(1745 1 8 2 2 ) H a ü y A A A H a ü y Charles Barbier 1 819 écriture nocturne B a r b i e r B a r b i e r 12 B a r b i e r 3 15 1835 1852 43
10 2 3 1 6 6 1 3 5 2 4 6 6 2 2 2 2 2 2 64 ( 2 6 ) 64 6 64 6 64 2 2 4
3 11 you and me W 64 25 1 a j 4 1 2 4 5 2 3 1 3 3 6 1 3 you and me 31 10 64 a j 6 W a b o u t : a j 2 3 5 6
12 4 51 6 3 4 5 6 b l e a j 256 7 64 7 4 4 6 5 5 6 6 l o u i s b r a i l l e 6 64 64
4 e l e c t r i c i t y electron theory
14 3 3 4 112 1 112 3 H 2 O e l e c t r o n e l e c t r i c i t y η λ ε κ τ ρ ο ν( e l e k t r o n ), η λ ε κ τ ρ ο ν +
4 15 D C A A A A A A 1. 5 +
16 3 1. 5, 1. 5
4 17 1. 5 Count Alessandro Vo l t o ( 1745 1 827 ) 1800 4 André Marie Ampére(1775 1 836 ) 10 6 240 000 000 000 000 000 1 G e o rg Simon Ohm (1789 1 854 ) I = E / R I E R E 1. 5 R I 1. 5 0
18 1. 5 1. 1. 5 1847 1 931 1879 3. 0 4 3 4 0. 75 750 4 680 000 000 000 000 000 4 1736 1 819 P P = E I 3 0. 75 2. 2 100 120 10 120 0. 83 100 12 0. 83 144
5 1 2 : : :
20 :! 25 %
5 21 ( ) 25 % 1. 5 D 100 7900 8 1 / 2 150 e a r t h, g r o u n d g r o u n d g r o u n d
22 8 8 1. 5 D
5 23 V V V 4 V
24 20 1 00 $ 9.99 50 AW G AW G 20 0. 032 1000 10 1 100 4 0. 75 3 4 0. 03 3 100 10 35 $ 11. 99 0. 1 1000 1 5 120 100 144 150 200
6 1 7 9 1 C a t h e r i n e Marie Antoinette 1791 35 General Lafayette ( 1825 ) 1836 5. 7 % Louis Daguerre 1840 17 Mathew Brady 19 19 1832 1879
26 ( ) Valentin Haüy 1836 1843 1844 5 2 4 Wa s h i n g t o n What hath God wrought / /
6 27 V C D D V D, 300 300 200
28
6 29
7 c a t g a t o c h a t K a t z e K O I I I K κ α π α 3 3 3 3 3 11 10 1 5 8 12 D i g i t f i v e f i s t 10 10 10 1 0 1 = 10 1 0 2 = 100 1 0 3 = 1000 1 0 4 = 10 000 1 0 5 = 100 000 1 0 6 = 1 000 000 1 0 7 = 10 000 000 1 0 8 = 100 000 000 10 9 = 1 000 000 000( )
7 31 4 4 4 1 4 27 M C M L I I I 2 7 X 10 V 5 I V V X L C c e n t u m D M m i l l e I V V X X L
32 Muhammed ibn-musa a l - K h w a r i z m i a l g o r i t h m 825 1120 1 00 1 000 000 1 10 10 10 205 2 50 4825 4 8 2 5 = 4 0 0 0 + 8 0 0 + 2 0 + 5 4 8 2 5 = 4 1 0 0 0 + 8 1 0 0 + 2 1 0 + 5 1 10 0 1 4 8 2 5 = 4 1 0 3 + 8 1 0 2 + 2 1 0 1 + 5 1 0 0 7 0 9 999 9999
7 33 10 1 1 0 ( ) 42 7 0 5. 6 8 4 4 10 000+ 2 1 0 0 0 + 7 1 0 0 + 0 1 0 + 5 1 + 6 1 0 + 8 1 0 0 + 4 1 0 0 0 4 10 000+ 2 1 0 0 0 + 7 1 0 0 + 0 1 0 + 5 1 + 6 0. 1 + 8 0. 0 1 + 4 0. 0 0 1 10 4 1 0 4 + 2 1 0 3 + 7 1 0 2 + 0 1 0 1 + 5 1 0 0 + 6 1 0 1 + 8 1 0 2 + 4 1 0 3 1 10 100 1000 10 000 100 000 1 000 000
34 10 3 4 7 30 40 70 3 00 400 700 3 000 4000 7000 4 6 10
7 35 4 8
8 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10
8 37 4 10 8 8 8 10 10 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 10 7 1 0 10 1 10 1 3 2 0 20 8 8 9
38 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 0 11 1 2 1 3 1 4 1 5 1 6 1 7 2 0 2 1 2 2 2 3 2 4 2 5 2 6 2 7 3 0 3 1 3 2 3 3 3 4 3 5 3 6 3 7 4 0 4 1 4 2 4 3 4 4 4 5 4 6 4 7 5 0 5 1 5 2 5 3 5 4 5 5 5 6 5 7 6 0 6 1 6 2 6 3 6 4 6 5 6 6 6 7 7 0 7 1 7 2 7 3 7 4 7 5 7 6 7 7 1 0 0... T E N E I G H T 7 T E N 7 E I G H T 8 T E N 1 0 E I G H T 9 T E N 11 E I G H T 10 T E N 1 2 E I G H T 12 T E N 1 4 E I G H T 14 T E N 1 6 E I G H T 16 T E N 2 0 E I G H T 24 T E N 3 0 E I G H T 26 T E H 3 2 E I G H T 32 T E N 4 0 E I G H T 52 T E N 6 4 E I G H T 64 T E N 1 00 E I G H T Sunset Strip 17 77 T E N or 115 E I G H T 100 T E N 1 44 E I G H T 128 T E N 2 00 E I G H T 256 T E N or 400 E I G H T 100 E I G H T 2 00 E I G H T 4 00 E I G H T 100 T E N 1 0 T E N 10 T E N 100 E I G H T 1 0 E I G H T 10 E I G H T 8 T E N 8 T E N 64 T E N 100 E I G H T 2 00 E I G H T 4 00 E I G H T 64 T E N 128 T E N 256 T E N 2 400 E I G H T 4 E I G H T 10 E I G H T 10 E I G H T 2 2 2 2 2 0 1 1 2 1 2 2 2 2 4 4 2 3 8 1 0 2 4 1 6 2 0 2 5 3 2 4 0 2 6 6 4 1 0 0
8 39 2 7 1 2 8 2 0 0 2 8 2 5 6 4 0 0 2 9 5 1 2 1 0 0 0 2 1 0 1 0 2 4 2 0 0 0 2 11 2 0 4 8 4 0 0 0 2 1 2 4 0 9 6 1 0 0 0 0 8 8 64 512 4096 32768 3725 E I G H T 3 7 2 5 E I G H T = 3000 E I G H T + 700 E I G H T + 20 E I G H T + 5 E I G H T 8 3 7 2 5 E I G H T = 3 5 1 2 T E N + 7 6 4 T E N + 2 8 T E N + 5 1 8 3 7 2 5 E I G H T = 3 1 0 0 0 E I G H T + 7 1 0 0 E I G H T + 2 1 0 E I G H T + 5 1 3 7 2 5 E I G H T = 3 8 3 + 7 8 2 + 2 8 1 + 5 8 0 2005 T E N
40 5 E I G H T + 7 E I G H T = 14 E I G H T 1 3 5 + 643 1 0 0 0 5 3 10 0 1 1 3 4 10, 0 1 1 1 6 10 2 2 4 3 3 9 3 11 E I G H T 9 T E N 4 6 30 E I G H T 30 E I G H T 4 6 24 T E N
8 41 4 0 1 2 3 1 0 11 1 2 1 3 2 0 2 1 2 2 2 3 3 0 3 1 3 2 3 3 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 2 1 0 3 11 0 4 31232 3 1 2 3 2 F O U R = 3 2 5 6 T E N + 1 6 4 T E N + 2 1 6 T E N + 3 4 T E N + 2 1 T E N 3 1 2 3 2 F O U R = 3 1 0 0 0 0 F O U R + 1 1 0 0 0 F O U R + 2 1 0 0 F O U R + 3 1 0 F O U R + 2 1 F O U R 31232 F O U R = 3 4 4 + 1 4 3 + 2 4 2 + 3 4 1 + 2 4 0
42 31232 F O U R 878 T E N 2 0 1 0 1 1 10 10 0 1 1 0 11 1 0 0 1 0 1 11 0 111 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 11 11 0 0 11 0 1 111 0 1111 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 T E N 1 T W O 2 T E N 1 0 T W O 3 T E N 11 T W O 4 T E N 1 00 T W O 5 T E N 1 01 T W O 6 T E N 11 0 T W O 7 T E N 111 T W O 8 T E N 1 000 T W O 9 T E N 1 001 T W O 10 T E N 1 010 T W O 2 2 4 8 16 32 1 2 2
8 43 2 2 2 0 1 1 1 1 2 1 2 2 2 1 0 2 2 4 4 1 0 1 0 0 2 3 8 1 0 2 0 1 0 0 0 2 4 1 6 2 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 2 5 3 2 4 0 2 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 2 6 6 4 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 7 1 2 8 2 0 0 2 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 8 2 5 6 4 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 9 5 1 2 1 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 0 1 0 2 4 2 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 11 2 0 4 8 4 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 2 4 0 9 6 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 101101011010 1 0 11 0 1 0 11 0 1 0 T W O = 1 2 0 4 8 T E N + 0 1 0 2 4 T E N + 1 5 1 2 T E N + 1 2 5 6 T E N + 0 1 2 8 T E N + 1 6 4 T E N + 0 3 2 T E N + 1 1 6 T E N + 1 8 T E N + 0 4 T E N + 1 2 T E N + 0 1 T E N 1 0 11 0 1 0 11 0 1 0 TWO = 1 2 11 + 0 2 1 0 + 1 2 9 + 1 2 8 + 0 2 7 + 1 2 6 + 0 2 5 + 1 2 4 + 1 2 3 + 0 2 2 + 1 2 1 + 0 2 0
44 2048 + 512 + 256 + 64 + 16 + 8 + 2 2 906 T E N 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1 8 8 8 8 10010110 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1 0 2 25 225 128 64 0 1 0 1 150 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 10
8 45 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 + 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 2 0 1 1 3 1 1 0 1 4 1 0 1 5 0 1 1 6 1 1 0 1 7 1 0 10 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 13 T E N 11 T E N 143 T E N 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 0011 11 16 0000 0 0001 1 0010 2 0011 3 0100 4 0101 5 0110 6 0111 7 1000 8 1001 9 1010 10 1011 11 1100 12 1101 13 1110 14 1111 15 4 0 1
46 0 1 2 0 1 3 0 1 4 0 1 16 1 16 10000 16 10001 17 10010 18 10011 19 10100 20 10101 21 10110 22 10111 23 11000 24 11001 25 11010 26 11011 27 11100 28 11101 29 11110 30 11111 31 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 12000000 12 000 000 1 0 11 0 111 0 0 0 11 0 11 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1011-0111 - 0001-1011 - 0000-0000 1 01101110001101100000000 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 1
8 47 0 1 0 1948 John Wilder Tukey 1915 binary digit b i g i t b i n i t b i t ( ) binary digit
9 1 9 7 3 0 1 10 1 0 1 0 0 b i t ( ) binary digit b i t 1 b i t 1 1 Paul Revere
9 49 Paul Revere ( ) Paul Revere
50 1 0 Paul Revere 0 0 = 0 1 = 1 0 = 11 = Paul Revere Paul Revere Paul Revere Paul Revere 1 Roger Ebert
9 51 Gene Siskel 00 = 01 = Siskel E b e r t 10 = Siskel E b e r t 11 = Siskel E b e r t S i s k e l 0 S i s k e l 1 S i s k e l E b e r t S i s k e l E b e r t Impolite Encounter S i s k e l E b e r t S i s k e l E b e r t S i s k e l E b e r t 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 S i s k e l E b e r t S i s k e l E b e r t S i s k e l E b e r t 8 000 = Siskel E b e r t 001 = Siskel E b e r t 010 = Siskel E b e r t 011 = Siskel E b e r t 100 = Siskel E b e r t 101 = Siskel E b e r t 110 = Siskel E b e r t 111 = Siskel E b e r t 8 3 0 7 3 S i s k e l E b e r t Leonard Maltin Movie &Video Guide Leonard Maltin
52 M a l t i n M a l t i n M a l t i 1 4 B O M B 3 000 = BOMB 001 = 1 / 2 010 = 011 = 1 / 2 100 = 101 = 1 / 2 110 = 111 111 111 M a l t i n S i s k e l E b e r t S i s k e l E b e r t M a l t i n 2 2 M a l t i n 0 0 0 = 0 0 1 = 1 / 2 010 = 1 / 2 0 11 = 101 = 1 / 2 11 0 = 111 = B O M B M a l t i n 000=MAJOR BOMB 0 0 1 = B O M B 0 1 0 = 1 / 2 0 11 = 100 = 1 / 2 1 0 1 = 110 = 1 / 2 111 =
9 53 ATO M I C B O M B 3 Entertainment We e k l y C D C D - R O M A + F 13 0000 = F 0001 = D- 0010 = D 0 0 11 = D+ 0100 = C- 0101 = C 0 110 = C+ 0 111 = B- 1000 = B 1001 = B+ 1010 = A- 1 0 11 = A 1100 = A+ 3 1101 1110 1111 16 3 10 3 1000 000 9 99 212 7 10 7 10 000 000 212 260 104 10 000 2 1 2 1 = 2 2 2 2 = 4 3 2 3 = 8 4 2 4 = 16 5 2 5 = 32 6 2 6 = 64 7 2 7 = 128 8 2 8 = 256 9 2 9 = 512 1 0 2 1 0 = 1024 2 2 7
54 128 2 128 7 2 7 = 128 l o g 2 128 = 7 2 128 7 2 256 8 2 200 7. 64 200 8 ( C D ) 35 1 1 2 D X 12 12 1 0 1 7 1 A S A American standards association 100 2 00 4 00 A S A 24 A S A 2 5 3 2 40 5 0 6 4 8 0 1 0 0 1 2 5 1 6 0 2 0 0 2 5 0 3 2 0 4 0 0 5 0 0 6 4 0 8 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 2 5 0 1 6 0 0 2 0 0 0 2500 3 2 0 0 4 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 A S A 5 2 4 = 16 24 2 5 = 32
9 55 2 3 4 5 6 0 0 0 1 0 25 0 0 0 0 1 32 0 0 0 1 1 40 1 0 0 1 0 50 1 0 0 0 1 64 1 0 0 1 1 80 0 1 0 1 0 100 0 1 0 0 1 125 0 1 0 1 1 160 1 1 0 1 0 200 1 1 0 0 1 250 1 1 0 1 1 320 0 0 1 1 0 400 0 0 1 0 1 500 0 0 1 1 1 640 1 0 1 1 0 800 1 0 1 0 1 1000 1 0 1 1 1 1250 0 1 1 1 0 1600 0 1 1 0 1 2000 0 1 1 1 1 2500 1 1 1 1 0 3200 1 1 1 0 1 4000 1 1 1 1 1 5000 35 1 6 6 1 1 2 6 4 5 2 3 6 400 A S A 2 3 50 1 00 2 00 4 00 A S A 8 1 2 8 9 1 0 11 1 2 U P C universal product code U P C U P C U P U P
56 U P C 3 0 3 C a m p b e l l 10 U P C 4 U P C O C R optical character recognition? 1 0 1 2 3 4 U P C 95
9 57 3 101 U P C 7 0 9 5 01010 U P C 7 6 101 U P C U P C 1 2 U P C 6 7 0 0 0 1101=0 011 0 0 0 1 = 5 0 0 11001=1 0101111 = 6 0 0 1 0 0 11=2 0111 0 11 = 7 0 111101=3 011 0 111 = 8 0 1 0 0 0 11=4 0001011 = 9 7 0 1 0 U P C 1 1 1 1 U P S 7 1110010=0 100111 0 = 5 11 0 0 110=1 1010000=6 11 0 1100=2 1000100=7 1000010=3 1001000=8 1 0 11100=4 111 0 1 0 0 = 9 1 0 0 1 1 3 U C P C a m p b e l l 10 4 U P C 12 0 51000 01251 7 U P C
58 U P C 30 12 0 0 U P C U P C 2 U P C 5 5 51000 Campbell C a m p b e l l 5 01251 3 10 4 01251 U P C 7 11 0 51000 01251 A BCDEF GHIJK 3 A + C + E + G + I + K + B + D + F + H + J 10 3 0 + 1 + 0 + 0 + 2 + 1 + 5 + 0 + 0 + 1 + 5 = 3 4 + 11 = 23 23 2 10 30, 3 0 2 3 = 7 U P C U P C U P 0 9 4 U P C 7 95 11 U P C 9 0 113 11 10 U P C 7 1 0 1 0 0 111 = 0 0111001 = 5 0 11 0 0 11 = 1 0000101 = 6 0 0 11 0 11 = 2 0010001 = 7 0100001 = 3 0001001 = 8 0 0 11101 = 4 0010111 = 9
9 59 1 0 11000 = 0 1000110 = 5 1 0 0 1100 = 1 1111010 = 6 1100100 = 2 11 0 1110 = 7 1 0 11110 = 3 111 0 110 = 8 1100010 = 4 1101000 = 9 7 0 1 3 1 0 2
60 1 0 0 H i, t h e r e U P C 6 6 ( ) 3 1 6 c o d e 1 0 6 c o d e 100100 101010 100110 100010 1 6 1 0
10 O rg a n o n 4 ( ; ;, ) 19 Charles Dodgson Lewis Carroll ( ; ) ( S o m e dostinate persons are not philosophers) ( s o m e ) 19 1648 1 716 ) 1815 1849 C o r k 1 9
62 The Mathematical Analysis of Logic, Being an Essay Towards a Calculus of Deductive Reasoning ( 1 8 4 7 ) An Investigation of the Laws of Thought on Which Are Founded the Mathematical Theories of Logic and Probabilities ( 1854 ) The Laws of Thought 1864 49 1854 + 3 2 5 3 A = 3 B = 2 A C = B+5 D = 3 C D = 3 C D = 3 B + 5 D = 3 2 A + 5 D = 3 2 3 + 5 D = 33 A+B = B+A A B = B A A + B + C = A + B + C A B C = A B C A B + C = A B + A C
10 63 M F M T B W O N U + + B + W F T F T F T F T + + W + B F = W + B W + F W B F W + B W + F 1 ( ) 1 M + F = 1
64 T + B + W + O = 1 N + U = 1 1 1 M 1 M = F 0 0 F M = 0 1 0 1 F = F 0 F = 0 0+F = F 1+F = 1 F 1 F 0 F + 1 F = 1 F 1 F = 0 F F = F F X 2 = X
10 65 F + F = F P M S P M = P P M = M S P = S P = P M S P M = S S P M = S S P S S M = S S M 0 S M M 2400 M N W + T+ F N 1 - W+ B O R / A N D / 1 N O T
66 + O R A N D 1 - N O T M AND N AND W OR TO R F AND N AND NOT W OR B M AND N AND W OR T F AND N AND NOT W B 0 1 1 0 M N W + T+ F N 1 W+ B 0 1 1 0 0 + 1+ 0 0 1-0+ 0 1 M T 1 + O R A N D A N D O R + + A N D 0 0 = 0 0 1 = 0 1 0 = 0 1 1 = 1 1 1 8 A N D 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 + O R
10 67 0+0 = 0 0+1 = 1 1+0 = 1 1+1 = 1 + 1 1 + 1 = 1 O R 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 + 0 0 1 +0 = 0 + 0 + 0 = 0 0 0 1 M N W + T+ F N 1 W+ B 0 1 1 + 0+ 1 1 1-1+ 0 0 1 1 + 1 1 0 + 0 = 0 + 0 + 0 = 0 0 1 0 + 0+ 1 1 1-0+ 0 0 1 0 + 1 1 1 + 0 = 0 + 1 + 0 = 1 1, ( )
68 Roger Ebert 0 E b e r 1 E b e r t 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 A N D O R
10 69 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 A N D A N D 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 A N D
70 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 O R O R 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 1
10 71 M N W + T+ F N 1 W+ B A N D O R + 8 ( ) W W 1 W ( ) M T W
72 15 1 844 The Laws of Thought 10 19 1792 1 871
11 20 logic gates Bill Gates G a t e s M N W + T+ F N 1 W+ B 19 20 30 ( 1916 ) 1938 A Symbolic Analysis of Relay and Switching Circuits 1 0 The Mathematical Theory of Communication ( b i t ) 1 1 9 3 8 M N W + T+ F N 1 W+ B N M W + T+ N F 1 W+ B X Y X = M W + T
74 Y = F 1 W N X + N Y + B X Y N N X Y N X + Y+ B N M W + T+ F 1 - W+ B ( )
11 75 B T T O B T W 4 A Symbolic Analysis of Relay and Switching Circuits r e l a y 6
76 V ( 5 6 ) V
11 77 V V
78
11 79 ( ) 2 7 5-2 0 6 2 7 5-2 1 4 275-240 $ 2.99
80
11 81 AND gate
82 0 1 A N D 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1
11 83
84 OR gate O R O
11 85 0 1 O R 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0
86 0 1 F M F 1 M 0 W W 1 0 0 1 1 0
11 87 1 1 W 1 0 B 1 4 2 2-4 4 4 1 3-8 4-16 N M W + T+ F 1 - W+ B ( + ) ( )
88 2-4 1
11 89 NOR gate
90 N O R 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0
11 91 NAND gate
92 N A N D 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 A N D 0 1 O R 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 N A N D 0 1 N O R 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0
11 93 1 4 2-4 2-4 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 9 Formal logic 1847 T h e Mathematical Analysis of logic A B
12 120 245 6 73 1 5 3 + 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 + 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 1
12 95 + 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 2 + 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 + 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 3 6 7 8 8 0000-0000 1111-1111 0 2 55 8 1-1111 - 1110 510 8 0 1 9 0 1 9 8 9 0110-0101 1 011-0110
96 1-0001 - 1011 8 144 18 8 1 8 = 144 144 1 + 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 A N D 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 + 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 O R 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 N A N D 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 A B
12 97 A \ B 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 A B A B 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 Exclusive OR gate X O R 1 A 1 B 1 1 X O R 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 + 0 1 + 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1
98 X O R 0 1 A N D 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 A B A B A B Half Adder A B ( S) ( C O ) 1 1 1 0 1 2 3 1 1 1 1 + 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 3 A B A B ( CI)
12 99 1 1 Full Adder A B A B 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 144 2 6 8 1 18 8 8 144
100 1 1 0 1 8 8 8 8 A B A 0 A 7 B 0 B 7
12 101 S 0 S 7 A B 8 0 A 0 B 0 S 0 A 7 B 7 S 7 0110-1001 A 7 A 6 A 5 A 4 A 3 A 2 A 1 A 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 2 2 7 2 6 2 5 2 4 2 3 2 2 2 1 2 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 2 0110-1001 64 + 32 + 8 + 1 1 05 8 A B 8 8 8 A 7 A 0 B 7 B 0 S 7 S 0 8 8 1 6 A B ( 8 ) ( 8 ) A B ( 8 ) ( 8 ) 16
102 8 3 2 20 30 8 144
13 2 5 3 1 7 6??? 6 3 5 1 13 6 7 5 1 5 4 4 7 2 1 1 4 7 7 2 1 1 1 1 0 77 2 5 3 1 7 6 7 7 999 9 9 9 1 7 6 8 2 3 999 3 4 9999 9 1 76 9 823 823 9 176 9 9
104 2 5 3 + 8 2 3 1 0 7 6 1000 1 0 7 6 + 1 1 0 0 0 7 7 2 5 3 1 7 6 1000 2 5 3 176 + 1000 1 0 0 0 2 5 3 176 + 999 + 1 1 0 0 0 2 5 3 + 9 9 9-1 7 6 + 1 1 0 0 0 9 1 7 6 2 5 3??? 1 7 6 2 5 3 7 7 253 9 9 9 9 2 5 3 7 4 6 1 7 6 + 7 4 6 9 2 2
13 105 1 1000 923 1000 999 9 2 2 9 9 9??? 9 2 2 9 9 9 7 7 2 5 3 1 7 6??? 1 11111111 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 01 0 0 1 1 1 1 9 9 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 11 0 1 1 0 2 1 3 1 4 100000000 2 56 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 + 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 + 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1
106 77 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 7 6 2 5 3??? 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1???????? 1 11111111 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 2 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 + 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 11111111 1 100000000 11111111 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 2 77 7 / 8 A B 8
13 107 A 0 A 7 B 0 B 7 8 S 0 S 7 8 9 183 10110111 22 00010110 205 11001101 ) / 8 / 255 8 8
108 X O R 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 8 8 0 11 0 0 0 0 1, 0 11 0 0 0 0 1 1 01100001 10011110 8 8 A B
13 109 3 S U B / 0 1 B ( C I ) 1 1 C I 0 S U B C O / S U B 0 C O 1 255 C O 1 100000000 C O / / 77 1001101 0 1 1 0 0 1 000 000-999 999 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 999 999 1 000 000, $ 500 $ $ 499 $ 500 $ 500 $ 500 500 4 99 1000 3 1000 50 9 9 9 5 00 5 00 5 01 4 99 5 02 4 98 9 98 2 9 99 1 0 00 0 0 01 1 0 02 2
110 4 97 497 4 98 498 4 99 499 5 6 7 8 9 3 500 499 498 4 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 4 497 498 499 500 501 502 996 997 998 999 000 001 002 003 004 497 498 499 500 499 999 1 1000 3 000 3 10 999 1 10 9 1 255 10 999 255 744 1 745 10 $ 143 $ 78 7 143 999 7 8 + 1 922 143 9 22 65 $ 150 150 850 065 850 915 $ 85 8 00000000 11111111 0 2 55 1 8 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 8 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 2 7 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 2 6 1 0 0 0 0 0 11 1 2 5 11111101 3 11111110 2 11111111 1 00000000 0 00000001 1 10000010 2 01111100 124 01111101 125 01111110 126 01111111 127
13 111 128 1 27 1 0 2 1 1 1 125 01111101 2 125 10000010 1 10000011 1 127 + 124 3 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 + 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 127 128 125 1 25 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 + 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 6 125 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 + 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 8 1 8 6 8 0 2 55 8 128 1 27 1 0110110 182 74 0 1
14 C D
14 113 11 0 1 1 0 0 1
114 0 1 0 1 0 1 c l o c k c y c l e 0. 05 0 0.025 0.05 0.075 0.10 0.125 0.15 0. 05 1 0. 0 20 2 ( 1857 1 894 )
14 115 20 20 20 H z 0 1 N O R 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0
116 0 1 0 1 1918 William Henry Eccles(1875 1 966 ) F. W. J o r d a n R - S R e s e t - S e t /
14 117 Q Q Q Q 0 Q 1 S S e t R R e s e t Q 1 Q 0 S 1 Q Q 0 R 1 Q 0 Q S R 0 Q R - S 4 2 S R Q Q S R Q Q S R 0 S R 1 S R 1 Q Q Q R - S R S 1 R - S R - S 0 1 D a t a 0 1 Hold that bit 0 1 0
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