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1 檵檵檵檵檵檵檵檵檵檵檵檵檵檵檵檵檵檵檵檵檵檵 3 殝殝殝殝 2015 ( ; ;, ) , 2015 (TakaakiKajita) (ArthurBMcDonald),,, PAST,PRESENTANDFUTUREOFNEUTRINOEXPERIMENTS INTERPRETATION OFTHENOBELPRIZEINPHYSICS2015 ChenShaomin (DepartmentofEngineeringPhysics,TsinghuaUniversity;TsinghuaHighEnergyResearchCenter; KeyLaboratoryofParticle & RadiationImaging,MinistryofEducation,Beijing100084) Abstract Recently,thetopiconneutrinoshasbecomeahotinterdisciplinaryresearchdirec- tionamongparticlephysics,nuclearphysics,geophysics,astrophysicsandcosmologyonoc- tober6,2015,theroyalswedish AcademyofSciencesawardedthe NobelPrizeinPhysics jointlytotakaakikajitaandarthurbmcdonaldforthediscoveryofneutrinooscilations, whichinturnprovedthatneutrinoshave massfromtheview ofdevelopmentofneutrino physics,thisarticleintroducesneutrinoexperimentsfromthepasttothepresentandthefu- tureoutlookspecialfocusisgiventoneutrinooscilationexperimentsfortheinterpretationof theprizetheongoingandproposedneutrinoexperimentsinchinaarealsodescribed Keywords neutrino;neutrinomass;neutrinooscilations;neutrinoexperiments ,, 2015 (Takaaki [1], Kajita) (ArthurBMcDonald), ( 1), ( ),, : (SuperKamiokande) (SNO), : (973 ) ( :2013CB834302); ( : ) :,,, chenshaomin@mailtsinghuaeducn

2 4, [3],,, β,,,,, ( ), cm 2,,, 300 kw,, ( ), τ- ( :, ( ) 1,, : [4] 1957 neutrino, [5],, ( ), [6], 2015, 20, 3 :α β γ [7-8],, α γ, β,, [2],,,, β, (Bohr) :, β β 1930 (Pauli), β - 2, ( 2 ), 3,, μ - 6, μ - τ-, μ - τ- ), 45GeV/c 2

3 5 ( (2) μ - ),, ( ) 3,, 1-sin 2 2θsin 2 (1267Δm 2 L/E) (3) : 3,,, νe 烄烌 U e1 U e2 U e3 ν1 烄烌烄烌 (Pontecorvo) 1957 ν μ = U μ 1 U μ 2 U μ 3 ν2 (4) [9] 1962, Maki,Naka- 烆 ντ 烎烆 U τ1 U τ2 U τ 3 烎 ν3 烆烎 gawa,sakata 3 θ12,, θ23,θ13, 1 3 ( ) (δ, φ 1, φ 2), [10] P 2ν (νe νe)=1-p 2ν (νe ν μ )= 1- νe ν μ (t) 2 =,,, -(e) μ - P(νe νe) 1-4 U e3 2 (1- U e3 2 ) τ-, sin 2 (1267Δm 2 31L/E), P(νe ν μ ) 4 U μ 3 2 U e3 2 sin 2 (1267Δm 2 31L/E), ) P(νe ντ 4 U τ3 2 U e3 2 sin 2 (1267Δm 2 31L/E) νe cosθ sinθ ν1 = (1) U ν( ) ( μ -sinθ cos θ ) ν( 2) e3 2 =sin 2 θ13 U μ 3 2 =sin 2 θ23(1- U e3 2 ) U τ3 2 =cos 2 θ23(1- U e3 2 ) (5) ( (1) ),,,, μ -,, ν μ (t) = -sinθe -ie 1 t ν1 +cosθe -ie 2 t ν2 = (cos 2 θe -ie 1 t +sin 2 θe -ie 2 t ) ν μ +,, sinθcosθ(e -ie 3 t -e -ie 1 t ) νe (2) ( 3, ) 3 :, 3,3,, μ τ,,smirnov-wolfenstein [11-12], θm Δm 2 M,, Mikheev-

4 6 sin 2 2θM sin 2 2θ (6) sin 2 2θ+ (cos2θ-x) 2 Δm 2 M Δm 2 sin 2 2 槡 2θ+ (cos2θ-x) (7) 2槡 2G FN ee x ν (8) Δm 2 N e, G F 1, E ν 4 5( ) β β,, 26 (Cowen), 5( ) (Reines),, β τ-,, (Sa- GeV μ- vannahriver) [13] , :, cm 2 [14] 40, 1995 ( ), ( μ- ) 4,,, N ν =σν N target Φν T σν cm 2, 5 N target ),,,, (Super Kamio- kande) 4, 1998, μ- ( ) ( );,, ( ) Φν, T 6, ( (e-like),

5 7, μ- ( μ -like), μ-,, [15] LAND ( 7 ), β,, [16], 2000,, Kam- 6 μ : ; (Sudbury) 2 Sud- ; buryneutrinoobservatory (SNO) ( 8 ) 7 KamLAND ( ), 180km, ( ),, I( ) 3, 3 ( 8( ) ): νe +d e - +p+p νe, μ,τ +d νe, μ,τ +p+n νe, μ,τ +e - e - +νe, μ,τ ( Ⅰ) ( Ⅱ) ( Ⅲ) 5,, 6 MeV, 05 MeV/c 2,,, I( ) I, I( ) 3 I I

6 8, I I [17-18],, μ τ, I,, [19] 8 SNO ( ); 3 ( ), (CC), (NC), (ES), K2K(KEK-To-Ka- ), 250km (Kamioka) mioka), (KEK) μ- μ-,, ( 9 μ- [20] 9 K2K ( ); μ-, μ-, ( )

7 9, [21],, 2002,, -, :,, - (Davis) (Bahcal),, 5 θ13 10 ( ) ( ) 2012, : 2012, ,,, θ13, km, 6%, ( 11) [22] ( 10), sin, 2 2θ13= 0092±0017,, RENO, ( ) Double-Chooz [23-24],,,, θ13,,, sin 2 θ , ( );, 500m 17km, ( )

8 10 6, 7,, 85 3, 1998, 3, (NormalHierarchy) (Inverted Hierar- chy),, : (Dirac), 066eV/c 2 (95% ),, (Majorana),, 1000, β, (Smirnov) 2009 β, 21 : 11,,,,,,,,, 2008,,,, -,,,,, -, ev,,,,, (seesaw),,,,, 1%,,, β, β, β 23eV/c 2 (95% ),,, 10~15s

9 , 700m, J 99%,,,,, 1987,, 2500m IMB(Irvine-Michigan-Brookhaven) [25,26],, 1~100MeV,, ( ),,,, ), (1) / ;(2) ;(3) ;(4) ;(5) [27],, 21 [28] KamLAND, 26MeV, 12, 2005, 9 [29] 8 Location Loca- ( 12,,,, tion Location,,,,, (JUNO),, 10,,, 50km,, :,

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Results in Neutrino Oscillations from Super-Kamiokande I

Results in Neutrino Oscillations from Super-Kamiokande I δ? ( ) 3 9 5 Soo-Bong Kim (SNU) "for pioneering contributions to astrophysics, in particular for the detection of cosmic neutrinos Raymond Davis Jr. USA (University of Pennsylvania) Masatoshi Koshiba Japan